Resumen Introducción. La población mundial está creciendo y envejeciendo. Debido al cambio demográfico en la población, gran parte de los profesionales de ciencias de la salud trabajarán con personas mayores, aunque la mayoría de los estudiantes de estas áreas tienen poco conocimiento e interés para ocuparse de esta población. Objetivo. Analizar las actitudes hacia las personas mayores en los estudiantes del programa de Terapia Ocupacional de la Universidad de Granada en España. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo. Se utilizó la escala de actitudes hacia el adulto mayor de Kogan (KAOP), validada al español, en 109 estudiantes de Terapia Ocupacional de la Universidad de Granada. Resultados. Los estudiantes participantes manifestaron tener, de media, una actitud neutral hacia el adulto mayor (valor KAOP 143.60±11.70). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas por género ni por año académico (p=0.804) en los datos observados. Conclusiones. La actitud observada hacia el adulto mayor entre los estudiantes de Terapia Ocupacional de la Universidad de Granada es neutral, sin diferencias por género ni por año académico. Son necesarios estudios futuros sobre la temática para esclarecer las posibles causas de esta actitud.

Abstract Introduction: The world's population is growing and ageing. Considering this demographic change in the population, a large amount of health science professionals will work with elderly people after graduation, although most students in these areas have little knowledge and interest in this population. Objective: To analyze attitudes towards the elderly in Occupational Therapy students at the Universidad de Granada in Spain. Materials and methods: Descriptive study. The Kogan scale of attitudes toward older people (KAOP), validated in Spanish, was applied in 109 Occupational Therapy students of Universidad de Granada. Results: On average, the participating students had a neutral attitude towards older adults (KAOP value 143.60±11.70). No statistically significant differences were found by sex or academic year (p=0.804) in the observed data. Conclusions: The attitude towards the elderly observed among Occupational Therapy students at the Universidad de Granada is neutral, with no differences by sex or academic year. Further studies on the subject are necessary to elucidate the possible causes of this attitude.

ABSTRACT Background Few studies have explored the effects of stretching techniques on diaphragm and spine kinematics. Objective To determine whether the application of diaphragm stretching resulted in changes in posterior chain muscle kinematics and ribcage and abdominal excursion in healthy subjects. Method Eighty healthy adults were included in this randomized clinical trial. Participants were randomized into two groups: the experimental group, which received a diaphragmatic stretching technique, or the placebo group, which received a sham-ultrasound procedure. The duration of the technique, the position of participants, and the therapist who applied the technique were the same for both treatments. Participant assessment (cervical range of movement, lumbar flexibility, flexibility of the posterior chain, and rib cage and abdominal excursion) was performed at baseline and immediately after the intervention by a blinded assessor. Results The mean between-group difference [95% CI] for the ribcage excursion after technique at xiphoid level was 2.48 [0.97 to 3.99], which shows significant differences in this outcome. The remaining between-group analysis showed significant differences in cervical extension, right and left flexion, flexibility of the posterior chain, and ribcage excursion at xiphoid level (p<0.05) in favor of the experimental group. Conclusion Diaphragm stretching generates a significant improvement in cervical extension, right and left cervical flexion, flexibility of the posterior chain, and ribcage excursion at xiphoid level compared to a placebo technique in healthy adults.

Introduction: recent studies suggest that women with gestational diabetes are more likely to suffer sleep disorders compared to pregnant women without diabetes. The objectives of this study were to analyze the risk factors associated with gestational diabetes and to verify if exist an association between the presence or abscense of gestational diabetes and the quality of the sleep and/or daytime sleepiness. Material and methods: case-controls study with a sample of 130 pregnant women, 46 of them with gestational diabetes and 84 controls. Anthropometric parameters such as weight, stature, body mass index (BMI) and abdominal perimeter were evaluated. Socio-demographic variables, including age and family situation were assessed, and a gynecological study was performed, evaluating the number of simple or multiple births, number of miscarriages and gynecological pathology during the past 3 years. The O'Sullivan test was conducted for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes. The quality of sleep and daytime sleepiness were also measured. Results: 46 women were diagnosed of gestational diabetes. There are significant differences (p < 0.001) in BMI scores among women with gestational diabetes and controls, being the highest values in the diabetic group. There is a significant association (p = 0.002) between the existence of family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the presence or abscense of gestational diabetes. Women with gestational diabetes present a significant worse quality of sleep (p < 0.001), and values of daytime sleepiness higher than the general population. Conclusions: high values of BMI or family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus seems to be factors associated to the risk of suffer gestational diabetes. Women with gestational diabetes have a poorer quality of sleep and a higher degree of daytime sleepiness than the general population, reducing the well-being of the mother and the fetus.

Introducción: estudios recientes sugieren que las mujeres con diagnóstico de diabetes gestacional tienen más probabilidad de padecer trastornos del sueño en comparación con el resto de las mujeres embarazadas. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar los factores de riesgo asociados a diabetes gestacional y verificar una asociación entre padecer o no diabetes gestacional y la calidad del sueño y/o somnolencia. Material y métodos: estudio observacional de casos y controles a partir de una muestra de 130 gestantes, 46 con diabetes gestacional y 84 controles. Se realizó una valoración antropométrica, evaluando peso, estatura, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y perímetro abdominal. Se realizó una valoración sociodemográfica, evaluando edad y situación familiar y laboral, así como un estudio ginecológico, evaluando número de partos simples y múltiples, número de abortos y patología ginecológica durante los últimos tres años. Para el diagnóstico de diabetes gestacional se realizó el test de O‘Sullivan. Se midió la calidad del sueño y la somnolencia diurna. Resultados: del total de gestantes estudiadas, 46 fueron diagnosticadas de diabetes gestacional. Existen diferencias significativas (p < 0,001) en las puntuaciones del IMC entre gestantes diabéticas y no diabéticas, siendo sus valores más elevados entre las diabéticas. Existe una asociación significativa (p = 0,002) entre la existencia de antecedentes familiares de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y padecer o no diabetes gestacional. Las gestantes diabéticas presentan un significativo empeoramiento (p < 0,001) de la calidad del sueño. Respecto a la somnolencia diurna, las gestantes diabéticas poseen una somnolencia diurna superior a la media poblacional. Conclusiones: en la población estudiada, puntuaciones elevadas en el IMC, así como antecedentes familiares de confordiabetes mellitus tipo 2 parecen ser factores asociados al riesgo de padecer diabetes gestacional. Las embarazadas con diabetes gestacional poseen una peor calidad del sueño y un grado de somnolencia diurna superior al de la media poblacional, reduciéndose con ello el bienestar de la madre y del feto.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar e esclarecer as relações entre os vários domínios cognitivos afetados em pacientes com DPOC e a doença em si, assim como determinar a prevalência de comprometimentos cognitivos em tais pacientes. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática utilizando as seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, Scopus e ScienceDirect. Os artigos incluídos forneciam informações sobre os comprometimentos cognitivos em pacientes com DPOC. A revisão dos achados de tais artigos mostrou uma relação significativa entre DPOC e comprometimento cognitivo. Os domínios cognitivos mais estudados são a memória e a atenção. Memória verbal e aprendizagem constituem o segundo domínio cognitivo mais comumente prejudicado em pacientes com DPOC. A prevalência de comprometimento da memória visuoespacial e da memória visual intermediária é 26,9% e 19.2%, respectivamente. Observamos que o comprometimento cognitivo está associado ao perfil de gravidade da DPOC e suas comorbidades. A revisão dos artigos demonstrou que há um comprometimento considerável dos domínios memória e atenção em pacientes com DPOC. Investigações futuras devem abordar os comprometimentos em diferentes domínios cognitivos em conformidade com o estágio da doença em pacientes com DPOC.

The objectives of this study were to characterize and clarify the relationships between the various cognitive domains affected in COPD patients and the disease itself, as well as to determine the prevalence of impairment in the various cognitive domains in such patients. To that end, we performed a systematic review using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. We included articles that provided information on cognitive impairment in COPD patients. The review of the findings of the articles showed a significant relationship between COPD and cognitive impairment. The most widely studied cognitive domains are memory and attention. Verbal memory and learning constitute the second most commonly impaired cognitive domain in patients with COPD. The prevalence of impairment in visuospatial memory and intermediate visual memory is 26.9% and 19.2%, respectively. We found that cognitive impairment is associated with the profile of COPD severity and its comorbidities. The articles reviewed demonstrated that there is considerable impairment of the cognitive domains memory and attention in patients with COPD. Future studies should address impairments in different cognitive domains according to the disease stage in patients with COPD.

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by the presence of chronic airflow obstruction and associated endocrinometabolic disorders, which usually worsen the clinic and prognostic of the patients. Therefore, in-depth knowledge of these prevalent disorders in patients with COPD is relevant to develop preventive measures and early detection. Purpose: To analyze the prevalence of endocrinometabolic diseases that occur in COPD subjects and their related risk factors. Methods: We carried out a bibliographic search of the bibliographic resources of the last 10 years, including PubMed, Scopus and ScienceDirect databases. Words used were: "endocrine metabolic disorders AND COPD", "endocrine disorders AND COPD" and "metabolic disorders AND COPD". The bibliographical analysis was made in two steps. During the first phase, we excluded those articles in which the title or their content did not correspond with the objective settled; during the second phase, we deleted all the references duplicated in both databases. Finally, 17 articles after full-text critical appraisal were maintained. Results: After reviewing the articles, we found a significant relationship between diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, obesity, osteoporosis, hypogonadism and COPD. Different authors have reported a higher prevalence of these comorbidities, influencing the development of COPD. Conclusions: Due to the high prevalence and association with COPD, these comorbidities have to be considered by the health professionals related to the COPD patients. Better understanding of the endocrinometabolic disorders related to COPD can influence the treatment and the outcome of patients.

Introducción: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) se caracteriza por obstrucción crónica del flujo aéreo y se asocia frecuentemente a alteraciones endocrino-metabólicas que empeoran la situación clínica del paciente y su pronóstico. El conocimiento en profundidad de estas alteraciones en los pacientes con EPOC permite llevar a cabo medidas preventivas, detección temprana e intervenciones nutricionales adecuadas. Objetivos: Analizar la prevalencia de comorbilidades endocrino-metabólicas en pacientes con EPOC y los factores de riesgo que favorecen la aparición de dichas enfermedades. Métodos: Se desarrolló una estrategia de búsqueda exhaustiva de la literatura limitada a los últimos diez años, en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y ScienceDirect, usando las palabras clave "endocrine metabolic disorders AND COPD", "endocrine disorders AND COPD" y "metabolic disorders AND COPD". En el análisis bibliográfico se excluyeron aquellos artículos cuyo título o contenido no se correspondía con el objetivo del presente estudio, así como los artículos duplicados en las bases de datos. Finalmente, tras una profunda lectura crítica, fueron seleccionados y analizados 17 artículos. Resultados: El análisis de los artículos ha mostrado una relación significativa entre la EPOC y la presencia de alteraciones endocrino-metabólicas tales como diabetes mellitus, síndrome metabólico, obesidad, osteoporosis e hipogonadismo. Los autores coinciden en la alta prevalencia de estas comorbilidades, que influyen de forma diferente en el desarrollo de la EPOC. Conclusiones: Debido a la alta prevalencia y asociación con la EPOC, estas comorbilidades han de ser tenidas en cuenta por el profesional sanitario, ya que pueden afectar su abordaje, intervención y resultados.