OBJECTIVES: To clinically and epidemiologically characterize a population diagnosed with and treated for septic arthritis of the knee, to evaluate the treatment results and to analyze the differences between patients with positive and negative culture results, patients with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial isolates and patients with S. aureus- and non-S. aureus-related infections. METHODS: One hundred and five patients with septic knee arthritis were included in this study. The clinical and epidemiological data were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed to compare patients with and without an isolated causative agent, patients with Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens and patients with S. aureus-related and non S. aureus-related infections. RESULTS: Causative agents were isolated in 81 patients. Gram-positive bacteria were isolated in 65 patients and Gram-negative bacteria were isolated in 16 patients. The most commonly isolated bacterium was S. aureus. Comparing cases with an isolated pathogen to cases without an isolated pathogen, no differences between the studied variables were found except for the longer hospital stays of patients in whom an etiological agent was identified. When comparing Gram-positive bacteria with Gram-negative bacteria, patients with Gram-positive-related infections exhibited higher leukocyte counts. Patients with S. aureus-related infections were more frequently associated with healthcare-related environmental encounters. CONCLUSION: S. aureus is the most common pathogen of septic knee arthritis. Major differences were not observed between infections with isolated and non-isolated pathogens and between infections with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. S. aureus infections were more likely to be associated with a prior healthcare environment exposure.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incidência e o perfil microbiológico das ISC relacionadas a procedimentos de fixação de fraturas num hospital acadêmico ortopédico terciário em São Paulo, Brasil, e comparar as diferenças observadas entre os pacientes com fraturas fechadas e expostas. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo. Foram incluídos na análise os dados relativos a todos os pacientes que passaram por procedimento cirúrgico para fixação de fraturas fechadas ou expostas de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2012 e que mantiveram seguimento por pelo menos um ano. Foi verificada a presença de associação entre o tipo de fratura, a incidência de ISC e as incidências de infecções polimicrobianas e por bacilos Gram-negativos. O perfil microbiológico foi estabelecido por meio da elaboração de antibiogramas cumulativos. RESULTADOS: A incidência geral de infecção de 6%. Essa incidência foi maior no grupo de pacientes com fraturas expostas (14,7%) do que naqueles com fraturas fechadas (4,2%), com diferença estatisticamente significante. O número de pacientes com infecções polimicrobianas e com infecções relacionadas a BGN também foi significativamente maior no grupo de casos relacionados a fraturas expostas. Staphylococcus aureus e espécies de Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo (CoNS) foram os principais agentes isolados nos dois grupos. A incidência de MRSA (S. aureus resistente a meticilina) dentre todos os isolados de S. aureus foi de 72%. A. baumannii foi o principal BGN isolado entre os pacientes com fraturas expostas e P. aeruginosa entre os pacientes com fraturas fechadas. Em ambos os casos, observaram-se baixos índices de sensibilidade a carbapenêmicos. CONCLUSÕES: A incidência de ISC relacionada à fixação interna de fraturas foi significantemente maior nos pacientes com fraturas expostas, o que indica que esse tipo de fratura pode ser um fator de risco para a ocorrência desse tipo de infecção. Dentre os isolados bacterianos, predominaram no geral S. aureus (com elevada prevalência de MRSA) e S. coagulase-negativo. Dentre os BGN, houve predomínio de A. baumanni também entre os isolados de pacientes com fraturas expostas e P. aeruginosa entre os isolados daqueles com fraturas fechadas.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence and microbiological profile of surgical site infections (SSIs) associated with internal fixation of fractures and to compare differences in the SSIs observed among patients with closed and open fractures. METHODS: Retrospective study. Analyzed data included information from all patients who underwent surgery for fixation of closed or open fractures from January 2005 to December 2012 and remained outpatients for at least one year following surgery. Incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) was compared between patients with closed and open infection, as well as polymicrobial infection and infection related to Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Cumulative antibiograms were performed to describe microbiological profiles. RESULTS: Overall incidence of SSI was 6%. This incidence was significantly higher among patients with open fractures (14.7%) than among patients with closed fractures (4.2%). The proportions of patients with polymicrobial infections and infections due to GNB were also significantly higher among patients with open fractures. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) species were the primary infectious agents isolated from both groups. The overall incidence of MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) was 72%. A. baumannii was the predominant GNB isolate recovered from patients with open fractures and P. aeruginosa was the most frequent isolate recovered from patients with closed fractures, both exhibited low rates of susceptibility to carbapenems. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of SSIs related to the internal fixation of fractures was significantly higher among patients with open fractures, indicating that an open fracture can be a risk factor for infection. Among the bacterial isolates, S. aureus (with a high prevalence of MRSA) and CoNS species were most prevalent. A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa isolates underscored the low rate of susceptibility to carbapenems that was observed in the present study.

Abstract Treatment of orthopedic infections usually requires prolonged antimicrobial therapy, ranging from 14 days up to 6 months. Nowadays, rising levels of antimicrobial resistance demands parenteral therapy for many patients. Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is a modality that allows treatment out of hospital in these situations. In Brazil, where a public universal healthcare system allows full coverage for all citizens, implantation and dissemination of OPAT programs would be beneficial for patients and for the system, because it would allow a better allocation of health resources. The Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (IOT) started, in July 2013, a partnership with municipal health authorities in Sao Paulo, Brazil, in order to initiate an OPAT program in which patients discharged from that hospital would be able to continue antimicrobial therapy at primary care facilities. When necessary, patients could also receive their therapy at the day-hospital located at IOT. Primary care nursing and physician staff were trained about antimicrobial infusion and peripherally inserted central catheter manipulation. An OPAT specific antimicrobial protocol was designed and a special reference and counter-reference organized. As a result, 450 primary healthcare professionals were trained. In the first year of this program, 116 patients were discharged for OPAT. Chronic and acute osteomyelitis were most frequent diagnosis. Teicoplanin, ertapenem and tigecycline were the most used drugs. Duration of treatment varied from 10 to 180 days (average 101, median 42). Total sum of days in OPAT regimen was 11,698. Only 3 patients presented adverse effects. Partnership between services of different levels of complexity allowed implantation of a safe and effective public healthcare OPAT program for treatment of orthopedic infections. This program can serve as a model for developing similar strategies in other regions of Brazil and Latin America.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the growing interest in the study of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) infections, very little information on osteomyelitis caused by GNB is available in the medical literature. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: To assess clinical and microbiological features of 101 cases of osteomyelitis caused by GNB alone, between January 2007 and January 2009, in a reference center for the treatment of high complexity traumas in the city of São Paulo. RESULTS: Most patients were men (63%), with median age of 42 years, affected by chronic osteomyelitis (43%) or acute osteomyelitis associated to open fractures (32%), the majority on the lower limbs (71%). The patients were treated with antibiotics as inpatients for 40 days (median) and for 99 days (median) in outpatient settings. After 6 months follow-up, the clinical remission rate was around 60%, relapse 19%, amputation 7%, and death 5%. Nine percent of cases were lost to follow-up. A total of 121 GNB was isolated from 101 clinical samples. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Enterobacter sp. (25%), Acinetobacter baumannii (21%) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20%). Susceptibility to carbapenems was about 100% for Enterobacter sp., 75% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 60% for Acinetobacter baumannii. CONCLUSION: Osteomyelitis caused by GNB remains a serious therapeutic challenge, especially when associated to nonfermenting bacteria. We emphasize the need to consider these agents in diagnosed cases of osteomyelitis, so that an ideal antimicrobial treatment can be administered since the very beginning of the therapy.

Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, que apresentou quadro de febre hemorrágica da dengue, evoluindo com icterícia e importantes alterações da coagulação. O diagnóstico de dengue foi realizado pela presença de anticorpos IgM antidengue (MAC-ELISA). Esta doença deveria ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial das icterícias febris agudas.

We describe the case of a female patient who presented a condition of dengue hemorrhagic fever that evolved with jaundice and significant coagulation abnormalities. Dengue was diagnosed through the presence of anti-dengue IgM antibodies (MAC-ELISA). This disease needs to be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis for acute febrile jaundice.