Abstract The text addresses the analysis of the global pandemic in December 2021, caused by the Sars-Cov 2 virus, resulting in millions of deaths and transforming social, institutional, and familial life. Following the stabilization of Covid-19 in various regions, there is an emphasis on reflecting on the two years of almost complete confinement, acknowledging that this crisis is a superimposition of health, social, political, economic, educational, and environmental crises. The importance of examining the implications for the pedagogical sphere and professional training in the “new normal” is highlighted. A historical analysis of the pandemic is proposed from psychological, social, cultural, educational, and environmental perspectives. Advocacy for learning from the experience, reviewing virtual pedagogical actions, and building more promising futures by integrating educational and environmental aspects. Finally, it is suggested to use analytical perspectives from authors such as Isabelle Stengers, Donna Haraway, and Ailton Krenak to understand and address the challenges posed.

Resumen El texto aborda el análisis de la pandemia global de diciembre de 2021, causada por el virus Sars-Cov 2, que resultó en millones de muertes y transformó la vida social, institucional y familiar. Tras la estabilización del Covid en varias regiones, se destaca la necesidad de reflexionar sobre los dos años de casi total confinamiento, reconociendo que esta crisis es una superposición de crisis en salud, social, política, económica, educativa y ambiental. Se plantea la importancia de examinar las implicaciones para el ámbito pedagógico y la formación profesional en la “nueva normalidad”. Se propone un análisis histórico de la pandemia desde perspectivas psicológicas, sociales, culturales, educativas y ambientales. Se aboga por aprender de la experiencia, revisar las acciones pedagógicas virtuales y construir futuros más prometedores, integrando lo educativo y ambiental. Finalmente, se sugiere utilizar perspectivas analíticas de autores como Isabelle Stengers, Donna Haraway y Ailton Krenak para comprender y abordar los desafíos planteados.

Abstract Infants are a particularly vulnerable group for the development of severe and/or extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis. The difficulty in establishing a definitive and timely diagnosis contributes to the high morbimortality in this age group. Investigation often relies on a high index of suspicion. Herein is reported a case of disseminated tuberculosis in an infant that highlights its clinical complexity and diagnostic challenge.

Resumo Os lactentes representam um grupo particularmente vulnerável para o desenvolvimento de formas severas e/ou extrapulmonares de tuberculose. A dificuldade em estabelecer um diagnóstico definitivo e atempado contribui para a elevada morbimortalidade nesta faixa etária. Particularmente nestes doentes, a investigação depende frequentemente de um elevado índice de suspeição. É reportado um caso de tuberculose disseminada num pequeno lactente que evidencia a sua complexidade clínica e desafio diagnóstico.

ABSTRACT The article discusses science teaching practices based on notions of life and nature as generative contexts, in contrast with the usual conceptual definitions in biology. The proposal is to approximate these practices to the horizon of ecological epistemologies (Steil; Carvalho, 2014), where multiple and diverse contemporary comprehensive efforts come together, appraising the materiality of life as well as criticizing human-centered science, which tends to reduce the multiple emergences of the living. The present article analyzes two experiences, being the first one in basic education and a second one within university settings. It concludes, for the sake of the quality of productivity in the realm of science teaching, that returning to the condition of ‘being alive’, through an ‘education of attention’ (Ingold, 2015) is necessary: multiplying forms of life, while promoting an expansion of one’s perception regarding the plurality of existing worlds where existence takes place, through the permanent co-production of life, is the path to walk upon. contexts biology Steil (Steil Carvalho 2014, 2014 , 2014) together humancentered human centered living experiences settings concludes alive, alive alive’ attention Ingold, Ingold (Ingold 2015 necessary ones s place coproduction co production upon 201 20 2

RESUMO O artigo objetiva discutir práticas de ensino de ciências partindo de noções de vida e de natureza como contextos generativos, não idênticos às suas definições conceituais na biologia. A proposta é aproximar essas práticas do horizonte das epistemologias ecológicas (Steil; Carvalho, 2014), em que múltiplos e diferentes esforços compreensivos contemporâneos se aproximam, valorizando a materialidade da vida e criticando uma ciência humano-centrada, que tende a reduzir as múltiplas emergências do vivo. Toma em análise duas experiências, uma na educação básica e outra na educação universitária. Conclui pela produtividade para o ensino de ciências de voltar-se à condição do ‘estar vivo’, através de uma ‘educação da atenção’ (Ingold, 2015), multiplicando as formas de vida, à medida em que promove a percepção de mundos plurais, onde a existência se dá pela permanente coprodução da vida. generativos biologia Steil (Steil Carvalho 2014, 2014 , 2014) aproximam humanocentrada, humanocentrada humano centrada, centrada humano-centrada vivo experiências universitária voltarse voltar estar vivo, vivo’ atenção Ingold, Ingold (Ingold 2015, 2015 2015) plurais 201 20 2

Abstract A carbonate-silicate low weathering phosphate ore from an igneous origin deposit in Southeastern Brazil presents a challenge mainly for apatite flotation from its gangue minerals, calcite and dolomite, plus the presence of phlogopite, diopside, magnetite, richterite, ilmenite, vermiculite, quartz and many other minor impurities. Recently, selectivity has been greatly enhanced by using CO2 instead of air, so in this study a variant process was used. In a first stage, carbonate minerals were floated with the use of CO2 as bubble gas; the collector was a saponified fatty acid, medium hydrocarbon chain. Then, the depressed minerals were floated using a sulfosuccinate collector and air as the froth gas. A significant improvement in the apatite concentration has been achieved: the initial 5.28% P2O5 tenor was raised to 21.58%. The overall P2O5 recovery was 61.8% and 12.0% of the global mass recovery. However, the amount of impurities was still significant with the presence of carbonates, phlogopite and minor magnetite. Therefore, the processing route presented herein is quite viable, but further research is necessary to improve the whole method.

Abstract Tuberculosis is an infectious and slowly progressive disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, affecting mainly the pulmonary system. Symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis include cough with production of scanty sputum, hemoptysis, and dyspnea and chest pain in advanced stages. When assessing adolescents with suspected tuberculosis, the workup should include a combination of detailed history and physical examination, as well as radiological and microbiological tests. The recommended drug therapy is a combination of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for good outcomes. This case is a reminder that improvements in prevention and diagnosis are warranted.

Resumo A tuberculose é uma doença infeciosa de evolução lenta causada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis que afeta principalmente o sistema pulmonar. Os sintomas inicias de tuberculose pulmonar geralmente incluem tosse produtiva e hemoptise, com dispneia e dor torácica em fases avançadas. A avaliação de adolescentes com suspeita de tuberculose inclui uma combinação de história e exame físico, juntamente com exames radiológicos e microbiológicos. A terapêutica recomendada consiste numa combinação de isoniazida, rifampicina, pirazinamida e etambutol. Um diagnóstico e intervenção precoce são cruciais para um bom prognóstico. Este caso relembra que a prevenção e diagnóstico da condição devem ser otimizados.

SUMMARY: Introduction and objective: Frontal rhinosinusitis usually resolves with medical therapy. However, when the sinonasal infection persists, the anatomy of this region can lead to severe and life-threatening complications due to infection spreading beyond the sinus namely to the intracranial compartment. This review aims to highlight the more recent developments on the management of frontal rhinosinusitis and its complications, from a practical perspective that is essential to accurately diagnose these complications. Method: A review of the literature was performed by the authors. PubMed database was searched with relevant terms, which included the following: «frontal sinusitis complications», «pediatric frontal sinusitis» and «frontal sinusitis imaging». Relevant scientific treaties were also used as ancillary to this review. A comprehensive review of the English and Portuguese literature was carried out, including papers published between 2000 and 2021. Our inclusion criteria included clinical trials, expert opinion papers, literature reviews, systematic reviews and clinical guidelines. Duplicate articles, case reports or very small sample studies were excluded prior general screening. Results: Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Most of them concerned the adult population, with four papers directly addressing the pediatric population. Two clinical guidelines, one large retrospective cohort study and two systematic reviews were selected. Twelve clinical review articles and small retrospective studies were selected, comprising most of the papers addressed. Four clinical textbooks were also consulted for this review. Discussion: Morbidity and mortality from complicated sinusitis are mainly related to intracranial involvement. Although the mortality rate was higher before the era of antibiotic therapy, intracranial abscess still carries high mortality. Frontal sinusitis can be complicated by periorbital cellulitis, abscess formation, both periorbital and subperiosteal in the frontal bone anterior wall (Pott puffy tumor), and, rarely, cavernous sinus thrombosis. Intracranial complications include subdural and epidural empyema, meningitis, and intracerebral abscess. These complications will be reviewed in this paper. Conclusions: Complications of frontal sinusitis can be severe and life threatening, mainly due to the proximity of the frontal sinus with the intracranial compartment. Due to its high availability, CT frequently is the first imaging technique performed in the emergency setting. The excellent bone and high-spatial resolution make CT the preferred imaging examination in presurgical planning. However, contrast-enhanced MRI is far superior in soft-tissue evaluation and should be considered whenever an orbitary or intracranial complication is suspected. These complications are mostly treated with intravenous antibiotics and surgical drainage procedures. Early aggressive intervention has decreased morbidity and shortened hospital stay, although significant morbidity and mortality from complications can still occur.

RESUMEN: Introducción y objetivo: La rinosinusitis frontal suele resolverse con tratamiento médico. Sin embargo, cuando la infección de los senos paranasales persiste, la anatomía de esta región puede dar lugar a complicaciones graves y potencialmente mortales debido a que la infección se propaga más allá del seno, es decir, al compartimento intracraneal. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo resaltar las publicaciones más recientes sobre el manejo de la rinosinusitis frontal y sus complicaciones, desde una perspectiva práctica que es esencial para diagnosticar con precisión estas complicaciones. Método: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura por parte de los autores. Se buscó en la base de datos PubMed con términos relevantes, que incluían los siguientes: «complicaciones de la sinusitis frontal», «sinusitis frontal pediátrica» y «imagen de la sinusitis frontal». Los tratados científicos pertinentes también se utilizaron como complemento de esta revisión. Se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura en inglés y portugués, incluidos artículos publicados entre 2000 y 2021. Nuestros criterios de inclusión incluyeron ensayos clínicos, artículos de opinión de expertos, revisiones de literatura, revisiones sistemáticas y guías clínicas. Los artículos duplicados, los informes de casos o los estudios de muestras muy pequeñas se excluyeron antes de la selección general. Resultados: Veintiún estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. La mayoría de ellos se referían a la población adulta, con cuatro artículos dirigidos directamente a la población pediátrica. Se seleccionaron dos guías clínicas, un gran estudio de cohorte retrospectivo y dos revisiones sistemáticas. Se seleccionaron doce artículos de revisión clínica y pequeños estudios retrospectivos, que comprenden la mayoría de los trabajos abordados. También se consultaron cuatro libros de texto clínicos para esta revisión. Discusión: La morbimortalidad por sinusitis complicada se relaciona principalmente con la afectación intracraneal. Aunque la tasa de mortalidad era más alta antes de la era de la terapia con antibióticos, el absceso intracraneal todavía conlleva una alta mortalidad. La sinusitis frontal puede complicarse con celulitis periorbitaria, formación de abscesos, tanto periorbitarios como subperiósticos en la pared anterior del hueso frontal (tumor de Pott) y, en raras ocasiones, trombosis del seno cavernoso. Las complicaciones intracraneales incluyen empiema subdural y epidural, meningitis y absceso intracerebral. Estas complicaciones son revisadas en este artículo. Conclusiones: Las complicaciones de la sinusitis frontal pueden ser graves y potencialmente mortales, principalmente por la proximidad del seno frontal con el compartimento intracraneal. Debido a su alta disponibilidad, la TC es frecuentemente la primera técnica de imagen que se realiza en el ámbito de urgencias. La excelente resolución ósea y la alta resolución espacial hacen de la TC el examen de imagen preferido en la planificación prequirúrgica. Sin embargo, la resonancia magnética con contraste es muy superior en la evaluación de tejidos blandos y debe considerarse siempre que se sospeche una complicación orbitaria o intracraneal. Estas complicaciones se tratan principalmente con antibióticos intravenosos y procedimientos de drenaje quirúrgico. La intervención agresiva temprana ha disminuido la morbilidad y ha acortado la estancia hospitalaria, aunque aún puede ocurrir una morbilidad y mortalidad significativas por complicaciones.

SUMMARY: Introduction: Acute frontal rhinosinusitis is defined as an acute infection of the frontal sinus. Spreading of this infection to surrounding structures is uncommon but, when present, carries significant morbidity and mortality. Description: In this case report, we present two unusual cases of frontal rhinosinusitis complications. Firstly, we describe a case of acute rhinosinusitis with orbital complications caused by a frontoethmoidal osteoma. In the second case, the infection extended to the underlying bone and through the skull causing osteomyelitis and focal meningitis complicated with an abscess. After appropriate treatment, both patients were free of infection at follow-up, without complications. Discussion: In the first case we presented, a frontoethmoidal osteoma gave rise to rhinosinusitis with orbital complications. These benign tumors rarely cause symptoms, but when large enough, sinus outflow can be blocked, making the osteoma clinically relevant. Osteomas can induce frontal rhinosinusitis, giving rise, among other conditions, to the development of orbital complications like periorbital cellulitis or the formation of a periorbital abscess. Diagnosis of osteoma is usually straightforward on computed tomography and surgical treatment is only indicated for large tumors, rapid growth, intracranial or orbitary extension. In the second clinical case, the infection extended to the underlying bone and through the skull causing osteomyelitis and focal meningitis with abscess formation. In this patient, a Draf Type IIa procedure was performed for the frontal abscess drainage, followed by proper antibiotic and anti-inflammatory therapy. Conclusions: Complications of frontal rhinosinusitis are uncommon but require immediate attention and aggressive treatment to avoid morbidity and mortality. In these cases, our patients were properly treated with good outcomes, avoiding potentially more dangerous complications.

RESUMEN: Introducción: La rinosinusitis frontal aguda se define como una infección aguda del seno frontal. La propagación de esta infección a las estructuras circundantes es poco común, pero, cuando está presente, conlleva una morbilidad y mortalidad significativas. Descripción: En este reporte presentamos dos casos inusuales de complicaciones de rinosinusitis frontal. En primer lugar, describimos un caso de rinosinusitis aguda con complicaciones orbitarias por osteoma frontoetmoidal. En el segundo caso, la infección se extendió al hueso subyacente y a través del cráneo causando osteomielitis y meningitis focal complicada con un absceso. Tras el tratamiento adecuado, ambos pacientes quedaron libres de infección en el seguimiento, sin complicaciones. Discusión: En el primer caso que presentamos, un osteoma frontoetmoidal dio lugar a una rinosinusitis con complicaciones orbitarias. Estos tumores benignos rara vez causan síntomas, pero cuando son lo suficientemente grandes, el flujo de salida del seno puede bloquearse, lo que hace que el osteoma sea clínicamente relevante. De hecho, los osteomas pueden inducir una rinosinusitis frontal, dando lugar, entre otras condiciones, al desarrollo de complicaciones orbitarias como celulitis periorbitaria o formación de un absceso periorbitario. El diagnóstico de osteoma suele ser sencillo mediante tomografía computarizada y el tratamiento quirúrgico solo está indicado para tumores grandes, de crecimiento rápido, con extensión intracraneal u orbitaria. En el segundo caso clínico, la infección se extendió al hueso subyacente y a través del cráneo provocando osteomielitis y meningitis focal con formación de abscesos. En este paciente, se realizó un procedimiento Draf Tipo IIa para el drenaje del absceso frontal, seguido de una adecuada terapia antibiótica y antiinflamatoria. Conclusiones: Las complicaciones de la rinosinusitis frontal son poco frecuentes, pero requieren atención inmediata y un tratamiento agresivo para evitar la morbilidad y la mortalidad. En estos casos, nuestros pacientes fueron tratados adecuadamente con buenos resultados, evitando complicaciones potencialmente más peligrosas.

Abstract In this text we discuss, from indigenous worldviews and ritual practices, operated by the New Age movement, a learning experience that questions modern hegemonic knowledge. The reflection we make is empirically based on the ethnography performed in the Espaço Holístico Agora and in the Espaço Terra Zen, in New Age contexts, in the metropolitan region of the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. In the field observation work, we looked at the processes of intercultural learning, by white, schooled and middleclass subjects, about Amerindian shamanic practices, related to the use of power plants, and Maya traditions, associated with Sincronário da Paz. Based on ethnographic data, we analyze the conceptions of learning that are produced in that context, with emphasis on the idea of a care education, where mastery is distributed among human agents, who act as guardians and facilitators of knowledge, and no humans, like power plants. We call attention to the role of indigenous shamanic rituals, as mediators in learning.

Resumen En este texto discutimos, desde cosmovisiones y practicas rituales indígenas accionadas por el movimiento Nueva Era, una experiencia de aprendizaje que cuestiona el saber hegemónico moderno. La reflexión que hacemos tiene como base empírica la etnografía realizada en el Espacio Holístico Agora y en el Sitio Terra Zen, en contextos de Nueva Era, en la región metropolitana de la ciudad de Porto Alegre, Brasil. En el trabajo de observación de campo pusimos la mirada en los procesos de aprendizaje intercultural por parte de sujetos blancos, escolarizados y de clase media, sobre prácticas chamánicas amerindias relacionadas al uso de plantas de poder, y a las tradiciones Maya, asociadas al Sincronário da Paz. Con base en los datos etnográficos, analizamos las concepciones de aprendizaje que son producidas en ese contexto, con énfasis en la idea de una educación del cuidado, donde la maestría se distribuye entre agentes humanos que actúan como guardianes y facilitadores del conocimiento, y no humanos (como las plantas de poder). Llamamos la atención sobre el papel de los rituales chamánicos indígenas como mediadores en el aprendizaje.

Resumo O estudo das condições higiênico sanitárias de alimentos cárneos consumidos crus, como o sashimi, é necessário para definir sua qualidade e possíveis consequências para a saúde humana. Foram coletadas 60 amostras de sashimi de salmão (Salmo salar), de dez restaurantes na cidade de São Luís, Maranhão - Brasil, sendo seis de cada local. As amostras foram analisadas para contagem de coliformes a 35 °C, coliformes a 45 °C e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e negativa, identificação da presença de Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus e Aeromonas spp, teste de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos dos isolados e quantificação de histamina nas amostras. Os resultados mostraram elevadas contagens de coliformes a 35 °C e 12 amostras com >102 NMP/g de coliformes a 45 °C, presença de E. coli e de Salmonella sp. em 3 amostras cada, ausência de V. parahaemolyticus e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase negativa entre <20 e 5,0x104 UFC/g, presença de Aeromonas spp. em 95% das amostras, sendo 60 isolados A. hydrophila e 6 A. caviae. Para suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos, os isolados de E. coli foram sensíveis a CPM, CTX, LVX, PPT e SUT, dois resistentes a AMP; um resistente a GEN, um a AMI e um a AMC. Os isolados de Salmonella foram sensíveis a AMC, CPM, CFO, CRX, GEN, LVX e PPT, um resistente a AMI e um a AMP e SUT. Os isolados de Aeromonas foram resistentes em média a cinco dos antimicrobianos, sendo a AMP (97%), a CRX (90,9%) e a AMC (77,3%), e 81,8% foram sensíveis ao CPM. Os níveis de histamina variaram de 44,06 ± 0,74 a 505,46 ± 8,83 mg/kg, sendo 21 das amostras com níveis superiores a 100 mg/kg. As amostras apresentaram condições higiênicos sanitárias insatisfatórias e riscos para a saúde pública, por identificação de bactérias patogênicas e elevadas concentrações de histamina capazes de causar intoxicação escombróide, e ainda, isolados com multirresistência aos antimicrobianos testados.

Abstract The study of the hygienic sanitary conditions of raw consumed meat foods, such the sashimi, is necessary to define their quality and possible health consequences for the population. Sixty samples of salmon sashimi (Salmo salar) were collected from ten restaurants in the city of São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil, six from each site. The samples were analyzed for coliform counts at 35 °C, coliforms at 45 °C and positive and negative coagulase Staphylococcus, presence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas spp, antimicrobial susceptibility test of the isolates and quantification of histamine in the samples. The results showed high counts of coliforms at 35 °C and 12 samples with >102 NMP/g of coliforms at 45 °C, presence of E. coli and Salmonella in 3 samples each, absence of V. parahaemolyticus and coagulase positive Staphylococcus and coagulase negative Staphylococcus count between <20 and 5.0x104 CFU/g, presence of Aeromonas in 95% of the samples, 60 isolates being A. hydrophila and 6 A. caviae. For susceptibility to antimicrobials, E. coli isolates were sensitive to CPM, CTX, LVX, PPT and SUT, two isolates were resistant to AMP; one resistant to GEN, one to AMI and one to AMC. Salmonella isolates were sensitive to AMC, CPM, CFO, CRX, GEN, LVX and PPT, one resistant to AMI and one to AMP and SUT. The isolates of Aeromonas were resistant on mean to five of the antimicrobials, with AMP (97%), CRX (90.9%) and AMC (77.3%), and 81.8% were sensitive to CPM. Histamine levels ranged from 44.06 ± 0.74 to 505.46 ± 8.83 mg/kg, 21 of the samples with levels higher than 100 mg/kg. The samples presented unsatisfactory sanitary hygiene conditions and public health risks, due to the detection of pathogenic bacteria and high concentrations of histamine capable of causing scombroid poisoning, and isolates show multiresistance to the tested antimicrobials.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a cadeia produtiva do leite e estudar a sanidade do rebanho leiteiro do município de Codó, estado do Maranhão, Brasil, através da aplicação de um checklist e da realização de exames para detecção de mastite clínica e subclínica pelos métodos da caneca do fundo escuro e California mastitis test (CMT), no período de junho a agosto de 2019, em 295 vacas leiteiras procedentes de 20 propriedades. Coletaram-se amostras de leite e água da ordenha para análises microbiológicas. Observou-se que os ordenhadores não possuem conhecimento adequado sobre as boas práticas agropecuárias. Quanto à realização da ordenha, apenas 60% realizam-na em currais com cobertura; quanto ao piso, 60% são de terra batida e 40% de concreto. A água utilizada no manejo da ordenha é proveniente de poços em 35% das propriedades e as demais de açudes. As práticas de pré e pós-dipping e os testes CMT e caneca de fundo escuro e a adoção de programa de controle da mastite não são realizados em nenhuma das propriedades. Diagnosticaram-se duas vacas com mastite subclínica e uma com tuberculose e verificou-se elevada contaminação por coliformes totais e termotolerantes nas análises microbiológicas do leite, variando entre 23 NMP/mL a >1.100 NMP/mL e < 3.0 a > 1.100 NMP/mL, respectivamente, e presença de estafilococos coagulase positivos em 25% das amostras. As amostras de água também apresentaram elevada contaminação por coliformes totais entre 4,1 NMP/mL a > 2.419,6 NMP/mL e 40% apresentaram presença de Escherichia coli. Esses resultados refletem a necessidade de mais investimentos em assistência técnica e treinamento técnico para esses produtores.

ABSTRACT In order to characterize the milk production chain and study the dairy herd health in the city of Codó, state of Maranhão, Brazil, a checklist was applied and tests were carried out to detect clinical and subclinical mastitis using mastitis test strip cup and the California mastitis test (CMT), from June to August 2019, in 295 dairy cows from 20 farms. Water and milk samples were collected for microbiological analysis. It was observed that herdsmen do not have adequate knowledge about good agricultural practices. As for milking, only 60% are performed in corrals with coverage, and as for the floor, 60% are made of clay and 40% are made of concrete. In 35% of the properties, the water used in milking management comes from wells and the rest from dams. Pre and postdipping practices, CMT, mastitis strip cup test and the adoption of a mastitis control program are not carried out on any of the properties Two cows tested positive for subclinical mastitis and one cow tested positive for tuberculosis. In the microbiological analysis of the milk, a high count of total coliforms and thermotolerants was obtained, with values between 23 to > 1,100 MPN/mL and < 3.0 to > 1,100 MPN/mL, respectively. The presence of coagulase positive staphylococci was also observed in 25% of the samples. The water samples also showed high contamination by total coliforms between 4.1 to > 2.419.6 MPN/mL and 40% showed the presence of Escherichia coli. These results reflect the need for more investments in technical assistance and technical training for these producers.

RESUMO: Os objetivos deste estudo foram determinar taxas de deposição e decomposição de serapilheira em pastagens de Marandu (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) sob a) três formas de suprimento de nitrogênio (N), b) em diferentes estágios de pastejo rotativo e c) comparar a constante de decomposição (‘k’) derivada de “litterbags” com os valores derivados das estimativas de serapilheira existente e depositada (técnica SED). Os três tratamentos de suprimento de N foram: sem ou com adubação nitrogenada (zero ou 150 kg N ha-1 ano-1) ou com a leguminosa Desmodium ovalifolium. Não houve diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre a serapilheira existente e as taxas de deposição e decomposição da serapilheira entre os três tratamentos de N. A taxa de decomposição da serapilheira foi estimada usando a técnica SED para os 7 dias de pastejo e dois períodos subsequentes de 14 dias em cada ciclo de 35 dias. A taxa de decomposição da serapilheira foi (p<0,05) maior no segundo período de descanso (dias 21 a 35) em 0,089 g g-1 dia-1, do que no período de pastejo (0,038 g g-1 dia-1) e no primeiro período de repouso (0,040 g g-1 dia-1). A meia-vida média da serapilheira foi de 12 dias pela técnica SED, enquanto a estimativa dos “litterbags” foi de 136 dias. Os resultados mostram que as estimativas fornecidas pelos “litterbags” subestimam severamente a decomposição em relação à técnica SED, e preveem um acúmulo de serapilheira a longo prazo que não é observado.

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to determine the rates of plant litter deposition and decomposition in Marandu pastures (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) under a) three forms of nitrogen (N) supply, b) at different stages of rotational grazing and c) to compare the single-exponential decay constant (‘k’) derived from litterbags with values derived from estimates of deposited and existing litter (DEL technique). The three N supply treatments were: without or with N fertilization (zero or 150 kg N ha-1 yr-1) or with the legume Desmodium ovalifolium. There were no significant differences (p<0.05) between existing litter and rates of litter deposition and decomposition between the three N supply treatments. The litter decomposition rate was estimated using the DEL technique for the 7-day grazing periods and two subsequent 14-day periods in each 35-day grazing cycle. The litter decomposition rate was (P<0.05) higher for the second rest period (days 21 to 35) at 0.089 g g-1 day-1, than for the grazing period (0.038 g g-1 day-1) and for the first rest period (0.040 g g-1 day-1). The mean half-life of the litter was 12 days using the DEL technique while the estimate from the litterbags was 136 days. Results showed that estimates provided by litterbags severely underestimate the decomposition in relation to the DEL technique and predict a long-term accumulation of litter which is not observed.

Resumo A identificação das condições higiênico-sanitárias do pescado é de suma importância para a promoção da saúde e a qualidade de vida da população. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica e verificar o perfil de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos das cepas isoladas de amostras de tambaqui (C. macropomum) comercializadas na cidade de São Luís, Maranhão. As 60 amostras de tambaqui, obtidas de supermercados e feiras livres, foram analisadas quanto à determinação do Número Mais Provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e termotolerantes; pesquisa de Escherichia coli; pesquisa de Aeromonas spp., e perfil de resistência antimicrobiana. Foi detectada uma elevada contagem de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, além de bactérias patogênicas, tais como: Aeromonas spp. em 56 (93,3%) e E. coli, em 13 (43,3%) das amostras analisadas. Em relação ao perfil de resistência antimicrobiana, os isolados de E. coli demonstraram baixos percentuais de resistência e as cepas de Aeromonas apresentaram elevados níveis de resistência aos antimicrobianos testados. Pode-se concluir que o tambaqui comercializado em São Luís − MA apresenta condições higiênico-sanitárias inadequadas para o consumo.

Abstract The identification of the hygienic-sanitary conditions of thTe fish is of is of the utmost importance for the promotion of health and life quality of the population, therefore the purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality and verify the susceptibility profile to antimicrobials of the isolated bacteria from tambaqui (C. macropomum) marketed in the city of São Luís, Maranhão. The 60 samples of tambaqui, obtained from supermarkets and free markets, were analyzed for the Most Probable Number (MPN) of total coliforms and thermotolerant; search for Escherichia coli; search for Aeromonas spp., and antimicrobial resistance profile. a high total coliform contagion and thermotolerant was detected, besides the presence of pathogenic bacteria, such as: Aeromonas spp. in 56 (93.3%) and E. coli, in 13 (43.3%) of the analyzed samples. Regarding the antimicrobial resistance profile, the isolated of E. coli showed low percentages of resistance and Aeromonas strains had high levels of antimicrobial resistance tested. It can be concluded that the tambaqui marketed in São Luís-MA presents hygienic-sanitary conditions that are inadequate for the consumer.

Résumé : L’article met en valeur la contribution de Tim Ingold à l’anthropologie écologique et aux sciences humaines ; il analyse en particulier les concepts de perception, corps, chair et paysage développés dans le livre The Perception of Environment (2000). Il tient également compte du livre d’Ingold, Being Alive (2011), de même que des observations faites par Ingold lui-même lors de la première version de ce texte, présenté et analysé lors du séminaire « Culture, perception et environnement », au cours duquel l’auteur a personnellement débattu les articles écrits en réponse à son œuvre. Depuis une posture phénoménologique et un dialogue interdisciplinaire avec la biologie et la psychologie, il englobe l’expérience commune à tous les êtres vivants, constitués comme des organismes qui, à leur tour, ne se réduisent pas à des enveloppes corporelles ou à des identités spécifiques. Selon ses propositions, des possibilités d’être dans le monde s’ouvrent et l’accent est mis sur l’éducation en tant que mobilisation, en rejetant les théories sur la transmission de la culture et de la formation humaine basée sur les oppositions esprit et corps, nature et culture. Nous sommes en présence d’une perspective écologique radicale qui pense symétriquement la place et le statut des organismes et leur action dans le monde.

Abstract: The paper highlights Tim Ingold’s contribution to an ecological anthropology and to the human sciences, particularly discussing the concepts of perception, body, flesh and landscape, developed in the book “The perception of environment” (2000). We consider Ingold’s later book, Being Alive (2011) as well as Ingold’s own observations on the first version of this paper, presented and discussed at the Culture, Perception and Environment Seminar (2011), where Ingold personally debated articles written in dialogue with his work. In this article, following Tim Ingold, we start from a phenomenological posture and an interdisciplinary dialogue with biology and psychology, to understand the experience common to all living beings, constituted as organisms that, in turn, do not enclose themselves in envelopes specific identities. From these propositions, the possibilities of being in the world are opened and education is evidenced as mobilization of attention, putting in check the theories on the transmission of culture and the human formation based on oppositions such as mind and body, nature and culture. In this way, we are faced with a radical ecological perspective that symmetrically thinks of the place and status of organisms and their agency in the world.

Resumen: El artículo destaca la contribución de Tim Ingold a la antropología ecológica y a las ciencias humanas; discute particularmente los conceptos de percepción, cuerpo, carne y paisaje desarrollados en el libro The perception of environment (2000). También se toma en consideración el libro posterior de Ingold, Being Alive (2011), así como las observaciones del propio Ingold a la primera versión de este paper, presentado y discutido en el seminario “Cultura, percepción y ambiente”, en el que Ingold personalmente debatió los artículos escritos en diálogo con su obra. Desde una postura fenomenológica y un diálogo interdisciplinario con la biología y la psicología, comprende la experiencia común a todos los seres vivos, constituidos como organismos que, a su vez, no se cierran como envolturas corporales o identidades específicas. Desde sus proposiciones, se abren las posibilidades de estar en el mundo y se evidencia la educación como movilización de la atención, al poner en jaque las teorías sobre la transmisión de la cultura y la formación humana basada en las oposiciones mente y cuerpo, naturaleza y cultura. Estamos ante una perspectiva ecológica radical que piensa simétricamente el lugar y el estatus de los organismos y su acción en el mundo.

Introdução: O Pneumomediastino espontâneo é uma entidade rara na infância, sendo na maioria dos casos desencadeado por uma crise asmática grave. A dor torácica e dispneia são os sintomas mais frequentes de apresentação, sendo o diagnóstico feito habitualmente pela radiografia de tórax. O trata mento conservador é preferencial, com prognóstico favorável. Casos clínicos: O primeiro caso, um adolescente de 14 anos, com o diagnóstico de pneumomediastino e enfisema subcutâneo espontâneos, sem fator desencadeante evidente, apesar de ter antecedentes de asma. O segundo caso, uma criança de 19 meses que desenvolveu, como complicação de uma pneumonia, um pneumomediastino espontâneo toraco-cervical e um pneumotórax. A evolução foi favorável, no primeiro caso apenas com medidas sintomáticas e no segundo, houve necessidade de colo cação de dreno torácico com melhoria progressiva do quadro respiratório. Discussão/conclusões: Estes casos constituem exemplos de pneumomediastino espontâneo que se destacam pela raridade desta patologia nesta faixa etária.

Introduction: Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is a rare clinical condition in childhood that occurs in most cases with exacerbations of asthma. The most common symptoms are chest pain and dyspnea. Diagnosis is usually made by chest radiography. Conservative treatment is preferred with a favorable prognosis. Case reports: The first case, a 14-year-old boy with spontaneous pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema diagnosis, without triggering factor, despite history of asthma. The second one, a 19-month-old boy who developed, as a complication of pneumonia, a spontaneous thoraco-cervical pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax. The evolution was favorable, in the first case only with symptomatic treatment and in the second, progressive respiratory improvement was observed, after a chest drain insertion. Discussion/Conclusions: These cases are examples of spontaneous pneumomediastinum that highlights the rarity of this disease in this age group.