Abstract Communication in science requires standardized terminology with concepts unified that facilitate the processing and exploration of information in any knowledge domain. The morphology is not the exception; however, it has challenged problems, called “the linguistic problem of the morphology”, which is related to the processing of morphological data result of taxonomic work. Ontologies, standardized vocabularies expressed through language parsable (Resource Description Framework, RDF) by machines, are proposed to resolve the linguistic problems in morphology. Springtails are dominants in the soil and other types of habitats with ca 9000 described species. The anatomical terms employed in Collembola are not exempt from problems such as the presence of homonyms related to the chaetotaxy, idiosyncratic language employed in morphological descriptions, and lack of consensual definitions of anatomical terms, which difficult the comparison of morphological data. Collembola Anatomy Ontology (CLAO) is built according to principles established by The OBO Foundry and includes 1554 anatomical terms for the region of the cuticle, appendages, anatomical systems, and cells. CLAO is directed toward morphological descriptions and the production of phenotypic data produced from taxonomic and anatomical works before the obtaining of homologies in a phylogenetic framework. Also, to increase the interoperability with other anatomical ontologies for Arthropoda and knowledge domains. domain exception however morphology, , morphology” work Ontologies Resource Framework RDF machines 900 species chaetotaxy (CLAO 155 cuticle appendages systems cells framework Also domains 90 15 9 1

Abstract Plant oils and their derivatives have been vigorously exploited as alternatives for synthesis of epoxides due to depletion of petroleum resources. In this study, crude jatropha oil (CJO) was subjected to a transesterification process to form jatropha methyl esters (JME) using peroxyacetic acid generated in situ from hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid via an acidic ion exchange resin (AIER). The effect of temperature, molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to unsaturation, molar ratio of acetic acid to unsaturation, and catalyst loading were investigated. This study revealed that the maximum 89.9% relative conversion to oxirane rings was achieved after 6 h with the optimal reaction conditions of temperature at 70 ˚C, the molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to unsaturation of 1.5 mol, the molar ratio of acetic acid to unsaturation of 0.5 mol, and catalyst loading of 16%. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of the epoxidized jatropha methyl esters (EJME) showed oxirane peaks (doublet) at 825 and 843 cm-1.1H NMR confirmed the diepoxide group at 2.85 ppm and 2.98 ppm, while the diepoxide signals of 1C NMR were present at 56.88-57.06 ppm. Production of bio-epoxides from Jatropha methyl esters hence looks promising with favorable physicochemical properties, availability, and versatility.

Peridroma saucia ocasiona graves daños a los cultivos de flores de exportación en Colombia. Su manejo integrado requiere información básica y local sobre su biología. En este trabajo se lleva a cabo el seguimiento de su ciclo de vida en plantas de astromelia bajo dos tipos de condiciones de temperatura (°C) y humedad relativa (HR), controladas en fitotrón ( 23,72 °C y 82,93 % HR) y en invernadero ( 17,72 °C y 65,26 % HR). Asimismo se describen los diferentes estados de desarrollo de la especie y algunos de sus aspectos etológicos. Los periodos de duración en días respectivamente para fitotrón e invernadero son: huevo 5 y 8 días, larva, 25,1 +/- 1,34 y 41,26 +/- 1,88, pupa 15 +/- 1,66 y 29,7 +/- 2,01, adulto 18,6 días (rango 20) para la hembra y 14,69 (rango 14) para el macho (ambos en invernadero); el ciclo total en invernadero abarca una duración de 97,56 días para las hembras, y para los machos 93,65. La especie presenta seis ínstares larvales bajo las dos condiciones ambientales consideradas. El factor de crecimiento de las cápsulas cefálicas es de 0,6 en cada uno de los ínstares. En este estudio también se registran las dimensiones de longitud y amplitud de las larvas en cada uno de sus ínstares.

Peridroma saucia is an harmful pest of flowers cut for exportation from Colombia . Its integrated management requires basic local information about its biology. In the present work its life cycle on Alstroemeria spp was followed under two different temperature (°C) and relative humidity (RH) environments: the conditions 23,.72 °C and 82,93 % HR were maintained in a phitotron and those of 17,72 °C and 65,26 % RH were maintained in a greenhouse. Likewise, we describe the different developmental stages of the pest as well as some behavioral aspects. The duration of the periods in days for the phitotron and greenhouse were respectively: eggs 5 and 8 days, larva 25,.1 +/- 1,34 and 41,26 +/- 1,88 days, pupa 15 +/- 1.66 and 29,7 +/- 2,.01 days, adults 18,6 days (range of 20) for females and 14,69 days (range of 14) for males (both in the greenhouse); the total cycle in the greenhouse required 97,56 days for females, and 93,65 days for males. The species presented six larval instars under both of the environmental conditions. A 0,6 growthcephalic factor was found for each one of the larval instars. This study also registered length and width dimensions of the larvae within each instars.

Copitarsia decolora Guenée es considerada una plaga en cultivos de flores de exportación. Su manejo integrado requiere información básica y local sobre su biología. En el presente trabajo se adelantan estudios de seguimiento de su ciclo de vida en plantas de astromelia bajo dos tipos de condiciones de temperatura (°C) y humedad relativa (HR): 23,72 °C y 82,93 % HR controladas en un fitotrón y 17,72 °C y 65,26 % HR en invernadero. Asi mismo se describen los diferentes estados de desarrollo de la plaga y algunos de sus aspectos etológicos. Los periodos de duración en días respectivamente para fitotrón e invernadero son: huevo 4 y 6, larva 17,23 ± 0,48 y 35,10 ± 5,37, pupa 15,4 ± 0,49 y 21 ± 1,85, adulto hembra 12,67 ± 5,6 y 18,44 (rango 13), machos 12,56 ± 4,54 y 15 (rango 11). En total el ciclo de vida tiene una duración de 49.23 y 80,54 días para hembras y 49,19 y 77,1 días para machos. Bajo las condiciones del estudio la especie presenta cinco ínstares larvales. El factor de crecimiento de las cápsulas cefálicas es de 0,6 en cada uno de los ínstares. En este estudio también se registran las dimensiones de longitud y amplitud de las larvas en cada uno de sus ínstares.

Copitarsia decolora is a pest in cut flowers for exportation. Its management requires basic and local information about its biology. In the present study we followed its life cycle on plants of Astromelia under two different temperature (°C) and relative humidity (RH) environments: conditions of 23,72 °C and 82,93 % RH were controlled in a phitotron and those of 17,72 °C and 65,26 % RH in a greenhouse. Likewise, we described the different stages of development of the pest and also some behavioral aspects. Respectively, for the phitotron and greenhouse, the time periods (days) were: eggs 4 and 6, larva 17,23 ± 0,48 and 35,10 ± 5,37, pupa 15,4 ± 0.49 and 21 ± 1,85, female adults 12,67 ± 5,6 and 18,44 (range 13), males 12,56 ± 4,54 and 15 (range 11). The whole life cycle encompassed 49,23 and 80,54 days for females and 49,19 and 77,1 days for males. Under the conditions of this study th species presented five larval instars. Each larval instar had a factor of,0,6 of cephalic capsule growth. The study also registered length and width dimensions of larvae within each instar.

La presente revisión pretende reunir la mayor cantidad de información generada sobre estudios básicos del grupo Coccoidea con énfasis en Pseudococcidae para Colombia. Se revisaron en detalle 34 publicaciones, 11 nacionales y 23 internacionales sobre las escamas y chinches harinosas de Colombia. En total en Colombia se registran 216 especies de escamas, cochinillas y chinches harinosas de la superfamilia Coccoidea, agrupadas en 11 familias, las cuales atacan 88 familias de hospederos botánicos. 70 especies de escamas pertenecen a la familia Pseudococcidae, las cuales representan el 24% del total (282) de las especies de pseudocóccidos reportados en Centro y Suramérica. En la región del Caribe existen 24 géneros de importancia económica; 20 de estos se encuentran en Colombia. Para éstos, además de nombrar sus especies, se detalla su distribución geográfica, plantas hospederas y aspectos de su biología. 13 especies de Pseudococcidae se constituyen en serias amenazas como plagas potenciales entre los países que conforman la región Caribe.

This review article attempts to summarize the majority of the information obtained from basic studies of the Coccoidea group, with emphasis on Pseudococcidae, in Colombia . Thirtyfour publications (23 international and 11 Colombian) on the scales and mealy bugs of Colombia were reviewed. In total, Colombia has 216 species of scales, lice and mealy bugs of the superfamily Coccoidea, grouped into 11 families, that attack 88 families of botanical hosts. Seventy species of scales belonging to the Pseudococcidae family, representing 24% of the total (282) of the species of pseudococcids reported for Central and South America. In the Caribbean region, there are 24 genera of economic importance; 20 of these occur in Colombia . For these species, in addition to listing the species names, this review details their geographic distribution, host plants, and some aspects of their biology. Thirteen species of Pseudococcidae represent serious threats as potential pests for different countries in the Caribbean region.

The extraction of iron (II) and nickel (II) from sulfate solutions was studied. In the experimental development di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) was used as the extractant and kerosene was used as diluent at 298 K. This technique is a variation of solvent extraction process and is based on the use of liquid membranes. It was found that the liquid membrane used showed better extraction rates for Fe (II) than Ni (II). From the analysis of the results, it can be stated that the process is applicable to the extraction of the metals studied, at concentrations lower than 10−3 M.

Se estudió la extracción de hierro (II) y níquel (II) a partir de sulfatos empleando como extractante al ácido di-2-etil hexil fosfórico (D2EHPA) y al queroseno como diluyente, a 298 K, mediante la implementación de un proceso extractivo novedoso que se basa en la tecnología de membranas líquidas. Dicha técnica es una variante del proceso de extracción con solventes. La membrana líquida empleada en la experimentación presentó mejor respuesta para la extracción de Fe (II) que para la extracción de Ni (II). El análisis de resultados permite afirmar que este proceso puede emplearse para la extracción de los metales estudiados, siempre y cuando éstos se encuentren a bajas concentraciones (menores de 10−3 M).