Abstract This research evaluated the effects of long-term (30 years) winter cover crops under conventional farming system and no-tillage system on edaphic fauna in a Rhodic Hapludox soil, from Paraná State, Brazil. We used three winter cover crops (black oat, hairy vetch and fallow), and as a reference a fragment of natural forest. Soil monoliths were collected at two times, one during the flowering of maize (April 2013) and the other during the flowering of soybean (January 2014). The extraction of the monoliths was carried out in three layers in the soil profile (0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm). Seventeen taxonomic groups were sampled. The density of the edaphic fauna is inversely related to soil depth. The winter crops associated with the no-tillage system in long-term resulted in fauna densities similar to the natural environment, with a higher density (density increase of 2.2x) at a depth of 10-20 cm in areas with black oat. At 0-10 cm depth, black oat and vetch under no-tillage systems resulted in an increase of 62% and 69% (April 2013) and 46 and 44% (January 2014), respectively, in the density of soil fauna, when compared to the same winter crops in conventional farming system.

ABSTRACT Currently, one of the most used practices in national coffee production is skeletal pruning, to preserve productive capacity, correct plant architecture, minimize the occurrence of diseases, among others. Also, it reduces the plants diameter, exposing the soil to climatic conditions, erosion, loss of moisture and nutrients, negatively affecting the development of coffee. The use of cover plants intercropped with coffee is presented as a technique to avoid and minimize these problems. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of cover crops on the chemical and physical characteristics of the soil and the skeleton coffee tree. The experiment took place at Fazenda Boa Esperança, city of Serrania, South of Minas Gerais, from October/2017 to December/2018, in randomized blocks, composed of 8 treatments with and without cover crops. Three replicates per treatment were used, totaling 24 experimental plots, each with 14 plants, being the 10 central considered useful for evaluation. The cover crops contributed to the improvement of nutrient contents in the soil, maintained a better level of humidity and milder temperatures providing a greater development to the skeletonized coffee. They also positively influence weed control, but none could suppress all plants present in the research.

ABSTRACT The improvement of carbon (C) accumulation in soils has been one of the main purposes of the conservation systems in agricultural production. This study aimed to assess the long-term effect of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) combined with winter cover crops, black oat and oilseed radish, and fallow on C accumulation and stabilization in a very clayey Oxisol in Southern Brazil. Soil samples were collected in the 0-0.05, 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m layers of a 26-year-old experiment. Distribution of size-class aggregates, C stock in aggregates, total C stock, and C stocks in the physical fractions, free particulate organic matter (free-POM), occluded particulate organic matter (occluded-POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (min-OM) were assessed. NT had a higher percentage of macroaggregates and C stock in this size-class, and also higher C stock in bulk soil, free-POM and occluded-POM fractions than CT in 0-0.05 m (Tukey’s test p < 0.05), due to higher input of biomass and minimum soil mobilization in NT. Oat and radish had higher C stock in macroaggregates than fallow in 0.05-0.10 m (Tukey’s test p < 0.05). Radish had the highest C stock in the free-POM (0-0.05 m). Fallow decreased the stabilization of macroaggregates and C accumulation in free-POM, due to the lower C input from aboveground biomass over the years. In conclusion, NT after 26 years improved C accumulation and stabilization, mainly in the superficial layer and in POM fractions, and winter cover crops favored the formation and stability of macroaggregates.

ABSTRACT Soil management and crop rotation are key factors in controlling the accumulation of C and N in the soil profile, but their long-term effect remains poorly understood for deep soil layers, especially in subtropical conditions. Using a long-term experiment (26-years), this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different soil management systems associated with different winter cover crops on C and N accumulation in a very clayey (72 % clay) soil up to 1 m deep. Two tillage systems [conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT)] were cultivated with eight winter cover crops (black oat, rye, common vetch, hairy vetch, oilseed radish, wheat, blue lupine, and fallow) in a subtropical Oxisol from Southern Brazil. Soil samples were taken in eight soil layers up to 1.00 m soil depth after 26 years of experiment and, also from an adjacent native forest. After forest clearing, the C stock in the 0.00-0.20 m soil layer was reduced by 45 % in only 10 years (from 1976 to 1986) of soil tillage. Twenty-six years after the beginning of the experiment, C and N stock in 0.00-0.20 m soil layer were 13 and 20 % higher in NT compared to CT, with the greatest differences in C and N content observed in the 0.00-0.05 m layer. When associated with winter cover crops, NT accumulated 0.6 and 0.06 Mg ha-1 yr-1 more C and N than CT with winter fallow in the 0.00-0.20 m soil layer. No-tillage and CT recovered 95 and 83 %, respectively, of the C stock found in the 0.00-0.20 m layer from the native forest. However, in the 0.00-1.00 m soil layer, the positive effect of NT on soil C accumulation compared to CT was diluted, and no clear effect of NT was verified. Moreover, no difference in winter cover crops on soil C and N stocks were observed in all soil layers, possibly due to their similar residues input (3.3-4.9 Mg ha-1 yr-1). No-tillage associated with high biomass input through winter cover crops promoted a faster recovery of soil C and N stock than in CT and, therefore, is an efficient tool to improve soil C and N accumulation even in Oxisols with high clay content.

O cultivo de plantas com diferentes habilidades de absorção e utilização de P sob diferentes sistemas de preparo de solo por um longo período de tempo pode alterar a ciclagem e a distribuição das formas de P inorgânico no solo, como resultado de maior ou menor eficiência de utilização do P adicionado via fertilizantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de longo período de cultivo de diferentes espécies de inverno sob diferentes sistemas de preparo de solo na distribuição das formas de P inorgânico do solo. Em 1986, foi estabelecido o experimento com seis tratamentos de inverno (tremoço-azul, ervilhaca-peluda, aveia-preta, nabo forrageiro, trigo e pousio) implantados num Latossolo Vermelho aluminoférrico na região sudoeste do Paraná, sob sistema plantio direto (SPD) e sistema de cultivo convencional (SCC). A adição de fertilizantes fosfatados na linha de semeadura no SPD promoveu aumento de P inorgânico, nas formas lábeis e moderadamente lábeis, e o revolvimento do solo no SCC redistribuiu o P aplicado em profundidade, promovendo aumento no teor de P moderadamente lábil no solo das camadas subsuperficiais. A aveia-preta e o tremoço-azul foram mais eficientes na ciclagem de P e, quando cultivados sob SPD, aumentaram o teor de P lábil no solo das camadas superficiais.

The cultivation of crops with different capacity of P uptake and use under long-term soil tillage systems can affect the distribution of P cycling and inorganic forms in the soil, as a result of higher or lower use efficiency of P applied in fertilizers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of long-term cultivation of different winter species under tillage systems on the distribution of inorganic P forms in the soil. In 1986, the experiment was initiated with six winter crops (blue lupin, hairy vetch, oat, oilseed radish, wheat and fallow) on a Rhodic Hapludox in southwestern Paraná, under no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT). The application of phosphate fertilizer in NT rows increased inorganic P in the labile and moderately labile forms, and soil disturbance in CT redistributed the applied P in the deeper layers, increasing the moderately labile P concentration in the subsurface layers. Black oat and blue lupin were the most efficient P-recyclers and under NT, they increased the labile P content in the soil surface layers.

RESUMO A flutuação no conteúdo de matéria orgânica do solo é severamente afetada pelo uso e manejo do solo. Em solos física e quimicamente frágeis a destruição da vegetação nativa pode levar a diminuição drástica do estoque de carbono. No entanto, solos jovens que apresentam alta resiliência, quando manejados adequadamente, podem recuperar facilmente os valores originais de carbono. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os teores de carbono orgânico de um Neossolo e um Chernossolo em decorrência de seu uso, em especial após o desmatamento e revegetação natural. Coletaram-se amostras de duas camadas (0-5 e 5-15 cm) em dois solos (Neossolo e Chernossolo) ocorrentes numa pequena bacia hidrográfica com relevo fortemente ondulado, com quatro condições de uso (mata nativa, lavoura nova, lavoura velha e revegetação com capoeira). Avaliaram-se a distribuição granulométrica, a densidade do solo e os teores de carbono orgânico. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística considerando um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, num esquema trifatorial (tipos de solos, tipos de usos e camadas amostradas). O estoque de carbono do solo diminuiu após o desmatamento para a inastalação de culturas anuais com baixa adição de resíduos e revolvimento intenso do solo. A revegetação natural das áreas degradadas pelo cultivo convencional recuperou rapidamente o estoque de carbono dos solos, mesmo permanecendo as impressões herdadas da erosão (menor teor de argila) e da aplicação de fertilizantes e corretivos (menor acidez potencial e maior disponibilidade de fósforo e potássio).

ABSTRACT The soil organic matter content is severely affected by soil use and management. In physically and chemically fragile soils the destruction of native vegetation can cause a great decrease in the carbon stock. However, soils that present high resilience, when appropriately handled, can easily recover the original values of carbon. The objective of this research was to quantify and analyze organic carbon of young soils in relation to their use, especially those in natural regeneration. Samples of two layers were collected (0-5 and 5-15 cm) in two soils (Neossolo and Chernossolo) that occur in a headslope watershed, with four use conditions (forest, new farming, old farming and regeneration). Particle size distribution, soil bulk density and organic carbon were evaluated. The data were submitted to statistical analysis considering a completely randomized design, in tri-factorial outline (soil types, uses and sampled layers). The soil carbon stock decreased with deforestation for annual plantation of crops with little addition of residues and intensive soil turbation. The natural regeneration of degraded soils by conventional tillage recovered the soil carbon stock quickly, even when there remained impressions from erosion (lower clay) and from the application of fertilizers and correctives (lower potential acidity and larger phosphorus and potassium availability).