Abstract This article describes the distribution of technological hazards at La Unión Canton, Cartago and shows the maximum range radius due to possible explosions at gas stations. Technological incidents could arise in the industries, gas stations and the pipeline of the Refinadora Costarricense de Petroleo (RECOPE), which requires studies to know their destructive capacity. The work reveals the potential of technological incidents in the canton of La Unión and will serve to manage these technological hazards more efficiently. A linearity and proportionality relationship with data from the Mexican Geological Service was used to estimate the extent of explosions at gas stations. In order to find out the extent of industrial gas leaks, a study on chemical-technological hazards in the Gran Área Metropolitan (GAM) was used as a guide and references on previously occurred incidents were reviewed. A field study, to verify the presence of human settlements near the pipeline, and a bibliographic review provided an idea of the potential threat of the pipeline. The results indicate that the maximum danger radii associated with gas station explosions in La Unión vary between 6.85 and 13.08 meters and that the gas leak can affect areas with a radius close to 10 km.

Resumen Este artículo describe la distribución de las amenazas tecnológicas en el cantón La Unión de Cartago y muestra los radios de máximo alcance por eventuales explosiones en gasolineras. En las industrias, gasolineras y el poliducto de la Refinadora Costarricense de Petróleo (RECOPE) podrían suscitarse incidentes tecnológicos lo que demanda estudios para conocer su capacidad destructiva. El trabajo da a conocer el potencial de los incidentes tecnológicos en el cantón La Unión y servirá para manejar más eficientemente estos peligros tecnológicos. Se utilizó una relación de linealidad y proporcionalidad con datos del Servicio Geológico Mexicano para estimar el alcance de explosiones en gasolineras. Con el fin de conocer la extensión de las fugas de gases industriales se utilizó como guía un estudio sobre amenazas químicotecnológicas de la Gran Área Metropolitana (GAM) y se revisó referencias sobre incidentes ocurridos previamente. Un estudio de campo, para verificar la presencia de asentamientos humanos cerca del poliducto, y revisión bibliográfica permitieron tener una idea del potencial de amenaza del poliducto. Los resultados indican que los radios de máximo peligro asociados a explosiones de gasolineras en La Unión varían entre 6,85 y 13,08 metros y que la fuga de gases puede tener impacto en áreas de un radio cercano a los 10 km.

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus can develop antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is one of the global health care concerns. It can colonize skin and nares of animals and humans, with the risk of entering the food supply chain. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic-resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus strains through the pork supply chain. The epsilon test (Etest) and the disk diffusion method were used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of fifty-five S. aureus strains isolated from pigs (n=28, nasal and skin), carcasses (n=12, surface of carcasses), and meat (n=15, pork chop and leg). An 83.6% of the isolates exhibited AMR, with a higher prevalence in pigs and a high rate of penicillin resistance. Ten antibiotics of seven classes were used to assess the susceptibility of S. aureus isolates. Multidrug-resistance (MDR) was detected in 38.2% of the isolates, being PEN-ERY-CIP-TET the most common resistance profile. Strains exhibiting oxacillin- and cefoxitin-resistance were mecA-negative, while one strain was identified as vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA). The results confirm that measures to control and mitigate AMR need to be implemented, particularly during the different animal production stages.

Abstract In recent decades, computing-based technologies have been large contributors to the current digital and knowledge economy. This process has led to changes in the structure of employment and variations in relative wages across workers in skill distribution, with computing-based technologies representing the technological shift shaping current and future labor demand. In this regard, how job tasks might be replaced or complemented by computing-based technologies becomes a new and critical aspect in explaining how technological progress drives labor demand. Agriculture, as well as other sectors, has taken advantage of this technical progress, with emergent technologies contributing to the shift toward Agriculture 4.0. In the case of Chile, the evidence points to an overall reduction in the agricultural labor force and to an increase in the relative number of salaried workers within agriculture, particularly those in temporary jobs. However, nothing has been said about the types of tasks being performed in the sector, its evolution over time, and its relationship with automation. If agriculture is under a technological upgrading process, then we should expect the reduction in the number of salaried workers to be accompanied by an increase in the relative skillset of those still in the industry performing non-routine tasks. Contrary to what one might expect, our results suggest that the participation of routine tasks in agriculture has only increased over time, pointing to a low adoption of computing-based technologies compared to other economic sectors within the Chilean economy.

Resumen En las últimas décadas, los avances tecnológicos basados en Tecnologías de la informacion y Comunicaciones, TIC, han contribuido en gran medida a la actual economía digital y del conocimiento. Este proceso ha dado lugar a cambios en la estructura del empleo, variaciones en los salarios relativos entre trabajadores y en la distribución de habilidades debido a que estas nuevas tecnologías representan la mayor parte del cambio tecnológico que configura la actual y futura demanda laboral. En este sentido, la forma en que las tareas que caracterizan las ocupaciones laborales pueden ser reemplazadas o complementadas por tecnologías TIC y similares, es un aspecto nuevo y crítico para explicar cómo el progreso tecnológico impulsa la demanda laboral. La agricultura, al igual que otros sectores, se ha beneficiado de este progreso técnico, con tecnologías emergentes que contribuyen al cambio hacia la Agricultura 4.0. En el caso de Chile, la evidencia apunta a una reducción general de la fuerza laboral agrícola y a un aumento en el número relativo de trabajadores asalariados dentro de la agricultura, particularmente aquellos en trabajos temporales. Sin embargo, poco se ha dicho sobre el tipo de tareas que se realizan en el sector, su evolución en el tiempo y su relación con la automatización. Si la agricultura se encuentra en un proceso de actualización tecnológica, entonces deberíamos esperar que la reducción en el número de trabajadores asalariados vaya acompañada de un aumento en el conjunto de habilidades relativas de aquellos que todavía están en la industria y que realizan tareas, mayoritariamente, no rutinarias o que difícilmente pueden ser sustituidas por una serie de instrucciones o código. Al contrario de lo que cabría esperar, nuestros resultados sugieren que la participación de las tareas rutinarias en la agricultura solo ha aumentado en el tiempo, lo que apunta a una baja adopción de tecnologías basadas en la computación en comparación con otros sectores dentro de la economía chilena.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze the level of disability and pain in capoeira practitioners. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. Data collection took place at the training sites of participants. The Self-Estimated Functional Inability because of Pain questionnaire for athletes (SEFIP-sport) was used to assess the pain and disability. Descriptive analysis was performed with the presentation of variables through mean and standard deviation (SD) or absolute number and percentage. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 65 capoeira practitioners. Of these, 42 (64.61%) reported pain or discomfort. The total score of the SEFIP-sport presented an average of 2.28 points (SD=2.65). The body regions with the highest reports of pain and disability were the knees, lower back, and wrist/hands. However, we observed a mild degree of disability measured by SEFIP-sport. CONCLUSIONS: The knees, lower back, and wrists/hands were the regions of the body with the highest reports of pain and disability. However, the disability presented by capoeira practitioners was slight.

Resumen En la última década han surgido un número significativo de iniciativas que apuntan a utilizar tecnologías y aplicaciones móviles con fines educativos, sin embargo, la implementación no ha sido totalmente efectiva debido a diversas dificultades. En este trabajo se exploraron las actitudes de los alumnos y docentes hacia el uso del aprendizaje móvil en instituciones de educación superior. Se tomaron muestras de estudiantes y docentes de cinco universidades de Cajamarca en Perú a los cuales se les aplicaron encuestas que fueron validadas por expertos y la confiabilidad fue evaluada mediante alfa de Cronbach. Se evaluó si existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las actitudes de los estudiantes con relación a la edad, sexo, especialidad y tipo de móvil usado. Asimismo, se evaluó si existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las actitudes de los docentes con relación a la edad, sexo, experiencia universitaria, nivel académico y tipo de móvil usado. Se realizaron pruebas de t de Student y un análisis de varianza unidireccional (Anova) por cada indicador considerado. Los resultados revelaron que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las actitudes de los estudiantes con respecto al tipo de dispositivo móvil. La aparición de las tecnologías de aprendizaje móvil tuvo un impacto significativo en la tecnología educativa.

Abstract In the last decade, a significant number of initiatives aimed at using mobile technologies and applications for educational purposes have emerged, however, implementation has not been fully effective due to various difficulties. This paper explored the attitudes of students and teachers towards the use of mobile learning in higher education institutions. Students and teachers from five universities in Cajamarca, Peru, were sampled and administered surveys that were validated by experts and whose reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha. It was evaluated whether there are statistically significant differences between students’ attitudes in relation to age, sex, major and type of cell phone used. Likewise, it was evaluated whether there are statistically significant differences between teachers’ attitudes in relation to age, sex, university experience, academic level and type of cell phone used. Student’s t-tests and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed for each indicator considered. The results revealed that there are statistically significant differences between students’ attitudes regarding the type of mobile device. The emergence of mobile learning technologies had a significant impact on the educational technology.

Resumo Na última década, surgiu um número significativo de iniciativas que visam a utilização de tecnologias e aplicações móveis para fins educacionais, no entanto, a implementação não tem sido totalmente eficaz devido a várias dificuldades. Neste trabalho, foram exploradas as atitudes de alunos e professores em relação ao uso da aprendizagem móvel em instituições de ensino superior. Foram coletadas amostras de alunos e professores de cinco universidades de Cajamarca, no Peru, nas quais foram aplicadas pesquisas que foram validadas por especialistas e a confiabilidade foi avaliada pelo alfa de Cronbach. Foi avaliado se existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as atitudes dos alunos em relação à idade, sexo, especialidade e tipo de móvel utilizado. Da mesma forma, avaliou-se se existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as atitudes dos professores em relação à idade, sexo, experiência universitária, nível de escolaridade e tipo de celular utilizado. Os testes t de Student e uma análise de variância unilateral (ANOVA) foram realizados para cada indicador considerado. Os resultados revelaram que existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as atitudes dos alunos em relação ao tipo de dispositivo móvel. O surgimento de tecnologias de aprendizagem móvel teve um impacto significativo na tecnologia educacional.

ABSTRACT The dual-purpose Normande breed is characterized for its good adaptation to different production systems. The objective of this study was to determine the milk quality of the first Normande cow herd in the Ñuble Region (Chile) compared with that of Holstein Friesian cows, and to develop dairy products. The study was carried out with Normande (N) and Holstein Friesian (HF) cows in the first lactation. Milk quality parameters included titratable acidity, pH, density, fat content, and milk composition; whereas product development included production of Chanco cheese and mozzarella sticks. Chanco cheese was made from N and HF milk, and yield and composition were determined. Mozzarella sticks were made using N milk and two different salting processes (pre-salting and brining); color, texture, melting capacity, proximal analysis, and sensory analysis were compared. Fat and protein content of HF cow's milk was 3.35% and 2.87%, while values for the N were 3.35%, and 3.16%, respectively. Since there were no differences in fat content between breeds (P > 0.05), Chanco cheese yield was similar despite the fact that protein content of N milk was higher (P ≤ 0.05). Mozzarella sticks with a salting step at the end (brine at 25%) had greater firmness, melting capacity and acceptance (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, milk from N and HF breeds has different protein and lactose content but similar technological performance for the production of Chanco cheese. It is possible to produce mozzarella cheese sticks using milk from Normande cows and to recommend raising this dual-purpose breed in this Region.

Resumo Introdução/Objetivos: Comparar resultados do tratamento de aneurismas aórticos tóraco-abdominais pós-dissecção (AATA-PD) tratados por via endovascular ou aberta. Material e Métodos: Estudo observacional (coorte retrospetiva) dos doentes tratados com AATA-PD por via endovascular (grupo-1) ou aberta (grupo-2) entre Janeiro-2013 e Maio-2020. Outcome primário: mortalidade-hospitalar. Outcomes secundários: lesão de orgão, infeções hospitalares, duração de internamento, endoleaks, oclusões de ramo, re-intervenções e mortalidade no follow-up. Resultados: Trataram-se 21 doentes (15-homens): 8 no grupo-1 e 13 no grupo-2. A idade média foi menor no grupo-2 [68 (DP:11) versus 48 (DP:12), p=0.004]. Três doentes tinham conectivopatia. Os doentes do grupo-1 tinham um score ASA maior (p<0,001). No grupo-1 realizaram-se debranching e TEVAR em 2 doentes e em 6 utilizaram-se endopróteses custom-made com fenestrações/ramos. No grupo-2 realizou-se uma interposição na aorta tóracica e em 12 doentes a reconstrução envolveu as artérias viscerais. Em 7 casos utilizou-se a técnica de Crawford com patch visceral e em 3 (com conetivopatia) utilizaram-se próteses ramificadas. Em 5 doentes revascularizaram-se intercostais. A mortalidade hospitalar foi 12% (1 doente) no grupo-1 e 15% (2 doentes) no grupo-2, LogRank=0.9. O tempo de internamento foi maior no grupo-2 (p=0.033), e houve tendência para uma estadia maior nos cuidados intensivos neste grupo. Não houve diferença em isquemia medular, lesão renal aguda ou re-intervenções. Houve mais infeções pós-operatórias no grupo 2 (12% versus 69%, p= 0.017). Durante o follow-up [mediana 15 meses (IQ:55)], não houve mortalidade após a alta. No grupo-1 a taxa de endoleaks foi 14%, sem crescimento do saco aneurismático. A permeabilidade dos ramos durante o follow-up foi 100% no grupo-1 e 95% no grupo-2, LogRank=0.3. Conclusão: A cirurgia endovascular e aberta de AATA-PD permitiu tratar uma grande variedade de doentes nesta coorte. Os doentes tratados por via endovascular foram mais velhos e com maior risco mas sem repercussão nos outcomes. A cirurgia aberta associou-se a internamento mais longo e mais complicações pós-operatórias.

Abstract Introduction/Objectives: Repair of post-dissection thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysms (PD-TAAA) is a complex challenge. Choosing the correct approach to manage these aneurysms is not straightforward as both open and endovascular strategies are valid. Our aim was to analyze and compare the results of PD-TAAA treated by endovascular or open surgery. Methods: A seven-year (January-2013 and May-2020) single-center retrospective cohort study of patients with PD-TAAA treated by endovascular (group-1) or open (group-2) surgery was conducted. Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were organ lesion, in-hospital infections, length of stay (LOS), endoleaks, branch occlusions, re-interventions and mortality during follow-up. Results: Twenty-one patients (15-men) were treated: 8 in group-1 and 13 in group-2. The mean age was lower in group-2 [68 (SD:11) versus 48 (SD:12), p=0.004]. Three patients had connective tissue disease (CTD). Group-1 patients had a higher ASA score (p<0.001). In group-1, debranching and TEVAR were performed in 2 patients and custom-made fenestrated/branched-endografts were used in 6. In group-2, there was one thoracic aorta interposition graft and reconstruction involving the visceral arteries ocurred in 12 patients. Seven cases were operated using the Crawford technique with visceral patch, and branched grafts were used in 3 patients with CTD. Intercostal arteries were revascularized in 5 patients. In-hospital mortality was 12% (1 patient) in group-1 and 15% (2 patients) in group-2, LogRank=0.9. The LOS was longer in group-2 (p=0.033), and there was a tendency for a longer stay in intensive care unit in this group. No difference was observed in spinal cord ischemia, acute kidney injury or re-interventions. There were more post-operative infections in group-2 (12% versus 69%, p = 0.017). During follow-up [median 15 months (IQR:55)], there was no mortality after discharge. In group-1, 14% had type-II-endoleaks, without aneurysmal sac dilation. Branch permeability during follow-up was 100% in group-1 and 95% in group-2, LogRank=0.3. Conclusion: Endovascular and open surgery of PD-TAAA allowed treatment of a wide variety of patients in this cohort. Patients treated by the endovascular surgery were older and had higher surgical risk but without repercussions on the outcomes. Open surgery was associated with longer hospital stay and more postoperative complications.

Abstract Oreomunnea mexicana is relict and threatened species; it constitutes a dominant tree element in the foggy forest of the Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca. The species is emblematic and is incorporated into the worldview of the inhabitants of the region, where, in addition, it performs very important ecological functions and ecosystem services. The aim of the present work was to analyze the diversity and genetic structure, as well as to evaluate the spatial genetic structure on a fine scale using molecular markers for in situ conservation activities. Dominant markers called inter simple sequence repeat were used with which individuals from nine populations (25 per population) and 120 individuals from a plot of 400 m2 were analyzed. The results showed high levels of genetic diversity (H e = 0.405 ± 0003) and moderate levels of gene flow (N m = 2.25) and low genetic differentiation (P < 0.001; 8%). The fine spatial genetic structure showed a random distribution, while the kinship analysis exhibited high genetic similarity among the analyzed individuals. High levels of diversity suggest that the species is not genetically degraded, however, due to its fragmented distribution and high environmental vulnerability, it is suggested for its conservation in situ, priority should be given for immediate protection to the populations of El Relámpago (due to its great genetic diversity), the Panteon and the Orquidiario due to its low genetic diversity and the high vulnerability due to anthropic and environmental disturbance.

Resumen Oreomunnea mexicana es una especie relicta y amenazada, que constituye un elemento arbóreo dominante en el bosque de niebla de la Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca. La especie es emblemática y se encuentra incorporada en la cosmovisión de los habitantes de la región, donde, además, desempeña funciones ecológicas y servicios ecosistémicos muy importantes. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la diversidad y estructura genética, así como evaluar la estructura genética espacial a escala fina, utilizando marcadores moleculares con fines de conservación in situ. Se utilizaron marcadores dominantes denominados inter simple sequence repeat con los que se analizaron individuos de nueve poblaciones (25 por población) y 120 individuos de una parcela de 400 m2. Los resultados mostraron niveles altos de diversidad genética (H e = 0.405 ± 0003) y moderados de flujo génico (Nm = 2.25) y baja diferenciación genética (P < 0.001; 8%). La estructura genética espacial fina mostró una distribución aleatoria, mientras que el análisis de parentesco exhibió alta similitud genética entre los individuos analizados. Los niveles altos de diversidad sugieren que la especie no se encuentra degradada genéticamente, sin embargo, debido a su distribución fragmentada y alta vulnerabilidad ambiental, se sugiere para su conservación in situ, se dé prioridad para su protección inmediata a las poblaciones de El Relámpago (por su gran riqueza alélica), El Panteón y El Orquidiario debido a su baja diversidad genética y por la alta vulnerabilidad por perturbación antrópica y ambiental.

Abstract Quercus mulleri is a microendemic oak from the Sierra Sur of Oaxaca and is considered in IUCN red list of threatened species as “critically endangered”, however, due to lack of current information on the species, the conservation status of its populations is unknown, and therefore it has not been possible to allocate an appropriate risk category to it. This work represents the first report of Q. mulleri after more than 60 years of its last taxonomic classification, with the aim to analyze its abundance, distribution and genetic diversity to propose conservation strategies. The species was re-localized, and we found that it is restricted to a small region in Sierra Sur and is fragmented and geographically isolated. Species populations have low individual frequency by size class (6.13 ± 5.6). Allelic diversity values, using five microsatellite regions from the quru-GA series, were low (AT=22 y Ao=4.4), but genetic diversity values were relatively high (Ho=0.54), suggesting that the population went through a bottleneck. Results indicate that Q. mulleri is a vulnerable species, and since in its distribution area there is an ongoing habitat loss plus its population fragmentation, its permanence could be at risk, and for this we recommend including this species in the Norma Oficial Mexicana 059 as “Species at Extinction Risk”.

Resumen Quercus mulleri es un encino microendémico de la Sierra Sur de Oaxaca y se encuentra dentro de la Lista Roja de Especies amenazadas de la UICN como “en peligro crítico”, sin embargo, debido a la falta de información actual sobre la especie, no se conoce el estado de conservación de sus poblaciones y, por lo tanto, no se ha podido asignar una categoría adecuada de riesgo. El estudio se realizó con el objetivo de analizar abundancia, distribución y diversidad genética de la especie, para proponer estrategias de conservación adecuadas. Los individuos localizados fueron georreferenciados, se les midió la altura y el diámetro a la altura del pecho para clasificarlos en cinco clases de tamaños; la diversidad genética se analizó empleando cinco regiones de microsatélites de la serie quru-GA. Se relocalizó la especie, encontrando que está restringida a una pequeña región de la Sierra Sur, donde se encuentra de manera fragmentada y aislada geográficamente. Sus poblaciones mostraron baja frecuencia de individuos por clase de tamaño (6.13 ± 5.6). Los valores de diversidad alélica, empleando cinco regiones de microsatélites de la serie quru-GA, fueron bajos (AT=22 y Ao=4.4) y los de diversidad genética fueron moderados (Ho=0.54), lo que sugiere que la población atravesó por un cuello de botella. Este trabajo representa el primer reporte de Q. mulleri después de más de 60 años de su última clasificación taxonómica, y los resultados indican que Q. mulleri es una especie vulnerable, dado que en su zona de distribución existe un proceso de pérdida de hábitat que, junto con la fragmentación de su población, ponen en riesgo la permanencia de la especie, por lo que se recomienda incluirla en la Norma Oficial Mexicana 059 como “Especie en Peligro de Extinción”.

Resumen La transición de flor a fruto (TFF) es un proceso crítico en la reproducción de las angiospermas. Su regulación responde a un mecanismo hormonal que involucra genes de las familias ARF, Aux/IAA y TIR1; sin embargo, aún no se conoce con detalle su funcionamiento en plantas con síndrome post-polinización como las orquídeas. El conocimiento acerca de los procesos moleculares que dirigen la TFF permitirá atender problemáticas como la ’caída prematura de fruto’, que afectan al cultivo de vainilla a nivel global. Con el objetivo de describir el proceso de TFF en vainilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews) se analizó, mediante qPCR, el nivel de expresión relativa (ER) de los genes VpARF8, VpIAA25-like y VpTIR1 durante 45 días después de la polinización (ddp), en un genotipo ‘tolerante a caída’ (CH-I) y otro ‘susceptible’ (CH-VI). Se realizó purificación de ARN, síntesis de ADNc y se cuantificó la ER. Los datos de expresión se analizaron mediante ANOVA de dos factores (genotipo y tiempo de desarrollo) y análisis de conglomerados tipo Heatmap (genes, genotipo, fase del desarrollo). Se detectaron diferencias significativas en los niveles de ER de los genes VpARF8 y VpTIR1 durante los 45ddp, sin variación entre genotipos; mientras que el gen VpIAA25-like presentó diferencias únicamente entre genotipos. En el análisis multivariado se distinguieron dos perfiles de expresión que pueden estar relacionados con las etapas de polinización y fecundación en vainilla, mismas que ocurren en momentos distintos debido al síndrome post-polinización. En el genotipo CH-I la fecundación ocurre alrededor de 45ddp, mientras que en el genotipo CH-VI no se observa. Los tres genes presentaron cambios en los niveles de expresión durante el síndrome post-polinización en CH-I, pero no en CH-VI, lo que sugiere que el fenómeno conocido como ’caída prematura de fruto’ es un efecto genotipo dependiente, definido por una diferencia en el mecanismo de regulación del metabolismo de auxinas.

Summary The transition from flower to fruit (TFF) is a critical process in the reproduction of angiosperms. Its regulation responds to a hormonal mechanism that involves genes from the ARF, Aux/IAA and TIR1 families; however, its functioning in plants with post-pollination syndrome, such as orchids, is not yet known in detail. In this sense, knowledge about the molecular processes that direct the TFF, will allow to address problems such as the ‘premature fall of fruit’, that affect the cultivation of vanilla worldwide. In order to describe the TFF process in vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews), the relative expression level (RE) of the VpARF8, VpIAA25-like and VpTIR1 genes was analyzed by qPCR for 45 days after pollination (dap), in a ‘fruit fall-tolerant genotype’ (CH-I) and another ‘susceptible’ (CH-VI). RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis were performed, and the RE was quantified. Expression data were analyzed using two-factor ANOVA (genotype and development time) and Heatmap cluster analysis (genes, genotype, development phase). The results indicated significant differences in the RE levels of the VpARF8 and VpTIR1 genes during the 45ddp, without variation between genotypes, while VpIAA25-like gene presented differences only between genotypes. In the multivariate analysis, two expression profiles were distinguished confirming that in vanilla, pollination and fertilization occur at different times due to post-pollination syndrome. Particularly, in the CH-I genotype fertilization occurs around 45ddp, while in the CH-VI genotype it is not observed. The expression levels of the three genes show changes during the post-pollination syndrome of V. planifolia and suggest that the phenomenon recognized as ‘premature fruit drop’ is a genotype-dependent effect defined by a difference in the regulation mechanism of the auxin metabolism.

RESUMO À medida que aumenta a expectativa de vida, há um crescimento notável da população idosa ansiosa por continuar dirigindo. Uma grande proporção deles dirige com segurança, mas, pacientes com demência leve são condutores de alto risco. Objetivo: identificar os testes cognitivos que melhor predizem a capacidade de dirigir em indivíduos com demência leve. Métodos: 28 motoristas com demência leve e 28 idosos saudáveis foram submetidos a uma extensa avaliação cognitiva (Bateria Neuropsicológica de Conjunto de Dados Uniformes NACC), completaram um teste de condução real adaptado (TCRA) e uma avaliação do Simulador de Condução. Resultados: motoristas com demência leve cometeram mais erros no TCRA e tiveram respostas mais lentas nas tarefas do simulador. Os testes cognitivos correlacionaram-se fortemente com a condução na estrada e no simulador. A idade, o Teste de Modalidades do Símbolo Digit e o Teste de Nomeação de Boston foram as variáveis que melhor predisseram o desempenho no ORDT e foram incluídos em um modelo de regressão logística. Conclusão: a forte correlação entre o desempenho na direção e os testes cognitivos específicos apoia a importância da avaliação cognitiva como uma ferramenta útil para decidir se os pacientes com demência leve podem dirigir com segurança. O algoritmo que inclui essas três variáveis poderia ser usado como uma ferramenta de triagem para a detecção de condução de risco em idosos com declínio cognitivo.

ABSTRACT As life expectancy increases, there is a marked increase in the elderly population eager to continue driving. A large proportion of these elderly drive safely, however, patients with mild dementia are high-risk drivers. Objective: to identify the cognitive tests that best predict driving ability in subjects with mild dementia. Methods: 28 drivers with mild dementia and 28 healthy elderly subjects underwent an extensive cognitive assessment (NACC Uniform Data Set Neuropsychological Battery), completed an adapted On Road Driving Test (ORDT) and a Driving Simulator assessment. Results: drivers with mild dementia made more mistakes on the ORDT and had slower responses in the simulator tasks. Cognitive tests correlated strongly with on road and simulator driving performance. Age, the Digit Symbol Modalities Test and Boston Naming Test scores were the variables that best predicted performance on the ORDT and were included in a logistic regression model. Conclusion: the strong correlation between driving performance and performance on specific cognitive tests supports the importance of cognitive assessment as a useful tool for deciding whether patients with mild dementia can drive safely. The algorithm including these three variables could be used as a screening tool for the detection of unsafe driving in elderly subjects with cognitive decline.

Abstract: Oreomunnea mexicana(Stand.) J.F. Leroy is a relict species, threatened and a key species for cloud ecosystem functionof the Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca, the most extensive and best conserved in Mexico. This study includes a diagnostic on two critical stages of the process of population regeneration ofO. mexicana. To this end, it analyzed the: 1) production, dispersion, viability and germination of seeds, 2) effect of predation on the growth and survival of the seedlings, and 3) effect of environmental variables (soil, canopy structure and solar radiation) on the regeneration of the species. The study was made from 2014 to 2015 in the cloud forest of Santiago Comaltepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, in two locations (San Bernardo and El Orquidiario). Differences in seed production were found between years and between locations, as well as low seed viability and a high percentage of seed parasitism. The establishment and growth of the seedlings are subject to find suitable microhabitats, since seedlings have specific illumination and soil requirements. The high edaphic specificity faced by the species could be a key factor for its fragmented and discontinuous distribution in Sierra Juárez. Further population regeneration studies are recommended to increase knowledge of the species and thereby achieve its conservation.

Resumen: Oreomunnea mexicana (Stand.) J.F. Leroy es una especie relicto, amenazada, y clave para el funcionamiento del ecosistema de niebla de la Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca, el más extenso y conservado de México. En este estudio se realizó un diagnóstico en dos etapas críticas del proceso de regeneración poblacional de O. mexicana. Para ello, se analizó: 1) la producción, dispersión, viabilidad y germinación de semillas, 2) el efecto de la depredación en el crecimiento y supervivencia de las plántulas, y 3) el efecto de variables ambientales (suelo, estructura del dosel y radiación solar) en la regeneración de la especie. El diagnóstico se realizó de 2014 a 2015 en el bosque de niebla de Santiago Comaltepec, Oaxaca, México, dentro del cual se seleccionaron dos localidades: San Bernardo y El Orquidiario. Se encontraron diferencias en la producción de semillas entre años y entre localidades, además de baja viabilidad y un alto porcentaje de parasitismo en las semillas. El establecimiento y crecimiento de las plántulas están sujetos a encontrar microhábitats adecuados, dado que las plántulas tienen requerimientos específicos de iluminación y de minerales esenciales en el suelo. La alta especificidad edáfica que presenta la especie puede ser factor de su distribución fragmentada y discontinua en la Sierra Juárez. Se recomienda continuar con los estudios de regeneración poblacional para aumentar el conocimiento de la especie y con ello lograr su conservación.

Abstract Expression of heat shock protein genes (Hsp) could be determinant for fish to survive an increase of water temperature due to global warming. Coastal lagoons, with their intrinsic high-water temperatures, test the resilience and adaptability of fish populations to environmental change. We analyze the variation in gene expression and genetic variation of 2 endemic Fundulus species in 2 lagoons to the north of the Yucatán Peninsula. We evaluated genetic distances between species using Hsp 70 gene sequences; our results showed low genetic differentiation between both Fundulus species and also showed individuals with high genetic variability, due to non-neutral polymorphisms. Expression of 2 isoforms of Hsp70 genes was higher in F. grandissimus than in F. persimilis. These variations are prompted by water temperature and genetic differentiation of species, induced in the fish thermal stress sensitivity. Our results suggest that both species are sensitive to thermal stress; however, populations exhibit wide genetic expression range and non-neutral polymorphisms, which could be an evidence of an adaptive process to thermal stress. This capacity of the fish populations to adapt to environmental variations could be affecting fish distribution.

Resumen La expresión de los genes de proteínas de choque térmico (Hsp , por sus siglas en inglés), puede ser determinante en los peces para sobrevivir a un aumento de la temperatura del agua debido al calentamiento global. Las lagunas costeras, con sus altas temperaturas del agua ponen a prueba la resistencia y adaptabilidad de las poblaciones de peces al cambio ambiental. Analizamos la variación en la expresión génica de 2 especies endémicas de Fundulus en 2 lagunas al norte de la península de Yucatán. Evaluamos las distancias genéticas entre las especies utilizando secuencias del gen Hsp 70; nuestros resultados mostraron una baja diferenciación genética entre las especies de Fundulus y también se encontraron individuos con alta variabilidad genética causada por polimorfismos no-neutrales. La expresión de los genes Hsp 70 fue mayor en F. grandissimus que en F. persimilis. Estas variaciones son provocadas por la temperatura del agua y la diferenciación genética de las especies, provocando en los peces ser sensibles al estrés térmico. Nuestros resultados demuestran que ambas especies son sensibles a este tipo de estrés; sin embargo, las poblaciones exhiben un amplio rango de expresión genética y polimorfismos no-neutrales, lo que podría ser una evidencia de un proceso de adaptación al estrés térmico. Esta capacidad de la población de peces para adaptarse a las variaciones ambientales, puede afectar su distribución.

Abstract This article shows the result of implementing a series of inquiry-style activities in a first year chemistry course. The main goal is to asses the extent in which it promotes scientific-thinking skills among students, for which an experimental proposal was designed based on the course’s curriculum; the selected topic was the chemical reaction. An inquiry-based class has activities with the objective of putting the students in the spotlight, allowing them to design and conduct a research based on a problem they are facing. As part of this process, students will have to compare the answers they found with those found by their peers in order to determine which the best possible answer is. By performing this sort of activities, the student’s individual insight will turn to be truly meaningful. This study is based on the work done by 19 freshmen who were divided into teams who take the general chemistry course at UNAM Chemistry School, Mexico. The elements of the work done by students that are presented in this article are the inquiry questions, predicted outcomes, a contrast between the expected and the results, a designed experimental procedure, conclusions and the answers found for the original question.

Resumen Este articulo muestra los resultados de la implementación de actividades de indagación en un grupo de Laboratorio de Química General. El objetivo fundamental es evaluar el grado de desarrollo de las habilidades de pensamiento científico entre los estudiantes, para lo cual se diseñó una propuesta experimental basada en el temario de la disciplina, el tópico seleccionado fue Reacción Química. La idea es promover un aprendizaje basado en indagación en donde los estudiantes deben dar respuesta a un problema de investigación y donde se promueve el trabajo colaborativo de tal forma que se alcance una estrategia conjunta. Al realizar este tipo de actividades, la percepción individual del estudiante se convertirá en algo verdaderamente significativo. Este estudio se basa en el trabajo realizado por 19 estudiantes que cursan la asignatura de Laboratorio de Química General de la Facultad de Química de la UNAM, México. Los elementos del trabajo realizado por los estudiantes que se presentan en este artículo son las preguntas de consulta, los resultados previstos, un contraste entre lo esperado y los resultados, un procedimiento experimental diseñado, conclusiones y las respuestas encontradas para la pregunta original.

Resumen Este artículo desarrolla una revisión del concepto de marca, su valor y significado a partir de dos de las principales perspectivas de la psicología del consumidor: la perspectiva cognitiva, en la que se presentan los conceptos centrales que explican la forma en que las personas desarrollan ideas y conceptos acerca de la marca, que implican variedad de significados y valoraciones. Desde la perspectiva conductual, se presentan los conceptos correspondientes a procesos de aprendizaje de las marcas, identificando como las consecuencias del comportamiento de elección y las estrategias de comunicación generan aprendizajes de tipo asociativo, que explican el valor que poseen las marcas para los individuos, se revisan los componentes básicos del BPM, y se indican sus aplicaciones a la comprensión del significado de la marca en el contexto del mercado. Finalmente, se plantea la necesidad de integrar metodologías y fortalezas de cada uno de los enfoques para generar aproximaciones más completas.

Abstract This article develops a review of the brand concept, its value and its meaning, taking on account two of the main perspectives of consumer psychology. From a cognitive perspective, we present the central concepts that explain the way in which people develop a set of ideas and concepts about the brand, which involve a variety of meanings and valuations. In the other hand, from the behavioral perspective, the central concepts corresponding to the learning processes of the brands are presented, identifying how the consequences of the behavior of choice and the strategies of communication generate associative and operant learning, which explain the brand’s value for individuals. For this purpose, the basic components of the BPM are reviewed, indicating their applications to the understanding of the brand meaning in the market context. Finally, this work is emphasizes the need to integrate methodologies in order to get more complete approximations in the comprehension of consumer’s behavior.