Resumo Após reestruturação do sistema penitenciário e implementação do programa “Estado Presente”, focado na redução de mortes intencionais, o Espírito Santo observou redução de 10,2% no número de homicídios, entre 2010 e 2014. Avaliamos causalidade e benefíciocusto dessas políticas. Utilizamos controle sintético ao estimar impacto sobre o número de homicídio e, comparamos o valor estatístico das vidas poupadas ao valor presente dos dispêndios financeiros associados à implementação das políticas. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que na ausência das políticas, o número de homicídio ao invés de diminuir aumentaria 28,8%. Cada real investido trouxe ganho de bem-estar social equivalente a R$2,36. JEL Codes O10, K42, C40

This work aims to compare the construction of magnification devices. Details of the construction and use of microscopes based on webcam and smartphone are presented, using software for image processing. It is also presented the construction of microscopes using drops of different liquids as magnifying lens, a compound microscope, and a water-drop projector. Magnified images obtained with each device are presented, and the different microscopes are compared. The results obtained from the use of these alternative instruments confirm that alternative microscopes are instruments of easy reproducibility, enabling the amplification of samples for a more detailed observation of the object of interest. devices processing lens microscope waterdrop water drop projector compared reproducibility interest

Renewable resources are alternatives to fossil fuels and pyrolysis is identified as a process for the generation of biofuel products. The lignocellulosic sorghum is a cereal produced in brazil and it presents several applications, such as the production of second-generation ethanol. The present work aimed to study the slow pyrolysis of lignocellulosic sorghum, the biomass was characterized by means of proximate, ultimate, composition and carbohydrate analyzes. Thermogravimetric analyzes were performed with heating rates between 5 and 25 K min-1 and with N2 atmosphere. The Friedman model allows obtaining the kinetic parameters of biomass decomposition and is widely used due to its simplicity and precision; however, since it is sensitive to experimental noise, an algorithm was developed for the calculation of kinetic parameters for the slow pyrolysis of this biomass, enabling an accurate analysis of the experimental data. The activation energy found by the proposed methodology was 122.65 ± 19.24 kJ mol-1, with determination coefficients above 0.97. The comparison between experimental and theoretical data presented deviation values of 0.934%, 3.408% and 1.101% for heating rates of 5, 10 and 15 K min-1, respectively, showing the accuracy for the determined kinetic parameters.

Glycerol is a plasticizer widely used due to its good plasticization efficiency, great availability, biocompatibility and low exudation. It is a renewable raw material that, when introduced in biodegradable films, promotes significant changes in its properties and, thus, guarantees a wide spectrum of application. In this work, corn straw was used to produce cellulose triacetate films from mixtures with glycerol (10%, 20% and 30%). The films were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Water Vapor Transport Rate and Water Vapor Permeation. The cellulose triacetate films produced with 20% glycerol have high barrier properties, when compared to films with concentrations 0, 10 and 30%.

Thermal decomposition of coffee husks was investigated by thermogravimetric analyses. The proximate, ultimate and composition analyses were performed. Thermogravimetric tests were realized, the material was heated to 1173 K using five heating rates: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 K min-1. The kinetic parameters were estimated using the methods of Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Friedman, the distributed activation energy model and the independent parallel reactions model. The isoconversional models of Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Friedman showed the dependence between determined values of activation energy and mass conversion, the activation energy values varied from 1437.39 to 199.22 kJ mol-1 for Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and from 127.81 to 230.35 kJ mol-1 for Friedman model. The values of activation energy were determined for Miura-Maki method; varying from 137.39 to 199.22 kJ mol-1. The model of parallel and independent reactions showed the presence of six different reactions (with activation energy values varying from 42.0 to 214.2 kJ mol-1) occurring during coffee husks pyrolysis, indicating a complex reaction. Currently, works regarding the determination of kinetic parameters for coffee husks pyrolysis are not common. The present work is the first report using the model of parallel and independent reactions to estimate kinetic parameters for pyrolysis of coffee husks, a residue widely generated worldwide.

Introducción: La infección por rota virus se ha reconocido como un patógeno en el humano y causante de enfermedad diarreica grave; la infección se ha asociado con meningitis aséptica, enterocolitis necrotizante, miositis aguda , abscesos hepáticos, neumonía, enfermedad de Kawasaki , síndrome de muerte súbita y enfermedad de Crohn. En este caso se informa la asociación con hepatitis infecciosa. Caso Clínico: Masculino, con colitis alérgica a las proteínas de la leche de vaca y de la soya, desde el nacimiento. Al mes y medio presenta enfermedad diarreica por rota virus asociada a hepatitis. Conclusiones: Tradicionalmente se ha considerado que es una infección del intestino delgado y que todos los eventos fisiopatologicos son el resultado de este tipo de lesión y de la intolerancia alimentaria que provoca a nivel local, sin embargo se han informado enfermedades que se presentan en otros órganos, como respuesta a la infección viral del sistema digestivo. En esta ocasión la invasión por el virus provoca daño hepático.

We describe a 3- month-old infant that was diagnosed with hepatitis secondary to infection by the rotavirus. The rotavirus has been recognized as a human pathogen that has been associated with severe diarrhea, aseptic meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, acute miositis, hepatic abscesses, pneumonia, Kawasaki disease, sudden infant death syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s. To our knowledge, only three reports have associated the rotavirus with acute hepatitis, however, one of the three reports was in an immunodeficient patient. In this report we present another case of acute hepatitis secondary to the rotavirus, in an immunocompetent patient.

RESUMO O presente estudo foi baseado no monitoramento de um reservatório tropical (Vargem das Flores) utilizado para o abastecimento público de água de sete cidades da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. O reservatório foi monitorado durante quatro anos: período inicial (de 2004 a 2007) para células de cianobactérias e parâmetros físico-químicos e, subsequentemente (2007 e 2008), para oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. e cistos de Giardia spp. em quatro estações de amostragem. Também foram avaliadas as concentrações de Escherichia coli de 2007 a 2008, o que permitiu a caracterização de cada ponto de amostragem de acordo com a legislação do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) nº 274/2000. Os resultados indicaram concentrações de (oo)cistos de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. variando de 0 a 0,8 (oo)cistos.L-1, e as mais elevadas concentrações de células de cianobactérias, de 0,0 a 4,5 x 105 cels.mL-1, apontando assim para potencial risco à saúde humana caso a água do reservatório seja consumida sem tramento. As cianobactérias não foram encontradas durante a estação seca. O grupo retornou rapidamente após a desestratificação. A estação chuvosa foi caracterizada pela elevada ocorrência de cianobactérias com a predominância da espécie picoplanctônica (Aphanocapsa sp.), sobre Microcystis spp. previamente detectada, e apresentou as maiores variações de oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez, fósforo total, ortofosfato, amônia, nitrito e nitrato. A mudança observada no grupo das cianobactérias (Aphanocapsa spp. sobre Microcystis spp.) pode ser um indicativo das alterações das características da água. De acordo com as concentrações de E. coli , as estações foram classificadas como próprias para recreação de contato primário, de acordo com a Resolução CONAMA nº 274/2000.

ABSTRACT The current study monitored the water quality of a tropical reservoir (Vargem das Flores) used to supply potable water to seven cities in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, southeast Brazil. The reservoir was monitored for four years: initially (from 2004 to 2007) for cyanobacterial cells and physicochemical parameters and, subsequently (in 2007 and 2008), for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts in four sampling stations. The concentrations of Escherichia coli were also measured in 2007 and 2008, wich allowed the characterization of each sampling point according to the National Environment Council (CONAMA) no. 274/2000. Results indicated concentrations of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. (oo)cysts ranging from 0 to 0.8 (oo)cysts.L-1, and higher concentrations of cyanobacteria cells, from 0.0 to 4.5 x 105 cells.mL-1, thus indicating potential risks to human health, if the water from the reservoir is not properly treated before consumption. The group of cyanobacteria was not found during the dry season, returning soon after destratification. The rainy season was characterized by a higher ocurrence of cyanobacteria and predominance of picoplanktonic species (Aphanocapsa spp.), over the Microcystis spp. previously found and presented the highest variations in dissolved oxygen, turbidity, total phosphorous, orthophosphate, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate. The change observed within the group of cyanobacteria (Aphanocapsa spp. over Microcystis spp.) may be indicative of changing characteristics in the water source. All the sampling points were classified as adequate for primary contact recreation, given the E. coli concentrations, according to the CONAMA Resolution no. 274/2000.

Hemicelluloses were extracted from corn husk and converted into cationic hemicelluloses using 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride. The degree of substitution was determined as 0.43 from results of elemental analysis. The cationic derivative was also characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Carbon-13 magnetic nuclear ressonance. The produced polymer was employed as coagulant aid in a sewage treatment station (STS) of the municipal department of water and sewer (Departamento Municipal de Água e Esgoto - DMAE) in Uberlândia-Minas Gerais, Brazil, using Jar test experiments. Its performance was compared to ACRIPOL C10, a commercial cationic polyacrylamide regularly used as a coagulant at the STS. The best result of the jar-test essays was obtained when using cationic hemicelluloses (10 mg L- 1) as coagulant aid and ferric chloride as coagulante (200 mg L- 1). The resultsof color and turbidity reduction, 37 and 39%, respectively, were better than when using only ferric chloride. These results were also higher than those of commercial polyacrylamide, on the order of 32.4 and 38.7%, respectively. The results showed that the cationic hemicelluloses presented similar or even superior performance when compared to ACRIPOL C10, demonstrating that the polyelectrolytes produced from recycled corn husks can replace commercial polymers in sewage treatment stations.

Este artigo oferece uma proposta para fundamentação da prática musical de instrumentos e canto, enfatizando procedimentos de estudo, baseando-se principalmente na Teoria da Aprendizagem Pianística de José Alberto Kaplan. Paralelamente, foi realizada uma breve releitura crítica da história do ensino de instrumentos musicais e métodos para educação musical, em diálogo com áreas afins à Performance Musical, entre elas Psicologia Cognitiva, Neurociência e Educação Física.

The present work offers a systematized proposal for the practice of musical instruments and singing, emphasizing study procedures. The main basis for this work is the Pianistic Learning Theory (Teoria da Aprendizagem Pianística) by Brazilian pedagogue José Alberto Kaplan. There is also a brief critical overview of the history of musical instrument learning and music education methods, dialoguing with areas such as Cognitive Psychology, Neuroscience and Physical Education.

Segundo os dados oficiais do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM/MS), o número de homicídios no Estado do Rio de Janeiro diminuiu 28,7%, entre 2006 e 2009. Contudo, há fortes indícios de que esse resultado tenha se dado por consequência de erro na classificação dos óbitos. Analisando o padrão de mortalidade violenta, o número de incidentes fatais violentos com causa não esclarecida aumentou inexplicavelmente a partir de 2007, no Rio de Janeiro, destoando completamente do padrão nacional. Com base nos microdados das características da vítima, desenvolvemos um modelo multinomial logit para reclassificar os óbitos com causa indeterminada, como homicídios, suicídios ou acidentes. Nossas estimativas indicaram que a diminuição do número de homicídios no Rio de Janeiro, no período mencionado, foi de apenas 3,6%, mas que o número de "homicídios ocultos" aumentou acentuadamente nesse período, passando a corresponder em 2009 a 62,5% dos casos registrados.

According to official data from the Mortality Information System (SIM / MS), the number of homicides in the State of Rio de Janeiro decreased 28.7% between 2006 and 2009. However, there is evidence that this variation is due to error on data classification. The number of fatal violent incidents of unknown cause in Rio de Janeiro has inexplicably increased since 2007, which is in the opposite direction of the national standard trend. Based on microdata of the victims' characteristics, we developed a multinomial logit model to reclassify deaths with undetermined cause, as homicides, suicides or fatal accidents. Our estimates indicated that the number of homicides in Rio de Janeiro, in this period, decreased only 3.6%, but the number of "hidden homicides" sharply increased representing 62.5% of the homicides registered in 2009.

Cellulose acetate produced from mango seed fibers cellulose was used as a matrix for preparation of microparticles empty and load with acetaminophen (Paracetamol) in order to evaluate the incorporation of an active agent during the formation of microparticles. The microparticles are characterized by Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The incorporation of paracetamol can be confirmed by the change in value of glass transition temperature (Tg). The formation of microparticles spherical was observed by SEM and showed an average diameter of 1.010 and 0.950 mm for empty and load microparticles respectively.

A celulose do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar foi usada para sintetizar acetato de celulose com diferentes graus de substituição, os quais foram caracterizados por ¹H-RMN através da relação entre as áreas dos picos dos átomos de hidrogênio presentes nos grupos acetato (-(C=O)OCH3) e os picos dos hidrogênios ligados aos átomos de carbono dos anéis glicosídicos. A supressão de alguns sinais foi feita para remover sinais de ressonância da água residual nos materiais e também para remover sinais de impurezas no triacetato de celulose. Um método de deconvolução para o cálculo computacional do grau de substituição foi proposto. Os graus de substituição das amostras de acetato de celulose foram 2,94 e 2,60, o que está de acordo com os resultados por determinação química através de uma titulação ácido base.

Cellulose from sugarcane bagasse was used for synthesizing cellulose acetate with different degrees of substitution, which were characterized by ¹H-NMR through the relationship between the peak areas of the hydrogen atoms of the acetate groups (-(C=O)OCH3) and the peaks of the hydrogen bonded to the carbon atoms of the glucosidic rings. Suppression of some signals was carried out in order to remove the residual water resonance in the materials and those related to impurities in cellulose triacetate as well. A deconvolution method for the computation of the degree of substitution of acetylation is proposed. The degrees of substitution for the cellulose samples were 2.94 and 2.60, in good agreement with those obtained by chemical determination through an acid-base titration.

O orçamento público em saúde era da ordem de 53 bilhões de Reais em 2003. Dentro desse orçamento, qual é a parcela referente ao tratamento de vítimas da violência? Devido às limitações dos dados disponíveis não é possível calcular diretamente essa parcela. Neste artigo propomos uma metodologia para estimar o custo da violência para o sistema público de saúde que utiliza informações do Sistema Único de Saúde, dos orçamentos estaduais e municipais e estimativas sobre a demanda por atendimento ambulatorial da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios. Segundo nossos resultados, em 2004 o tratamento de vítimas de causas externas, de agressões e de acidentes de transporte teria custado ao setor público R$ 2,2 bilhões, R$ 119 milhões e R$ 453 milhões, respectivamente. Esses valores são cerca de quatro vezes maiores que aqueles verificados em trabalhos que computaram apenas os custos com internações.

The Brazilian public budget for health was R$ 53 billion (approximately U$ 20 billion) in 2003. What share of this total was to treat victims of violence? It is impossible to estimate that proportion directly, due to limitations in the available data. This paper proposes a methodology to estimate the cost of violence for the public health system, using data from the Unified National Health System, the government budget, and the demand for public medical services (National Household Sample Survey). According to our estimates, in 2004 the costs of treatment for victims of external causes, aggressions, and traffic accidents were R$ 2.2 billion, R$ 119 million, and R$ 453 million, respectively. These findings were approximately four times higher than those observed in other studies.

O orçamento público em saúde era da ordem de 53 bilhões de Reais em 2003. Dentro desse orçamento, qual é a parcela referente ao tratamento de vítimas da violência? Devido às limitações dos dados disponíveis não é possível calcular diretamente essa parcela. Neste artigo propomos uma metodologia para estimar o custo da violência para o sistema público de saúde que utiliza informações do Sistema Único de Saúde, dos orçamentos estaduais e municipais e estimativas sobre a demanda por atendimento ambulatorial da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios. Segundo nossos resultados, em 2004 o tratamento de vítimas de causas externas, de agressões e de acidentes de transporte teria custado ao setor público R$ 2,2 bilhões, R$ 119 milhões e R$ 453 milhões, respectivamente. Esses valores são cerca de quatro vezes maiores que aqueles verificados em trabalhos que computaram apenas os custos com internações.

The Brazilian public budget for health was R$ 53 billion (approximately U$ 20 billion) in 2003. What share of this total was to treat victims of violence? It is impossible to estimate that proportion directly, due to limitations in the available data. This paper proposes a methodology to estimate the cost of violence for the public health system, using data from the Unified National Health System, the government budget, and the demand for public medical services (National Household Sample Survey). According to our estimates, in 2004 the costs of treatment for victims of external causes, aggressions, and traffic accidents were R$ 2.2 billion, R$ 119 million, and R$ 453 million, respectively. These findings were approximately four times higher than those observed in other studies.

In the present paper, the use of poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS), produced from discarded polystyrene materials through heterogeneous and homogeneous processes, was investigated. The use of PSS for water treatment, using a kaolin suspension as wastewater model, reduced water turbidity for all the employed materials when compared to the blank analysis, without PSS. The most efficient polyelectrolyte was PSS cups obtained by homogeneous route. The same behavior was observed for real system. The homogeneous PSS cups showed a balance between a moderate molecular weight and high anionic character that improved flocks formation and water removal turbidity.