Abstract Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the knowledge on the efficiency of the incubators in Mexico, from a double-managerial approach (incubator and start-ups) measuring the efficiency oriented to the survival growth in the employment. Design/methodology/approach The efficiency of 25 business incubators of a university in a Mexico was analyzed from 2012 to 2014. Through the envelope data analysis (DEA) technique, composed of five inputs and three outputs, which help to determine the decision-making units (DMUs) that are in the best practice border, being able to know the factors relevant and how they have been managed in the different incubators. Findings One of the three years observed was identified as the most efficient, with 13 start-ups at the most efficient border. The projection shows some entries that must be modified to maximize the creation of new incubated business with a focus on survival and growth. The authors propose the resources that must be modified to adopt efficient management practices for incubators and start-ups small size. Research limitations/implications This analysis recognizes the size and restriction of resources as a determinant in the efficiency of intermediate technology business incubators. However, an obvious limitation is the non-standardized sample of 25 incubators does not allow generalizing the results. Practical implications The special support received by start-ups linked to a university with strong financial and non-financial support. Originality/value Dual management (incubator and incubated start-ups) approach to efficiency analysis and the use of the DEA for the incubation topic and to fill a gap persists in the understanding of creation of new business in intermediate technology.

Abstract This paper contributes to the debate over the relationship between income inequality and economic growth. The fertility-human capital mechanism proposed by De la Croix y Doepke (2003) is tested in the context of the Mexican economy. In this mechanism, a negative effect from inequality to growth is proposed through the effects that income inequality exerts on fertility rates and in the aggregate stock of human capital in the economy. The empirical analysis is conducted using a database disaggregated to the municipal level within a period of five years (2000-2005). Evidence is found supporting the validity of the model in the context of Mexico.

Resumen En este artículo se contribuye al debate sobre la relación entre la desigualdad en la distribución del ingreso y el crecimiento económico. Para ello se prueba en el contexto de la economía mexicana el modelo de natalidad-capital humano de De la Croix y Doepke (2003), que propone un efecto negativo de la desigualdad en el crecimiento a través de los efectos que la desigualdad ejerce en las tasas de natalidad y la acumulación de capital humano en la economía. El análisis empírico se lleva a cabo con una base de datos desagregada a nivel municipal en un periodo de cinco años (2000-2005). Se encuentra evidencia empírica sobre la validez del modelo.

Abstract: This paper provides a conciliatory argument to the debate over the relationship between income inequality and economic growth by proposing that the disparities in most previous empirical studies derive from the fact that they have not accounted for the level of inequality as a factor that can define the sign of the relationship. An inverted U shaped relationship is demonstrated, showing that low levels of inequality exert a positive correlation with economic growth while high levels depict a negative one. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the existence of an Optimal Rate of Inequality (ORI) that maximizes growth rates in comparison to other inequality levels, and releases the economy from any distortion generated by high inequality or high redistribution and the associated taxation levels. Empirical evidence from a broad panel of countries as well as a bibliometric analysis is presented to validate these propositions.

Resumen: Este artículo ofrece una propuesta para conciliar el debate sobre la relación que existe entre la desigualdad en el ingreso y el crecimiento económico al proponer que las disparidades presentes en la mayoría de los estudios empíricos anteriores se derivan del hecho de que no se han tomado en cuenta los niveles de desigualdad como un factor que puede determinar el signo de la relación. Se demuestra una relación con forma de U invertida, lo cual indica que bajos niveles de desigualdad ejercen una correlación positiva con el crecimiento económico, mientras que altos niveles de desigualdad ejercen un efecto negativo sobre el mismo. Además, se demuestra la existencia de una Tasa Óptima de Desigualdad (TOD) que maximiza las tasas de crecimiento en comparación con otros niveles de desigualdad y libera a la economía de cualquier distorsión generada por los altos niveles de desigualdad o por los altos niveles de redistribución y los niveles de tributación conexos. Para fundamentar estas proposiciones, se presenta evidencia empírica tomada de un extenso panel de países, así como un análisis bibliométrico.