Abstract Polyphenols interact with salivary proteins and thus can improve the pellicle’s erosion protective properties. This effect could be exploited to create rinsing solutions with polyphenols as active ingredients for erosion prevention. Different from the current gold standard for erosion protective rinsing solutions, these rinses would not rely on stannous ions. This would offer alternatives for patients with concerns regarding the composition of rinsing solutions and preferring bio-products. Objective To develop an erosion-preventive rinsing solution containing natural polyphenol-rich extracts. Methodology Solutions were prepared with polyphenols from either grapeseed extract or cranberry extract, 500 ppm fluoride added, and additionally flavors and sweeteners. Controls were deionized water, 500 ppm fluoride solution, and the gold standard rinse in the field (Sn2+/F-). In total, 135 enamel specimens (n=15/group) were subjected to five cycles of salivary pellicle formation (30 min, 37°C), modification with the solutions (2 min, 25°C), further salivary pellicle formation (60 min, 37°C), and erosive challenge (1 min, 1% citric acid, pH 3.6). Relative surface microhardness (rSMH), surface reflection intensity (rSRI), and amount of calcium release (CaR) were investigated. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank sum tests (α=0.05). Results The polyphenol solutions containing fluoride, as well as additional flavors, protected enamel better than fluoride alone, and similar to the Sn2+/F- solution, when investigating both rSMH and CaR. When measuring rSRI, Sn2+/F- showed the best protection, while the polyphenol solutions were similar to fluoride. Conclusion For two of the three assessed parameters (rSMH and CaR), both developed polyphenol-rich rinsing solutions were able to protect enamel from erosion, improving/potentializing the effect of fluoride and matching the protection offered by the current gold standard rinsing solution.

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the protein profile of the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) formed in vivo in patients with or without gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and with or without erosive tooth wear (ETW). Twenty-four volunteers were divided into 3 groups: 1) GERD and ETW; 2) GERD without ETW; and 3) control (without GERD). The AEP formed 120 min after prophylaxis was collected from the lingual/palatal surfaces. The samples were subjected to mass spectrometry (nLC-ESI-MS/MS) and label-free quantification by Protein Lynx Global Service software. A total of 213 proteins were identified, or 119, 92 and 106 from each group, respectively. Group 2 showed a high number of phosphorylated and calcium-binding proteins. Twenty-three proteins were found in all the groups, including 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta and 1-phosphatidylinositol. Several intracellular proteins that join saliva after the exfoliation of oral mucosa cells might have the potential to bind hydroxyapatite, or participate in forming supramolecular aggregates that bind to precursor proteins in the AEP. Proteins might play a central role in protecting the dental surface against acid dissolution.

Abstract Introduction The nonspecific hyperreactivity of rhinitis has been attributed to neurotrophins activating sensory nerves and inflammatory cells. The relationship between these markers and the intensity of the symptoms is not well established and few studies have evaluated individuals with idiopathic rhinitis. Objective The present study aims to evaluate whether perivascular innervation and nerve growth factor (NGF) are related to the intensity of the clinical conditions in allergic rhinitis (AR) and idiopathic rhinitis (IR). Methods A total of 15 patients with AR and 15 patients with IR with the indication for inferior turbinectomy (associated or not with septoplasty) were selected. The patients received a score according to their signs and symptoms. After the surgery, we quantified eosinophils, mast cells, NGF, and nerve fibers in the nasal turbinate. Results The score of the signs and symptoms was higher in the AR group. Nerve growth factor was found in the cytoplasm of inflammatory cells in the submucosa in greater quantity in the AR group. The nerve fibers were distributed throughout the tissue, mainly in the subepithelial, glandular, and vascular regions, and there was no difference between the groups. Greater perivascular innervation was associated with a higher signs and symptoms score. Conclusions We concluded that these findings suggest that the NGF produced by submucosal inflammatory cells stimulates increased perivascular innervation in rhinitis, thus directly reflecting in more intense clinical conditions, especially in AR.

Abstract Introduction Idiopathic rhinitis is a nonallergic and noninfectious rhinitis characterized mainly by nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea, resulting from an autonomic imbalance. Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) demonstrated its action in reducing rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction when injected into the nasal turbinates or septum. Objective To analyze the effects of intranasal BTX-A injection to control the symptoms of idiopathic rhinitis and its possible adverse effects. Method Patients with idiopathic rhinitis were divided into two groups. Group A had 15 participants (8 female and 6 male), of ages from 47 to 84 years (mean 66.57 years), and these received 60 U of Dysport (Ipsen Ltd, Maidenhead, Berkshire, UK) in each inferior nasal turbinate; group B had 12 participants (1 male and 11 female), of ages from 50 to 76 years (mean 60 years), and they received 1 ml of 0.9% saline. The individuals were reevaluated in the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks after injection by a questionnaire, accompanied by nasal inspiratory peak flow and acoustic rhinometry. Results Group A showed significant improvement, mainly regarding the symptoms of sneezing/itching and nasal obstruction, over time and when compared to group B. Acoustic rhinometry confirmed the improvement in nasal obstruction. There was no relationship between the nasal peak flow data and the nasal obstruction score. No major adverse effects have been reported. Conclusion The injection of botulinum toxin in the inferior nasal turbinates of patients with idiopathic rhinitis reduces the symptoms of sneezing, itching, nasal obstruction, and runny nose without significant adverse effects, suggesting that it is an option in the treatment of these patients.

RESUMO Introdução: A infecção pelo vírus COVID-19 é um impacto severo à saúde no ano de 2020. A repercussão direta é facilmente mensurada através de suas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade. Sua repercussão indireta na saúde ainda é pouco mensurada e este é o objetivo deste estudo. Métodos: Determinar os números de internações para tratamentos gerais, para tratamento de neoplasias e para câncer de pele malignos no SUS, de 2008 a 2020, no departamento de informática do SUS. Resultados: O paralelismo dos dados referentes aos três grupos acima selecionados permitiu observar uma redução drástica no número de internações no SUS entre os mesmos meses de 2019 e 2020: queda de 10,60% nas internações gerais, 58,65% nas internações por neoplasia e 156% nas internações por câncer de pele maligno. A redução agravou-se gradativamente no ano de 2020 a partir do mês de janeiro. No mês de junho de 2020, os números de internações para tratamento de câncer de pele refletem valores de 12 anos atrás. Conclusão: O acompanhamento da série histórica de internações no SUS fornece um valor palpável que serve como base para se compreender o direcionamento das medidas de saúde. As implicações indiretas da COVID-19 podem ter um desfecho tão trágico quanto a sua mortalidade, pois repercutem na disponibilidade de serviços de saúde especializados. Serviços de grande especialização como o tratamento de câncer em caráter hospitalar atendem casos complexos e sua indisponibilidade pode refletir em aumento de mortalidade por estas causas - um impacto indireto da COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19 virus infection was a severe health impact in 2020. The direct repercussion is easily measured through its morbidity and mortality rates. Its indirect repercussion on health is still little measured, and this is the objective of this study. Methods: To determine the number of hospitalizations for general treatments, for the treatment of neoplasms and malignant skin cancer in the SUS, from 2008 to 2020, in the department of informatics of the SUS. Results: The parallelism of the data referring to the three groups selected above allowed to observe a drastic reduction in the number of hospitalizations in the SUS between the same months of 2019 and 2020: a decrease of 10.60% in general hospitalizations, 58.65% in hospitalizations for neoplasia and 156% in hospitalizations for malignant skin cancer. The reduction gradually worsened in 2020 from January. In June 2020, the number of hospitalizations for skin cancer treatment reflected values from 12 years ago. Conclusion: The follow-up of the historical series of hospitalizations in the SUS provides a tangible value that serves as a basis for understanding the direction of health measures. The indirect implications of COVID-19 may have an outcome as tragic as its mortality, as they impact specialized health services availability. Services of great specialization such as hospital cancer treatment attend complex cases, and their unavailability may reflect an increase in mortality from these causes - an indirect impact of COVID-19.

BACKGROUND The number of malaria cases in Roraima nearly tripled from 2016 to 2018. The capital, Boa Vista, considered a low-risk area for malaria transmission, reported an increasing number of autochthonous and imported cases. OBJECTIVES This study describes a spatial analysis on malaria cases in an urban region of Boa Vista, which sought to identify the autochthonous and imported cases and associated them with Anopheles habitats and the potential risk of local transmission. METHODS In a cross-sectional study at the Polyclinic Cosme e Silva, 520 individuals were interviewed and diagnosed with malaria by microscopic examination. Using a global positional system, the locations of malaria cases by type and origin and the breeding sites of anopheline vectors were mapped and the risk of malaria transmission was evaluated by spatial point pattern analysis. FINDINGS Malaria was detected in 57.5% of the individuals and there was a disproportionate number of imported cases (90.6%) linked to Brazilian coming from gold mining sites in Venezuela and Guyana. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The increase in imported malaria cases circulating in the west region of Boa Vista, where there are positive breeding sites for the main vectors, may represent a potential condition for increased autochthonous malaria transmission in this space.

Abstract: The goal of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of culturing the seahorse Hippocampus reidi in an organic integrated multi-trophic aquaculture farm that produces the oyster Crassostrea brasiliana and the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects stocking density and food (natural zooplankton, Artemia nauplii, or both) for the juvenile I, which are fish from 1 to 15 days after birth. Stocking density effect was studied on growth and survival of juveniles II from 30 days to commercial size in net cages. Survival of the juvenile I was not affected by stocking densities from 2 to 5 ind L-1 and was greater than 70% in all treatments. Seahorse length, however, was inversely related to stocking density. Both treatments with wild zooplankton promoted higher seahorse survival and growth than diet composed exclusively by Artemia sp. during the first 15 days of life. Juvenile II growth decreased with stocking density from 5 to 40 ind m-3 but survival was not affected by it. The total benefit and proportion of colored animals increased significantly with stocking density. The present study confirms the technical feasibility of organic multi-trophic seahorse production in net cages. Even at the highest density tested the seahorses grew well and could generate high profits.

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue demostrar la viabilidad del cultivo del caballito de mar Hippocampus reidi, en un sistema orgánico de acuicultura multitrófica integrada, compuesta por cultivos de ostra Crassostrea brasiliana y camarón Litopenaeus vannamei. Se realizaron experimentos para evaluar los efectos de la densidad poblacional y la dieta (zooplancton natural, nauplii de Artemia sp., o ambos), en juveniles I, que corresponde de 1 a 15 días después del nacimiento. Se estudió el efecto de la densidad poblacional en el crecimiento y la supervivencia de juveniles II a partir de 30 días hasta el tamaño comercial en jaulas de malla. La supervivencia de la etapa juvenil I no fue afectada por densidades poblacional de 2 a 5 peces L-1 y fue mayor al 70% en todos los tratamientos. El tamaño de los caballitos de mar, sin embargo, estuvo inversamente relacionado con la densidad poblacional. Ambos tratamientos, con zooplancton silvestre, promovieron una mayor supervivencia y crecimiento del caballito de mar que la dieta solo compuesta de Artemia, esto durante los primeros 15 días de vida. El crecimiento de juvenil II disminuyó con la densidad poblacional de 5 a 40 peces m-3 y la supervivencia no fue afectada. El beneficio total y la proporción de animales coloridos aumentaron significativamente con la densidad poblacional. Se confirma la viabilidad técnica de la producción de caballitos de mar multitróficos orgánicos en jaulas de malla, incluso en la densidad más alta probada en este estudio los caballitos de mar crecieron normalmente, lo que podría generar buenos rendimientos económicos.

Resumo O artigo aborda práticas do serviço Rede de Atenção à Pessoa Indígena – vinculado ao Departamento de Psicologia Experimental do Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo –, no período de 2015 a 2017, visando discutir os impactos de mudanças nos procedimentos de visitas às comunidades para a formação do psicólogo. A exposição do corpo do psicólogo em formação a contextos ritualizados segundo padrões distintos de sua cultura de origem faz emergir inquietações e angústias que caracterizam o modo de relação com a alteridade. Como ferramentas para elaboração desse modo de relação, os Guarani das comunidades visitadas nos propõem diálogos em que a prioridade é o estabelecimento de uma sintonia adequada com a sintonia do outro, preliminar à discussão e encaminhamento de projetos que abordam temas difíceis relativos a situações de vulnerabilidade psicossociais que as comunidades enfrentam.

Abstract The article deals with the practices of the Amerindian Support Network – linked to the Department of Experimental Psychology of the Institute of Psychology of the University of São Paulo – in the period from 2015 to 2017, aiming at discussing the impacts of changes in procedures for visiting the communities for training psychology students. The exposure of the body of the psychologist in training to ritualized contexts from different cultural patterns, in contrast to the students’ original culture, gives rise to unease and disquieting feelings that characterize the relationship with alterity. As tools for the elaboration of this mode of relation, the Guarani from the communities we visited proposed to us dialogues in which the priority was to establish an adequate attunement to the attunement of the other. This attunement is a preliminary condition to discuss and forward projects that deals with challenging issues related to situations of psychosocial vulnerabilities the focused communities face.

Resumen El artículo aborda prácticas del servicio Red de Atención a la Persona Indígena – vinculado al Departamento de Psicología Experimental del Instituto de Psicología de la Universidad de São Paulo – en el período de 2015 a 2017, con el objetivo de discutir los impactos de cambios en los procedimientos de visitas a las comunidades para la formación del psicólogo. La exposición del cuerpo del psicólogo en formación a contextos ritualizados según patrones distintos de su cultura de origen hace emerger inquietudes y angustias que caracterizan el modo de relación con la alteridad. Como guías de elaboración de este modo de relación, los guaraníes de las comunidades visitadas nos proponen diálogos en los que la prioridad es el establecimiento de una sintonía adecuada con la sintonía del otro, preliminar a la discusión y encaminamiento de proyectos que abordan temas difíciles relativos a situaciones de vulnerabilidad psicosociales que las comunidades enfrentan.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to ascertain the influence of different dietary fiber sources and the usage of xylanase on diet of commercial layers and their influence on productive performance, egg quality, and digestive organ biometry. A total of 864 Lohmann® White hens was fed diets with three different fiber sources (wheat bran, soybean hull, or coffee husk) with or without xylanase inclusion (concentration of 160,000 BXU/g) in a 3×2 factorial arrangement, with six replicates of 24 birds each, from 25 to 44 weeks of age. There were no interactions between dietary fiber and xylanase inclusion. The enzyme supplementation did not influence any parameters evaluated. There were dietary fiber effects on body weight gain, viability, egg weight, eggshell quality, yolk pigmentation, and liver and gizzard relative weights. Wheat bran, soybean hull, and coffee husk can be used in laying hen diets without detrimental effect on productive performance. The enzyme used had no effect on the performance and eggshell quality of laying hens.

RESUMO Comparou-se o desempenho no shuttle walk teste incremental realizado no corredor (SWTI-C) e na esteira (SWTI-E) em indivíduos saudáveis e comparar as respostas fisiológicas durante as sessões de treinamento aeróbio com as velocidades estimadas em ambos os testes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com cinquenta e cinco participantes saudáveis. Os participantes foram randomizados para realizar os testes com 24 horas de intervalo. As sessões de treinamento foram realizadas na esteira com 75% da velocidade obtida no SWTI-C e no SWTI-E. As avaliações incluíram a distância da caminhada, consumo de oxigênio (VO2), produção de dióxido de carbono (VCO2), frequência cardíaca (FC) e ventilação (VE). Houve uma diferença significante entre as distâncias caminhadas (SWTI-E: 823,9 ± 165,2 m e SWTI-C: 685,4 ± 141,4 m), mas respostas fisiológicas semelhantes para o VO2 (28,6 ± 6,6 vs. 29,0 ± 7,3 ml-1.kg-1.min-1), VCO2 (1,9 ± 0,7 vs. 1,9 ± 0,5 1), HR (158,3 ± 17,8 vs. 158,6 ± 17,7 bpm) e VE (41,5 ± 10,4 vs. 43,7 ± 12,9 1). As velocidades estimadas foram diferentes para as sessões de treinamento (5,5 ± 0,5xkm/h e 4,9 ± 0,3 km/h), assim como o VO2, VCO2, VE e FC. Concluiu-se que em adultos jovens saudáveis, SWTI realizados no corredor e na esteira não são intercambiáveis. Uma vez que o SWTI-E determinou uma menor velocidade, a intensidade do treinamento baseada neste teste pode subestimar as respostas de um paciente ao treinamento aeróbio.

ABSTRACT The performances of healthy individuals in an incremental shuttle walking test performed in a hallway (ISWT-H) and on a treadmill (ISWT-T) were compared to assess their physiological responses during aerobic training sessions with the speeds estimated from both tests. This was a cross-sectional study with 55 healthy subjects, who were randomized to perform the ISWT tests with 24 hours between them. Training sessions were held using a treadmill at 75% of the speeds obtained from the ISWT-H and ISWT-T. Measurements included walking distance, oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide (VCO2) production, heart rate (HR), and ventilation (VE). There was a significant difference between walking distances (ISWT-T: 823.9±165.2 m and ISWT-H:685.4±141.4 m), but similar physiological responses for VO2 (28.6±6.6 vs. 29.0±7.3 ml-1.kg-1.min-1), VCO2 (1.9±0.7 vs. 1.9±0.5 1), HR (158.3±17.8 vs. 158.6±17.7 bpm), and VE (41.5±10.4 vs. 43.7±12.9 1). The estimated speeds were different for the training sessions (5.5±0.5 km/h and 4.9±0.3 km/h), as well as the VO2, VCO2, VE, and HR. It was concluded that in healthy young adults, ISWTs carried out in a hallway and on a treadmill are not interchangeable. Since the ISWT-H was determined to have lower speed, the training intensity based on this test may underestimate a patient’s responses to aerobic training.

RESUMEN Se trata de una comparación del rendimiento en la prueba incremental shuttle walk llevado a cabo en el pasillo (SWPI-P) y en la cinta caminadora (SWPC) entre individuos sanos, para evaluar las respuestas fisiológicas durante las sesiones de entrenamiento aeróbico con velocidades estimadas en ambas pruebas. Estudio transversal con 55 individuos sanos. A los participantes se les eligieron al azar para realizar las pruebas con intervalo de 24 horas. Se llevaron a cabo sesiones de entrenamiento en la cinta caminadora con el 75 % de la velocidad obtenida en SWPI-P y en SWPC. Se incluyen entre las evaluaciones la distancia de la caminata, el consumo de oxígeno (VO2), la producción de dióxido de carbono (VCO2), la frecuencia cardiaca (FC) y la ventilación (VE). Hubo una diferencia significativa entre las distancias recorridas (SWPC: 823,9 ± 165,2 m y SWPI-P: 685,4 ± 141,4 m), pero similares a las respuestas fisiológicas del VO2 (28,6 ± 6,6 vs. 29,0 ± 7,3 ml-1.kg-1. min-1), VCO2 (1,9 ± 0,7 vs. ± 1,9 0,5 1), HR (158,3 ± 17,8 vs. 158,6 ± 17,7 bpm) y VE (41,5 ± 10,4 vs. 43,7 ± 12,9 1). Las velocidades estimadas fueron diferentes en las sesiones de entrenamiento (5,5 ± 0,5 km/h y 4,9 ± 0,3 km/h), así como VO2, VCO2, VE y FC. Se concluyó que, en los adultos jóvenes sanos, la SWPI llevada a cabo en el pasillo y en la cinta caminadora no pueden ser intercambiables. Dado que la SWPC determinó una menor velocidad, la intensidad de entrenamiento de esta prueba puede subestimar las respuestas de un paciente en el entrenamiento aeróbico.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi descrever o controle postural na posição ereta semiestática de atletas com diferentes graus de deficiência visual e verificar se existem diferenças de acordo com a modalidade esportiva praticada. Participaram deste estudo seccional 22 atletas com perda total da visão (classificação funcional B1) e 17 com baixa visão (classificação funcional B2 e B3) das modalidades judô (n=17), goalball (n=12) e futebol de cinco (n=10). O controle postural foi investigado utilizando uma plataforma de força, sendo calculadas a área da elipse de 95% de intervalo de confiança (mm2) e a velocidade média de deslocamento (mm/s). A tarefa postural foi realizada com os pés unidos e olhos fechados e vendados. Atletas com perda total da visão apresentaram menores valores para área de oscilação (p=0,02) em relação aos atletas com baixa visão. Na comparação quanto à modalidade esportiva, foi possível observar que os atletas de goalball oscilaram menos e apresentaram menor velocidade de deslocamento que os atletas de judô. Em paralelo, os jogadores de futebol de cinco foram aqueles que apresentaram melhor controle postural. As diferenças encontradas no controle postural de atletas com deficiência visual parecem estar associadas ao grau de perda visual e às especificidades das modalidades esportivas.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to describe postural control in athletes with different degrees of visual impairment in erect semi-static position and verify whether it differs with sport modalities. Twenty-two athletes with total loss of vision (functional classification B1) and 17 with partial loss of vision (functional classification B2 and B3) were included in this cross-sectional study. Their sport modalities were judo (n = 17), goalball (n = 12) and five-a-side football (n=10). Postural control was investigated on a force platform with athletes in bipedal stance with eyes closed and blindfolded. The elliptical area of 95% confidence interval (mm2) and the mean displacement velocity (mm/s) were calculated. Athletes with total loss of vision presented smaller oscillation area values (p = 0.02) when compared to athletes with partial loss of vision. Considering sport modality, five-a-side athletes were found to present the best postural control. Moreover, goalball athletes oscillated less and presented a lower mean displacement velocity in relation to judoists. The differences found in postural control in visually impaired athletes seem to be associated with the degree of loss of vision and specificities of each sport modality.

RESUMO As aranhas do gênero Loxosceles, conhecidas como aranhas marrons, podem causar sérios acidentes em humanos. O veneno destas aranhas possui potente ação proteolítica e hemolítica. A cada ano estas aranhas são responsáveis pelo maior número de araneísmos no Brasil. Este trabalho apresenta novos registros de Loxosceles amazonica para o estado do Amazonas, Brasil.

ABSTRACT Spiders of the genus Loxosceles, commonly known as brown recluse spiders, can cause serious accidents in humans. Their venom has a powerful proteolytic and hemolytic action. Each year these spiders are the cause of a great number of araneism in Brazil. This work presents new records of Loxosceles amazonica for the municipal districts of Manaus and Iranduba, Amazonas, Brazil.

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and socioeconomic indicators associated with dental anxiety in preschool children with severe dental caries. A total of 100 children between 3 and 5 years of age were selected during a dental screening procedure. The selection criteria were having at least one tooth with dental caries and a visible pulpal involvement, ulceration, fistula, and abscess (PUFA) index of ≥1 in primary teeth. Before the clinical examination or any treatment procedure was performed, we evaluated the children’s dental anxiety using the Facial Image Scale (FIS). Parents completed a questionnaire on socioeconomic conditions, which included the family structure, number of siblings, parental level of education, and family income. A dentist blinded to FIS and socioeconomic data performed the clinical examination. Poisson regressions associate clinical and socioeconomic conditions with the outcome. Most of the children (53%) experienced extensive dental caries (dmf-t ≥ 6), and all children had severe caries lesions, with a PUFA index of ≥1 in 41% and that of ≥2 in 59%. The multivariate adjusted model showed that older children (4–5-year old) experienced lower dental anxiety levels compared with younger children (3-year old) (RR = 0.35; 95%CI: 0.17–0.72 and RR = 0.18; 95%CI: 0.04–0.76, respectively), and children with three or more siblings were associated with higher levels of dental anxiety (RR = 2.27; 95%CI: 1.06–4.87). Older age is associated with low dental anxiety, and more number of siblings is associated with high dental anxiety in preschool children, whereas the severity or extent of dental caries is not associated with dental anxiety.

Foram testados os efeitos de dois intervalos de descanso entre pastoreios, 375 e 750 graus-dia, baseado na soma térmica para a expansão foliar de gramíneas nativas de dois grupos funcionais sobre o comportamento ingestivo de novilhas de corte. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com dois tratamentos, três repetições de área e medidas repetidas no tempo. Foram realizadas três avaliações (nov/11, jan e mar/12), com 24h cada, utilizando novilhas de corte com 12 meses. Estimou-se o consumo de forragem com marcador externo (Cr2O3). A massa de lâminas foliares foi semelhante entre os tratamentos, apresentando média de 1261kg MS ha-1. O tempo médio dispendido pelos animais em pastejo foi de 627,4 minutos e a taxa de bocados média foi de 37,1 bocados minuto-1. O número médio de refeições foi de 5,9 refeições dia-1, com uma média de 118,5 minutos por refeição. Os animais visitaram, em média, 6,1 estações alimentares por minuto e permaneceram nessas estações por 12 segundos. Houve diferença no tempo de pastejo e taxa de bocado nos períodos, com uma redução ao longo do tempo. Os intervalos de descanso testados provaram ter pouco efeito no comportamento ingestivo e no consumo de forragem das novilhas

It was evaluated the effect of two rest intervals between grazing occupations in rotational grazing; 375 and 750 DD (degree-days); based on the cumulative thermal sum necessary for leaf expansion of native grasses of two functional groups over the grazing behavior variables from beef heifers with 12 months old. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized block design, with two treatments, three replications and measures repeated over time. Grazing behavior was assessed in three occasions (Nov 2011, Jan and Mar 2012), with 24h each. The herbage intake was estimated using an external marker (Cr2O3). The leaf mass was similar among the rest intervals, with a mean of 1261kg DM ha-1. The average grazing time was 627.4min day-1 and bite rate was 37.1 bites min-1. The average number of daily meals was 5.9 with an average of 118.5 minutes. Number of feeding stations visited per minute was 6.1 and the feeding stations permanence time was of 12 seconds. There was a reduction only on grazing time and bite rate over the periods. The range of thermal sums evaluated to define the rest intervals in rotational grazing proved no effect on heifers' grazing behavior and herbage intake

This study evaluated the performance of 21 beef cattle modal production systems that conduct only the raising phase. These production systems were developed in 21 municipalities in seven Brazilian states. We used two different DEA BCC models, corresponding to different points of view. Firstly we used an economic model that measured the ability of a production system to generate revenue with the preservation of native forest, using labor, capital, and current spending as inputs. The socio-environmental approach, corresponding to the second BCC model, uses the production factor labor as an output. In that model our interest was to assess whether the capital costs generate economic, environmental, and social benefits. Weight restrictions were imposed on the output variables of each model to explain the proposed viewpoints and to avoid inconsistent results. The results pointed out sources of inefficiency in terms of labor with low qualification, and use of bulls of questionable quality, factors that are common in extensive systems. These are some of the major bottlenecks in animal production systems as a whole.