ABSTRACT Breast cancer (BC) is mainly considered a disease in women, but male BC (MaBC) accounts for approximately 1.0% of BC diagnoses and 0.5% of malignant neoplasms in the western population. The stigmatization of MaBC, the fact that men are less likely to undergo regular health screenings, and the limited knowledge of health professionals about MaBC contribute to men being diagnosed at more advanced stages. The aim of this article is to increase the visibility of MaBC among urologists, who have more contact with male patients. This review highlights key points about the disease, the risk factors associated with MaBC, and the options for treatment. Obesity and increased population longevity are among the important risk factors for MaBC, but published studies have identified family history as extremely relevant in these patients and associated with a high penetrance at any age. There is currently no screening for MaBC in the general population, but the possibility of screening in men at high risk for developing BC can be considered. The treatment of MaBC is multidisciplinary, and, because of its rarity, there are no robust clinical studies evaluating the role of systemic therapies in the management of both localized and metastatic disease. Therefore, in current clinical practice, treatment strategies for men with breast cancer are extrapolated from information arising from studies in female patients.

O quadro clínico clássico de dengue caracteriza-se por duração máxima de 14 dias, embora freqüentemente pacientes refiram prolongamento dos sintomas. Este estudo avaliou a ocorrência de sinais e sintomas persistentes (> 14 dias) e seu impacto no cotidiano do indivíduo doente. Foram entrevistados 118 pacientes, cujos principais sintomas ao diagnóstico foram mialgia (98,3%), febre (97,5%) e fraqueza (95,8%). A presença de pelo menos um sintoma persistente foi referida por 77 (65,2%) entrevistados, sendo que 10 (8,5%) relataram sua permanência de maneira intensa e por 30 dias ou mais. Os sintomas persistentes mais mencionados foram fraqueza (58 casos), hiporexia (49) e sonolência (40), ocorrendo mais no gênero feminino, com odds ratio: 5,4 (IC95%: 2,3-12,3). Houve associação significativa entre a persistência dos sintomas e o relato de gastos adicionais (p = 0,02), e com o retorno às atividades habituais (p < 0,001). Assim, foi verificado que o dengue apresentou impacto na vida dos indivíduos, mesmo depois de 14 dias, sendo tal fato associado à presença de sintomas persistentes da doença.

The clinical picture of dengue is characterized by a maximum duration of 14 days despite frequent complaints of longer symptoms. This study evaluated the occurrence of persistent symptoms (> 14 days) and its impact on daily life. A hundred eighteen patients were interviewed, and the main symptoms at diagnosis were mialgia (98.3%), fever (97.5%) and weakness (95.8%). The presence of at least a persistent symptom was related by 77 (65.2%) individuals of wich 10 (8.5%) described it as intense and lasting for 30 days or more. The most persistent symptoms mentioned were weakness (58 cases), hiporexia (49) and sleepiness (40), occurring mostly in women, with odds ratio: 5.4 (IC95%: 2.3-12.3). A significant association between the persistence of the symptoms and the history of extra expenses (p = 0,02) was found, as well as a delay to return to normal activities (p < 0.001). Thus, it was verified that dengue presented a relevant impact on every day life, even after 14 days, a fact wich was associated with the presence of persistent symptoms of the illness.

O quadro clínico clássico de dengue caracteriza-se por duração máxima de 14 dias, embora freqüentemente pacientes refiram prolongamento dos sintomas. Este estudo avaliou a ocorrência de sinais e sintomas persistentes (> 14 dias) e seu impacto no cotidiano do indivíduo doente. Foram entrevistados 118 pacientes, cujos principais sintomas ao diagnóstico foram mialgia (98,3%), febre (97,5%) e fraqueza (95,8%). A presença de pelo menos um sintoma persistente foi referida por 77 (65,2%) entrevistados, sendo que 10 (8,5%) relataram sua permanência de maneira intensa e por 30 dias ou mais. Os sintomas persistentes mais mencionados foram fraqueza (58 casos), hiporexia (49) e sonolência (40), ocorrendo mais no gênero feminino, com odds ratio: 5,4 (IC95%: 2,3-12,3). Houve associação significativa entre a persistência dos sintomas e o relato de gastos adicionais (p = 0,02), e com o retorno às atividades habituais (p < 0,001). Assim, foi verificado que o dengue apresentou impacto na vida dos indivíduos, mesmo depois de 14 dias, sendo tal fato associado à presença de sintomas persistentes da doença.

The clinical picture of dengue is characterized by a maximum duration of 14 days despite frequent complaints of longer symptoms. This study evaluated the occurrence of persistent symptoms (> 14 days) and its impact on daily life. A hundred eighteen patients were interviewed, and the main symptoms at diagnosis were mialgia (98.3%), fever (97.5%) and weakness (95.8%). The presence of at least a persistent symptom was related by 77 (65.2%) individuals of wich 10 (8.5%) described it as intense and lasting for 30 days or more. The most persistent symptoms mentioned were weakness (58 cases), hiporexia (49) and sleepiness (40), occurring mostly in women, with odds ratio: 5.4 (IC95%: 2.3-12.3). A significant association between the persistence of the symptoms and the history of extra expenses (p = 0,02) was found, as well as a delay to return to normal activities (p < 0.001). Thus, it was verified that dengue presented a relevant impact on every day life, even after 14 days, a fact wich was associated with the presence of persistent symptoms of the illness.