OBJECTIVE: Prevention is the best treatment for cerebrovascular disease, which is why early diagnosis and the immediate treatment of carotid stenosis contribute significantly to reducing the incidence of stroke. Given its silent nature, 80% of stroke cases occur in asymptomatic individuals, emphasizing the importance of screening individuals with carotid stenosis and identifying high-risk groups for the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and the most frequent risk factors for carotid stenosis. METHODS: A transversal study was conducted in the form of a stroke prevention campaign held on three nonconsecutive Saturdays. During the sessions, carotid stenosis diagnostic procedures were performed for 500 individuals aged 60 years or older who had systemic arterial hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus and/or coronary heart disease and/or a family history of stroke. RESULTS: The prevalence of carotid stenosis in the population studied was 7.4%, and the most frequent risk factors identified were mean age of 70 years, carotid bruit, peripheral obstructive arterial disease, coronary insufficiency and smoking. Independent predictive factors of carotid stenosis include the presence of carotid bruit or peripheral obstructive heart disease and/or coronary insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS: The population with peripheral obstructive heart disease and carotid bruit should undergo routine screening for carotid stenosis.

As veias linfonodais fazem parte de uma rede venosa no triângulo de Scarpa, que liga em vários pontos o sistema venoso superficial às veias profundas, e podem tanto ser causa de incompetência do sistema venoso superficial quanto estar envolvidas na recorrência pós-safenectomia. Na rotina diária dos exames de Doppler venoso de membros inferiores, temos notado de maneira cada vez mais freqüente a associação das veias linfonodais com varizes primárias e recorrentes. A adequada caracterização dessas veias pode ajudar na compreensão do mecanismo fisiopatológico do aparecimento das varizes e permitir um controle e tratamento mais dirigidos. Este artigo lança luz sobre os aspectos anatômicos e fisiológicos das veias linfonodais, objetivando chamar a atenção dos profissionais envolvidos no diagnóstico de doenças venosas dos membros inferiores para uma causa pouco difundida de varizes.

Lymph node veins are part of a venous network in Scarpa"s triangle, communicating in many points the superficial venous system and the deep veins, and may either be the cause of incompetence of the superficial venous system, or be involved in recurrent varicose veins after saphenous vein stripping. In the daily routine of venous Doppler examination of the lower extremities, an increasingly frequent association of lymph node veins with primary and/or recurrent varicose veins has been noticed. Appropriate characterization of these veins may help to understand the pathophysiological mechanism of varicose vein appearance and provide a more focused approach to follow-up and treatment. This article sheds some light on the anatomical and physiological aspects of lymph node veins, drawing the attention of professionals involved in the diagnosis of venous disorders of the lower extremities to a little-known cause of varicose veins.

Este trabalho visou a estudar a interação entre a planta modelo Arabidopsis thaliana e Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), patógeno responsável pela podridão-negra das brássicas. A resposta de 32 ecótipos de A. thaliana ao isolado brasileiro de Xcc CNPH 17 foi avaliada. Reação do tipo imunidade não foi observada; entretanto, "CS1308", "CS1566" e "CS1643" cultivados em luz contínua estavam entre os acessos que demonstraram maior resistência quando inoculados com Xcc a uma concentração de 5 x 10(6) UFC/mL. Em contraste, "CS1194" e "CS1492" foram identificados entre os acessos mais suscetíveis. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos quando as plantas foram cultivadas em dias curtos. Para quantificar as diferenças nos sintomas da doença, clorofila total foi extraída de acessos contrastantes em diferentes tempos após a inoculação. A quantidade de clorofila presente nos controles e nos acessos resistentes inoculados com Xcc mostraram um padrão de declínio semelhante, enquanto os acessos suscetíveis inoculados com Xcc mostraram queda mais acentuada que os controles. Para avaliar a especificadade da resistência, os acessos CS1308, CS1566, CS1643 e CS1438 (que demonstrou resistência parcial a Xcc CNPH 17), foram inoculados com um isolado mais agressivo de Xcc (CNPH 77) e com Ralstonia solanacearum. O acesso CS1566 mostrou-se o mais resistente ao isolado CNPH 77 de Xcc e também apresentou resistência a R. solanacearum. Em outro experimento, os acessos CS1308, CS1566 e CS1643 foram inoculados com uma alta concentração de Xcc CNPH 17 (5 x 10(8) CFU/mL). Nenhum colapso de tecido foi observado até 48 h após a inoculação, indicando que a hipersensibilidade não está envolvida na resposta de resistência apresentada pelos ecótipos estudados.

This work aimed to study the interaction between the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), the pathogen responsible for black rot of crucifers. The response of 32 accessions of A. thaliana to the Brazilian isolate of Xcc CNPH 17 was evaluated. No immunity-like response was observed. "CS1308", "CS1566" and "CS1643" grown in continuous light were among the accessions that showed strongest resistance when inoculated with 5 x 10(6) CFU/mL. In contrast, "CS1194" and "CS1492" were among the most susceptible accessions. Similar results were obtained when plants were grown under short-day conditions. To quantify the differences in disease symptoms, total chlorophyll was extracted from contrasting accessions at different time points after inoculation. Chlorophyll levels from controls and Xcc inoculated plants showed a similar reduction in resistant accessions, whereas Xcc-inoculated susceptible accessions showed a greater reduction compared to controls. To test the specificity of resistance, accessions CS1308, CS1566, CS1643 and CS1438 (which showed partial resistance to CNPH 17), were inoculated with a more aggressive isolate of Xcc (CNPH 77) and Ralstonia solanacearum. Among the accessions tested, "CS1566" was the most resistant to Xcc CNPH 77 and also displayed resistance to R. solanacearum. Accessions CS1308, CS1566 and CS1643 were also inoculated with a high titer of Xcc CNPH 17 (5 x 10(8) CFU/mL). No collapse of tissue was observed up to 48 h after inoculation, indicating that a hypersensitive response is not involved in the resistance displayed by these accessions.