The effect of heat treatment on hydrogen diffusion and trapping on the API 5CT P110 steel was investigated trough electrochemical permeation tests and microstructural analysis techniques. Samples of as-received steel were tempered at different temperatures to obtain hydrogen permeation and trapping parameters and to characterize microstructural modifications that may alter these parameters. After permeation tests on each heat-treatment condition were verified changes on hydrogen kinetic parameters. Microstructural analysis revelated changes in dislocations density and volumetric fraction of titanium carbides, responsible to alterations in diffusivity, solubility and in hydrogen trapping characteristics. As these carbides are considered irreversible hydrogen traps, are beneficial because they become the steels less susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. Therefore, the results suggest that there is an optimal tempering temperature which can make the API 5CT P110 steel more resistant against hydrogen embrittlement, since promote the formation of a higher number of irreversible hydrogen traps. CT P P11 techniques asreceived as received heattreatment diffusivity characteristics traps embrittlement Therefore P1

Abstract Coffea sp. is cultivated in many tropical countries. Brazil has always adopted intensive agricultural practices, but organic coffee farming is an alternative system based on the non-use of agrochemicals and the rational management of soils. Metabarcoding 16S analysis using next-generation sequencing has been developed to identify and compare the diversity of the Coffea arabica L. rhizospheric bacterial community in two farming areas in São Paulo, Brazil. Dourado uses conventional farming, while Ribeirão Corrente uses organic. We found broad taxonomic composition, with sequences from 24 phyla, 55 classes, 61 orders, 146 families, and 337genus. The three most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria (38.27%), Actinobacteria (15.56%), and Acidobacteria (16.10%). In organic farming, the top 3 were the family Sphingomonadaceae, order Rhizobiales, genus Nocardioides, and Gp6. The genus Gp2 and the phylum Candidatus Saccharibacteria were the most abundant OTUs exclusively present in conventional farming. In the organic farming practice, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria were also present among the exclusive OTUs; we also found OTUs belonging to Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobia. Our study indicates a positive effect of organic farming on microbial communities. Fertilization may directly affect soil microbiota, suggesting that a large and active microbial community low in functional diversity might not adapt to new climatic conditions. A diverse community could provide better resilience to environmental changes, improving the productivity of this important crop.

Resumo Coffea sp. é cultivada em muitos países tropicais. O Brasil sempre adotou práticas agrícolas intensivas, mas a cafeicultura orgânica é um sistema alternativo baseado na não utilização de agrotóxicos e no manejo racional dos solos. A análise Metabarcode 16S utilizando o sequenciamento de última geração foi desenvolvida para identificar e comparar a diversidade da comunidade bacteriana rizosférica de Coffea arabica L. em duas áreas de cultivo em São Paulo, Brasil. Dourado usa agricultura convencional, enquanto Ribeirão Corrente usa agricultura orgânica. Encontramos ampla composição taxonômica, com sequências de 24 filos, 55 classes, 61 ordens, 146 famílias e 337 gêneros. Os três filos mais abundantes foram Proteobacteria (38,27%), Actinobacteria (15,56%) e Acidobacteria (16,10%). Na agricultura orgânica, os 3 primeiros foram a família Sphingomonadaceae, ordem Rhizobiales, gênero Nocardioides e Gp6. O gênero Gp2 e o filo Candidatus Saccaribacteria foram as OTUs mais abundantes exclusivamente presentes na agricultura convencional. Na prática da agricultura orgânica, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria e Acidobacteria também estiveram presentes entre as OTUs exclusivas; também encontramos OTUs pertencentes a Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes e Verrucomicrobia. Nosso estudo indica um efeito positivo da agricultura orgânica nas comunidades microbianas. A fertilização pode afetar diretamente a microbiota do solo, sugerindo que uma grande e ativa comunidade microbiana com baixa diversidade funcional pode não se adaptar às novas condições climáticas. Uma comunidade microbiana diversificada poderia proporcionar maior resiliência às mudanças ambientais, melhorando a produtividade desta importante cultura agrícola.

RESUMO Propomos duas variações do precondicionador de aproximação da inversa em blocos (BAINV), originalmente desenvolvido por Benzi, Kouhia e Tůma em 2001. A primeira variação, a aproximação da inversa em blocos estabilizada para matrizes não simétricas (SBAINV-NS), é válida para matrizes não simétricas e não singulares. A segunda variação, a aproximação da inversa em blocos estabilizada combinada (SBAINV-VAR), é baseada nas relações dos fatores da inversa aproximada em blocos com a fatoração LDU em blocos de A e na relação de aproximação da inversa de Neumann. Demonstramos a consistência matemática dessas novas versões e apresentamos os algoritmos referentes a cada uma delas, além de exibir experimentos numéricos onde comparamos a densidade dos precondicionadores e o número de iterações quando aplicados ao método estabilizado de gradientes bi-conjugados (Bi-CGSTAB). Os principais resultados numéricos obtidos indicam que o uso da estrutura de blocos pode aumentar o desempenho do método iterativo de Krylov em comparação com a versão escalar. Além disso, nos experimentos apresentados, o SBAINV-VAR produz, em geral, precondicionadores que realizam menos iterações do Bi-CGSTAB e são menos densos do que o SBAINV-NS.

ABSTRACT We propose two variations of the block approximate inverse preconditioner (BAINV), presented by Benzi, Kouhia and Tůma in 2001. The first variation, the stabilized block approximate inverse for non-symmetric matrices (SBAINV-NS), is used for non-symmetric and non-singular matrices. The second variation, the combined stabilized block approximate inverse (SBAINV-VAR), is based on the relations between the block approximate inverse factors with the block LDU factors of A, as we will demonstrate, and on the relations between the approximate inverse and Neumann series. We prove the mathematical consistency of these new versions and present the algorithms for each one. We also present the numerical experiments, where we compare the density of the preconditioners and the number of iterations when applying the biconjugate gradient stabilized method (Bi-CGSTAB). The main numerical results indicate that the use of the block structure can increase the performance of the Krylov’s iterative method compared to the scalar version. Furthermore, the experiments show that SBAINV-VAR preconditioners, in general, perform less iterations of Bi-CGSTAB and are less dense than SBAINV-NS preconditioners.

Abstract Recently, some portions of the Atlantic Forest biome have been suffering an increase in forest fires, possibly changing its vegetation cover, composition, structure and functioning. Understanding these changes is critical to evaluate the present and future response of tropical forests to fire. Thus, the purpose of our study was to evaluate how diversity, structure and functioning of tree communities differed between burned and unburned sites. Two unburned and two burned forest patches were selected for floristic and phytosociological surveys. Then, we calculated species richness, Shannon diversity index, tree density and basal area, Importance Value Index for trees in each site and we assessed community weighted mean of six functional traits (maximum tree height, wood density, leaf length, leaf deciduousness, shade tolerance and dispersal mode). Diversity, species richness, tree density and basal area were similar between sites. We found changes in floristic composition, but did not verified variations in functional traits. Results indicate that recovery may be fast and that pioneer and early secondary species are occupying post burned sites (nine years old). One-time anthropogenic, superficial and low intensity fires might disrupt advanced stages of succession and start again the dynamics of species substitution.

Resumo Recentemente, algumas regiões do bioma Mata Atlântica têm sofrido com um aumento de incêndios, possivelmente modificando sua cobertura vegetal, composição, estrutura e funcionalidade. Compreender essas mudanças é imprescindível para avaliar as respostas, no presente e futuro, das florestas tropicais ao fogo. Assim, o objetivo do nosso estudo foi avaliar como a diversidade, estrutura e funcionamento das comunidades arbóreas diferem entre áreas queimadas e não queimadas. Dois fragmentos queimados e dois fragmentos não queimados foram selecionados para os levantamentos florísticos e fitossociológicos. Depois, foram calculadas a riqueza de espécies, o Índice de diversidade de Shannon, densidade da árvore e área basal, Índice de valor de importância para as espécies em cada uma das áreas e avaliamos a média de seis características funcionais (altura máxima da árvore, densidade da madeira, comprimento da folha, deciduidade foliar, tolerância a sombra e síndrome de dispersão). Diversidade, riqueza, densidade e área basal foram similares entre as áreas analisadas. Nós encontramos mudanças na composição florística, mas não foram verificadas variações nas características funcionais. Os resultados indicam que a recuperação pode ser rápida e que espécies pioneiras e secundárias iniciais estão ocupando as áreas queimadas cerca de nove anos depois. Um único incêndio antrópico, superficial e de baixa intensidade, pode interromper estágios avançados de sucessão e iniciar a nova dinâmica de substituição de espécies.

Resumo Espécies de Trichogramma Westwood, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) são freqüentemente usadas como agentes de controle biológico contra Lepidoptera, esses endoparasitóides de ovos apresentam taxonomia complexa, o que dificulta sua aplicação prática. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar seqüências de regiões espaçadoras internas transcritas de DNA ribossômico (ITS2-rDNA) de acessos de Trichogramma com aquelas depositadas no GenBank, a fim de avaliar a confiabilidade do ITS2 barcode para discriminar espécies e avaliar a diversidade genética. As seqüências de ITS2-rDNA obtidas de dezessete espécimes de Trichogramma confirmaram identidades anteriores com base em características morfológicas. O alinhamento de múltiplas sequências revelou a existência de regiões altamente conservadas nas sequências ITS2, enquanto o dendrograma indicou que os espécimes formavam três grupos compreendendo T. manicobai e T. marandobai (grupo I), T. galloi (grupo II) e T. pretiosum (grupo III). O marcador ITS2 mostrou ser um poderoso DNA barcode para discriminar espécies de Trichogramma podendo ser usado como complemento da abordagem morfológica.

Abstract Species of Trichogramma Westwood, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammtidae) are frequently used as biological control agents against Lepidoptera, but practical application of these egg endoparasitoids are complicated because of their complex taxonomy. This study aimed to compare sequences of internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA (ITS2-rDNA) of Trichogramma accessions with those deposited in GenBank in order to access the reliability of the ITS2 as a barcode for discriminating species and evaluating the genetic diversity. ITS2-rDNA sequences obtained from seventeen specimens of Trichogramma confirmed previous identifications based on morphological characteristics. Multiple sequence alignment revealed the existence of highly conserved regions in ITS2 sequences while the neighbour-joining dendrogram indicated that the specimens formed three clusters comprising T. manicobai and T. marandobai (group I), T. galloi (group II) and T. pretiosum (group III). The ITS2 marker was shown to be a powerful DNA barcode for discriminating Trichogramma species and could be used to complement the morphological approach.

Resumen La rangeliosis canina es una enfermedad causada por el protozoario Rangelia vitalii y transmitida por garrapatas. Afecta caninos domésticos y silvestres, provocando un cuadro de anemia hemolítica y trombocitopenia. En Uruguay ha sido reportada en los Departamentos de Artigas, Salto y Treinta y Tres. El presente trabajo describe un foco de rangeliosis canina en el litoral oeste del Uruguay, diagnosticado mediante estudios epidemiológicos, clínicos, hematológicos, anatomopatológicos y técnicas moleculares (PCR/secuenciación). El estudio se basó en 9 casos de perros raza Griffon Fauve de Bretagne provenientes de un predio rural próximo a Quebracho, Departamento de Paysandú. De los animales ocho murieron y uno respondió al tratamiento. Los principales signos clínicos fueron apatía, ictericia, fiebre, diarrea con sangre y sangrado por narinas y punta de orejas. Hematológicamente se constató anemia, trombocitopenia y leucocitosis. Los hallazgos macroscópicos se caracterizaron por palidez, ictericia generalizada, esplenomegalia, linfoadenomegalia y hepatomegalia. Al examen histopatológico se destacó: nefritis intersticial con degeneración y necrosis tubular, miocarditis, necrosis hepática centrolobulillar. Congestión y edema pulmonar, linfoadenitis, y en bazo infiltrado inflamatorio difuso perivascular de tipo mononuclear. En diversos órganos se visualizaron zoítos de R. vitalii intracitoplasmáticas en las células endoteliales. En algunos animales así como en los caniles de los perros se constató presencia de Amblyomma aureolatum. De dos casos se extrajo ADN de sangre y mediante PCR se amplificó un fragmento del gen 18s ARN ribosomal de Piroplasmas. La secuencia obtenida fue comparada con secuencias registradas en el GenBank utilizando la herramienta BLAST. El resultado reveló una homología entre 99-100% con R. vitalii.

Summary Canine rangeliosis is a disease caused by the protozoan Rangelia vitalii and transmitted by ticks. It affects domestic and wild canines, causing hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. In Uruguay it has been reported in the following counties: Artigas, Salto and Treinta y Tres. The present study describes a canine rangeliosis outbreak in the northwest littoral of Uruguay, diagnosed by epidemiological, clinical, hematological, anatomopathological and molecular techniques (PCR / sequencing). The study was based on 9 cases of dogs, Fawn Brittany Griffon breed,used for hunting; from a farm near Quebracho, Paysandú County. Eight animals died and one responded to the treatment. The main clinical signs were apathy, jaundice, fever, bloody diarrhea and bleeding from nostrils and tips of the ears. The hematological findings were anemia, thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis. Main macroscopic lesions were characterized by paleness, generalized jaundice, splenomegaly, lymphadenomegaly, and hepatomegaly. The principal histopathological lesions were interstitial nephritis with tubular degeneration and necrosis, myocarditis, centrolobulillar hepatic necrosis, edematous and congestive lung, lymphoadenitis and perivascular mononuclear inflammatory infiltration in spleen. In several organs were observed R. vitalii zoites inside the cytoplasm of endothelial cells. In some animals and as well as in dog kennels were present Amblyomma aureolatum. DNA was extracted from blood of two cases and a fragment of the 18s ribosomal RNA gene of Piroplasm was amplified by PCR. The sequence obtained was compared to the sequences registered in the GenBank using the BLAST tool. The result showed a homology between 99-100% with R. vitalii.

Duplication of the urinary tract is the most frequent variation of this system and may present as complete or incomplete duplication, as well as ectopic insertion throughout all parts of the urinary system from distal to the bladder. This article presents a complete non-ectopic duplication of the ureter in the left kidney of a cadaver of one Brazilian individual of male sex. In this study, both ureters originated in the renal hilum and continued to the urinary bladder separately, opening into different ostia, in the area of the bladder trigone, where the ostium belonging to the ureter that draining the upper pole presented a distal and lateral position in relation to the ostium of the ureter draining the lower pole. This arrangement is an exception to the Weigert-Meyer rule, which indicates that the ureter of the upper pole, due to its longer fixation to the mesonephric duct, presents a greater migration, ending medial and inferior to the ureter draining the inferior pole in 97 % of cases.

La duplicación del sistema colector renal es la variación más frecuente del sistema urinário y se puede presentar como duplicación completa o incompleta, así como la inserción ectópica en todas las partes del sistema urinario a partir de la parte distal hacia la vejiga. Este artículo presenta uma duplicación completa no ectópica del ureter en el riñón izquierdo de un cadáver de un individuo brasileño, de sexo masculino. Ambos uréteres tenían origen en el hilio renal y continuaban hasta la vejiga urinaria separadamente, desembocando en ostios diferentes, en el área del trígono vesical, donde el ostio perteneciente al uréter que drenaba el polo superior presentó posición distal y lateral en relación al ostio del uréter que drenaba el polo inferior. Esta disposición es uma excepción a la regla de Weigert-Meyer, que indica que el uréter del polo superior, por el hecho de permanecer fijo por más tiempo al conducto mesonéfrico, presenta mayor migración, terminando medial e inferiormente al uréter que drena el polo inferior en 97 % de los casos.

Until recently, it was believed that only two lymnaeid species (i.e. Galba viatrix and Pseudosuccinea columella) occurred in Uruguay. However, based on a molecular approach, an additional species Galba cubensis, was recently discovered. The aim of this study was to molecularly characterize different lymnaeid populations from the northern region of Uruguay. The lymnaeids collections were carried out in two farms of the departments of Paysandú and Tacuarembó. The collected lymnaeids were divided in two fractions, one fraction was used for conchological analyses and detection of trematode larval stages, while the other fraction was used for molecular studies. Three PCRs targeting the 16S, ITS-2 and COI DNA regions were performed and the amplicons obtained were direct sequenced. The sequences were used for homology search and construction of phylogenetic trees by the maximum-likelihood method. The sequencing results revealed that both isolates corresponded to Galba neotropica. The phylogenetic analyses placed our isolates among the G. neotropica monophyletic group, closely related to other isolates of this species found in several South American countries. To our knowledge, this is the first record of G. neotropica in Uruguay and the confirmation as competent intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica. Further studies are needed to define the distribution and the role of each lymnaeid species in the transmission of F. hepatica in Uruguay.

Tradicionalmente se indicaba que existían dos especies de limneidos en Uruguay: Galba viatrix y Pseudosuccinea columella. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se identificó por medio de técnicas moleculares una tercera especie, Galba cubensis. El objetivo de los autores fue muestrear e identificar por medios moleculares poblaciones de limneidos del norte del país. Las colectas fueron realizadas en establecimientos rurales de los departamentos de Tacuarembó y Paysandú. Los caracoles colectados fueron divididos en dos fracciones, una de ellas fue destinada para el estudio morfológico de las conchillas y búsqueda de larvas de trematodos. La otra fracción se usó para la caracterización molecular. Tres genes fueron amplificados (ITS2, COI y 16S) utilizando protocolos de PCRs previamente descriptos. Las secuencias obtenidas se utilizaron para estudios de homología y construcción de árboles filogenéticos por medio del método de máxima verosimilitud. Por medio de la secuenciación se pudo confirmar que los dos aislamientos corresponden a Galba neotropica. Los estudios filogenéticos colocan ambos aislamientos dentro del grupo monofilético de G. neotropica junto a otros encontrados en distintas regiones de Sudamérica. Hasta lo que sabemos, el presente, es el primer registro de G. neotropica en Uruguay, además de comprobarse su capacidad para actuar como hospedero intermediario de Fasciola hepatica en condiciones de campo. Se sugieren futuros estudios para determinar la distribución y el rol de cada especie de limneido en la transmisión de F. hepatica.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar diretamente o impacto de um movimento de flexibilização regulatória contábil sobre a comparabilidade dos relatórios financeiros. O país escolhido para a análise foi o Brasil, pois foi um dos poucos no mundo onde houve um processo de mudança regulatória de um padrão totalmente baseado em regras com forte vínculo com a contabilidade fiscal (Lopes, 2011) para um padrão baseado em princípios com maior necessidade de julgamento pelos gestores que elaboram os relatórios financeiros. Para medir a comparabilidade foi usado o modelo de similaridade da função contábil desenvolvido por DeFranco, Kothari e Verdi (2011). As companhias analisadas foram todas as de capital aberto que apresentaram dados completos para o período analisado e tinham, no mínimo, uma companhia par no mesmo setor de atividades econômicas. Para chegar aos resultados da pesquisa foi adotado um modelo de dados em painel em que os anos 2005 a 2012 foram comparados com o ano 2004. Os resultados obtidos comprovam que, na média, não houve diminuição significativa do nível de comparabilidade within country durante o período de transição regulatória no Brasil. Pelo contrário, houve aumento da comparabilidade genuína no ano 2012 em relação a 2004. No modelo ajustado pelo stepwise, os anos 2011 e 2012 apresentaram comparabilidade média significativamente maior em relação a 2004. Os resultados encontrados corroboram outras pesquisas sobre a qualidade da informação contábil (Collins, Pasewark, & Riley, 2012; Psaros & Trotman, 2004; Agoglia, Doupnik, & Tsakumis, 2011) e comprovam a superioridade do padrão baseado em princípios também sobre a comparabilidade dos relatórios financeiros. A principal conclusão desta pesquisa é que aumentar o poder discricionário do gestor por meio da flexibilização dos padrões contábeis não diminui a comparabilidade dos relatórios financeiros.

This research aimed to directly evaluate the impact of the accounting regulatory flexibility movement on the comparability of financial reports. The country chosen for the analysis was Brazil, because it was one of the few countries in the world where a process of regulatory change from a completely rule-based standard with a strong link to tax accounting (Lopes, 2011) to a principle-based standard with greater need for decision by managers who prepare the financial reports took place. To measure comparability, the accounting function similarity model developed by DeFranco, Kothari and Verdi (2011) was used. The companies analyzed were all listed ones with full data for the period concerned having, at least, a pair company within the same economic activity sector. To obtain the research results, we adopted a panel data model where the years 2005 to 2012 were compared to the year 2004. The results obtained prove that, on average, there was no significant decrease in the comparability level within country during the regulatory transition period in Brazil. On the contrary, there was an increase in genuine comparability in the year 2012 when compared to 2004. In the model adjusted by stepwise, the years 2011 and 2012 had a significantly higher average comparability when compared to 2004. The results found corroborate other researches addressing the quality of accounting information (Collins, Pasewark, & Riley, 2012; Psaros & Trotman, 2004; Agoglia, Doupnik, & Tsakumis, 2011) and prove the superiority of the principle-based standard also over the comparability of financial reports. The main conclusion of this research is that increasing manager's discretionary power through flexibility of accounting standards does not decrease the comparability of financial reports.

Abstract Parameters of equilibrium adsorption obtained from experiments using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) were used to evaluate the applicability of the steric mass-action (SMA) model to describe the adsorption of lactoferrin to cryogel resin under different conditions. The adsorption of lactoferrin on continuous supermacroporous cryogel with immobilized Cu2+ ions was evaluated in batch adsorption experiments at different pH (6-8) and temperature (293-313 K) values. Estimated values of the equilibrium constant (K) and characteristic number of binding sites (n) showed that these parameters decreased with increasing ionic strength, pH and temperature, while the nonlinear parameter, the steric factor (σ), increased with increasing ionic strength and temperature. Expressions correlating these parameters with pH, ionic strength and temperature were then derived.

We collected a series of 136 lung/bronchial and 56 matched lung parenchyma tissue samples from patients who underwent lung/bronchial biopsies and presented invasive carcinoma after lung surgery. The lung/bronchial samples included basal cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, moderate dysplasia, adenomatous hyperplasia, severe dysplasia, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Matched lung parenchyma tissue samples included 25 squamous cell carcinomas and 31 adenocarcinomas. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze for the distribution of hyaluronidase (Hyal)-1 and −3, and hyaluronan synthases (HAS)-1, −2, and −3. Hyal-1 showed significantly higher expression in basal cell hyperplasia than in moderate dysplasia (P=0.01), atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (P=0.0001), or severe dysplasia (P=0.03). Lower expression of Hyal-3 was found in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia than in basal cell hyperplasia (P=0.01) or moderate dysplasia (P=0.02). HAS-2 was significantly higher in severe dysplasia (P=0.002) and in squamous metaplasia (P=0.04) compared with basal cell hyperplasia. HAS-3 was significantly expressed in basal cell hyperplasia compared with atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (P=0.05) and severe dysplasia (P=0.02). Lower expression of HAS-3 was found in severe dysplasia compared with squamous metaplasia (P=0.01) and moderate dysplasia (P=0.01). Epithelial Hyal-1 and −3 and HAS-1, −2, and −3 expressions were significantly higher in pre-neoplastic lesions than in neoplastic lesions. Comparative Cox multivariate analysis controlled by N stage and histologic tumor type showed that patients with high HAS-3 expression in pre-neoplastic cells obtained by lung/bronchial biopsy presented a significantly higher risk of death (HR=1.19; P=0.04). We concluded that localization of Hyal and HAS in lung/bronchial pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions was inversely related to malignancy, which implied that visualizing these factors could be a useful diagnostic procedure for suspected lung cancer. Finalizing this conclusion will require a wider study in a randomized and prospective trial.

Abstract The production and characterization of cellulase from thermophilic strain Bacillus sp. C1AC5507 was studied. For enzyme production, sugarcane bagasse was used as carbon source. The produced carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) had a molecular weight around 55 kDa and its activity varied between 0.14 and 0.37 IU mL-1 in conditions predicted by Response Surface Methodology. The optimum temperature and pH for the CMCase production were 70 °C and 7.0, respectively. The enzyme activity was inhibited mostly by Cu+2 and activated mostly by Co+2, Mn2+, Ca+2 and Fe+3. Our findings provide a contribution to the use of natural wastes such as sugarcane bagasse as substrate for growth and production of thermophilic CMCase. Further optimization to increase the production of cellulase enables the use in industrial applications.

A utilização de biocidas tem sido uma das estratégias adotadas para o controle de microrganismos em sistemas aquosos, a fim de impedir a corrosão induzida microbiologicamente (MIC). Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a ação de três biocidas comerciais - sulfato de tetrakis hidroximetil fosfônico (THPS), combinação de sais quaternários de amônio (QUATs) e THPS+QUATs - em água de produção para diferentes concentrações dos biocidas (50 e 100 ppm). A eficácia dos biocidas foi realizada contra populações planctônicas e sésseis de bactérias heterotróficas aeróbias (BHA), produtoras de ácido aeróbias e anaeróbias (BPAA, BPAAn) e redutora de sulfato (BRS). Com exceção das BRS, o THPS não apresentou toxicidade contra as BHA, BPAA e BPAAn em nenhuma das condições testadas. Os biocidas QUATs e THPS+QUATs causaram inibição do crescimento de todos os grupos bacterianos, nas duas concentrações ensaiadas. Na presença de microrganismos o potencial dos corposde- prova variaram para valores negativos e quando aplicado 100 ppm do biocida THPS+QUATs, os potenciais alcançaram um platô de estabilização.

The use of biocides has been a useful strategy for the control of microorganisms in aqueous systems to prevent microbiological induced corrosion (MIC). This study aimed the evaluation of the action of three commercial biocides - tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonic sulfate(THPS), combination of quaternary ammonium salts (QUATs) and THPS + QUATs - in oil produced water for different concentrations of biocides (50 and 100 ppm) against planktonic and sessile populations of aer obic heterotrophic bacteria (BHA), acid-producing aerobic and anaerobic (BPAA, BPAAn) and sulfate reduction bacteria (BRS). With the exception of BRS, the THPS showed no toxicity against BHA, BPAA and BPAAn in any of the conditions tested. QUATs and THPS+QUATs biocides inhibited the growth of all bacterial groups at both concentrations tested. In the presence of microrganisms, the open circuit potential of the steel coupons tended to negative values while when 100 ppm of the THPS+QUATs biocide was applied, it could be seen a potential stability plateau.

We present and analyze a 17.6-Tb/s DWDM optical transmission composed of 79 channels with 224-Gb/s RZ-DP-16QAM modulation format per-channel and coherent detection. A maximum reach of 678 km is obtained with an optical recirculation loop composed by 226 km of pure-silica core fibers and EDFA amplification only in a 50-GHz grid system with spectral efficiency of 4.2-b/s/Hz. Also, a 25-GHz Gaussian optical pre-filter is applied to each channel and the same reach of 678 km is obtained in a 37.5-GHz channel grid system with spectral efficiency of 5.6-b/s/Hz. These results demonstrate a 33% system capacity improvement without transmission penalties.

In this paper, we present a simple experimental method to generate a DP-16QAM optical signal for high spectral efficiency optical transmission. A 16QAM optical signal is generated by passing a DP-QPSK signal through a linear polarization filter in a certain angle so that a square 16QAM can be achieved. Afterwards, we use a polarization multiplexer in order to produce a dual polarization signal. This method proved to be a straightforward and stable way to generate a DP-16QAM signal. In addition, we show that it can provide the same quality in terms of BER per OSNR demonstrated elsewhere.