Abstract Zoogenetic resources, particularly the diversity of production-oriented domestic animal breeds, represent the primary biological capital for livestock development and are crucial for food security and sustainable rural development. The extinction of these resources implies the loss of varieties adapted to the local ecosystem. Preserving local breeds for the future enables a resilient response to unforeseen events, such as climate change. In Ecuador, there is a lack of a clear overview regarding their characterization. This study aims to elucidate the current status of the characterization of these resources by compiling and analyzing existing research. The results reveal a greater emphasis on phenotypic characterization studies than on genetic studies, with the latter exhibiting a technological dependence on foreign universities. Concerning national institutions, universities in major urban centers are notably absent from research related to this subject. Regarding the species under investigation, bovines and pigs account for more than half of the research efforts.

Resumen Los recursos zoogenéticos, en especial la diversidad de razas de animales domésticos de producción, son el principal capital biológico para el desarrollo ganadero y son vitales para la seguridad alimentaria y el desarrollo rural sostenible. La extinción de estos implica la pérdida de variedades adaptables al ecosistema local. Conservar razas locales para el futuro permitirá la respuesta a eventos imprevistos, como el cambio climático. En el Ecuador no hay un panorama claro sobre su caracterización. Este estudio pretende aclarar el estado actual de la caracterización de estos recursos, recopilando y analizando las investigaciones al respecto. Los resultados muestran un mayor desarrollo de los estudios sobre caracterización fenotípica que sobre la genética, en esta última se muestra una dependencia tecnológica de universidades extranjeras. En cuanto a las Instituciones nacionales, las universidades de grandes centros urbanos están ausentes en el trabajo relacionado a este tema. Sobre las especies estudiadas, los bovinos y los porcinos ocupan más de la mitad de las investigaciones.

ResumoO estudo observou os efeitos da manipulação da dieta na sua forma física e na composição de cereais do concentrado sobre comportamento de escolha e consumo do alimento, composição do leite e grau de desconforto em vacas leiteiras. Em um rebanho comercial com 360 vacas de raça Holandesa no terço médio da lactação (média 105 dias em lactação), foram aplicados três tratamentos de manejo alimentar de forma sequencial durante 120 dias, separados por 30 dias de repouso: (1) Tempo de picado da ração totalmente misturada (TMR): 15min (N= 180) e 23min (N= 180), (2) Forma física do concentrado: farelo (N= 180) e pellet (N= 180); e (3) Composição do cereal no concentrado: mistura tradicional de milho, cevada e trigo em proporção 3,6:1:1 (N= 120), apenas cevada (N= 120) e apenas milho (N= 120). Os animais consumindo TMR picada por 23min selecionaram menos e consumiram mais ração e tiveram mais proteína láctea e menos desconforto. A forma física do concentrado, farelo ou pellet, não influenciou o comportamento de escolha da ração. O farelo resultou em maior consumo e maior percentual de gordura láctea. O tipo de cereal no concentrado não afetou a escolha da ração, mas afetou o consumo de alimento, a produção e a composição de leite, com maior produção e melhor conforto usando cevada. Em conclusão, recomenda-se usar TMR picada por 23min ao invés de 15min e usar a mistura tradicional de cereais (milho, cevada e trigo) ao invés de usar apenas um cereal.

AbstractThis study observes the effects of manipulating the diet in its physical form and in cereal composition of the concentrate on sorting behaviour, feed intake, composition of milk, and degree of discomfort in dairy cows. In a commercial dairy farm with 360 mid-lactation Holstein cows (averaged 105 days), three treatments of feeding handling were applied sequentially during 120 days, each separated by periods of 30 days of resting: (1) Time of chopping of the total mixed ration (TMR): 15min (N= 180) and 23min (N= 180), (2) Physical form of the concentrate: meal (N= 180) and pellet (N= 180), and (3) Cereal composition in the concentrate: mix of corn, barley and wheat in traditional proportions (3.6:1:1) (N= 120), barley only (N= 120) and corn only (N= 120). Animals feeding TMR chopped for 23min selected less and consumed more ration, and had more milk protein and less discomfort than cows feeding TMR chopped for 15min. The physical form of the concentrate, meal or pellet, did not affect feed sorting, but the meal form resulted in greater feed intake and milk fat percentage. The type of cereal in the concentrate did not affect feed sorting but affected feed intake, milk yield and milk composition. In conclusion, it is recommended using TMR chopped during 23min instead of 15min and using the traditional mix of cereals in the concentrate (corn, barn and wheat) instead of using only one cereal.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a resposta produtiva e de fertilidade, de novilhas e vacas Holandesas, à suplementação com extratos de linhaça e soja como fontes de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFAs). A suplementação teve efeito positivo sobre a rentabilidade, com aumento significativo na produção de leite de vacas suplementadas, mas não na de novilhas. Os tratamentos não tiveram efeito sobre o conteúdo de gordura no leite, mas maiores conteúdos de proteína láctea foram observados com a suplementação. Houve maior taxa de concepção em novilhas suplementadas, mas não em vacas. Fontes de gordura contendo PUFAs são recomendadas para suplementação do gado leiteiro, uma vez que melhoram a fertilidade de novilhas e a produção de leite de vacas.

The objective of this work was to determine productive and fertility responses of Holstein-Friesian heifers and cows to supplementation with extruded linseed and soybean as sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Supplementation had a positive effect on profitability, with significant increases in milk yield in supplemented cows, but not in heifers. Treatments had no effect on milk fat content, but higher milk protein contents were observed with supplementation. A higher conception rate was found for supplemented heifers, but not for cows. Fat sources containing PUFAs are recommended for dairy cattle supplementation, since they improve fertility in heifers and milk yield in cows.

There is a high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in dentists and dental students around the world. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorder symptoms in dental students of the Universidad Austral de Chile. A self responded questionnaire was applied to 206 students between second and fifth year, at the end of the academic semester. The questionnaire included questions of general background and symptoms presence depending on type, location, intensity, frequency and time of the day in which they appear. An 83% of the students reported musculoskeletal discomfort, finding a higher prevalence among women. According to the school year, the highest prevalence was observed in fourth year and the most frequent symptom was tiredness and fatigue. In men, the most reported area was mid back, and in women neck and shoulder. The highest intensity was focused on women with pain level 4 and in men with level 3 (depending on the scale (VAS). The moment of the day with higher discomfort was at the end of the clinical work. A high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was found, probably related to the progressive increase of clinical work.

Existe una alta prevalencia de dolor musculoesqueletal en odontólogos y estudiantes de odontología alrededor del mundo. El objetivo de esta investigación será determinar la prevalencia de síntomas asociados a trastornos musculoesqueléticos en estudiantes de odontología de la Universidad Austral de Chile. Un cuestionario de auto respuesta fue aplicado a 206 estudiantes entre segundo y quinto año al finalizar el semestre académico. El cuestionario incluyó preguntas de antecedentes generales y de presencia de síntomas según tipo, localización, intensidad, frecuencia y momento del día en que aparecen. El 83% de los estudiantes reportaron molestias musculoesqueléticas encontrando en general una mayor prevalencia en mujeres. En hombres la zona más reportada fue la espalda media, y en mujeres la zona del cuello y hombro. La mayor intensidad se concentró en mujeres con nivel de dolor 4 y en hombres con nivel 3 (según escala EVA). El momento del día con más molestias fue al terminar el trabajo clínico. Según el año de la carrera que cursan, la mayor prevalencia se observó en cuarto año y el síntoma más frecuente fue el cansancio y la fatiga. El incremento en la carga académica y clínica estaría relacionada con una alta prevalencia de trastornos musculoesqueléticos en estudiantes de odontología.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar “in vivo” las repercusiones que tiene la adición de malato sódico sobre parámetros del medio interno, comparándolos con los resultados obtenidos al aplicar monensina sódica. Los parámetros sanguíneos estudiados fueron: glucosa, colesterol, triglicéridos, ácidos grasos libres, y las enzimas aspartato amino transferasa (ASAT), amilasa y gamma glutamil transpeptidasa (GGT). El estudio fue realizado con 13 animales, 8 de ellos recibieron malato sódico y 5 animales monensina sódica, extrayendo 6 muestras a cada animal, una toma basal (toma 1), y a los 3 (toma 2), 7 (toma 3), 21 (toma 4), 46 (toma 5) y 57 días (toma 6). Los resultados obtenidos muestran muy pocas diferencias entre ambos grupos y evoluciones parecidas, con variaciones entre grupos en el día 3 (ácidos grasos libres), día 7 (GGT), en el día 21 (amilasa) y en el día 46 (amilasa y GGT). En cuanto a las evoluciones de los parámetros a lo largo del experimento, colesterol, triglicéridos, amilasa y ASAT son los cuatro parámetros que presentan cambios estadísticos, con evoluciones similares en ambos grupos.

Effects of sodium malate addition on selected blood parameters, compared with the monensin addition were evaluated in this study. Serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterols, free fatty acids (FFA), and the enzymes aspartate amino transferase (ASAT), amylase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) were studied. Thirteen steers, distributed in two different groups were used, one group (n=8) received sodium malate, and another group (n=5) received monensin and considered for us as a control group. Six samplings were obtained for each animal, at day 0 (before addition), and at days 3; 7; 21; 46 and 57 (after addition), respectively. Results obtained showed a similar evolution in both groups with small differences between them, at day 3 (FFA), at day 7 (GGT), at day 21 (amylase) and at day 46 (GGT and amylase). In relation with the evolution, we have seen similar statistical changes in both groups for cholesterol, triglycerides, amylase and ASAT assays.