Abstract Antioxidant capacity (AC) was determined by the ABTS method and DPPH, and total phenol content (TPC) in dehydrated plant material, in infusions and in residues (plant material after preparing the infusion) of white, black, red, green, spearmint, stevia, lemon grass and chamomile teas to which stevia leaves were added or not added; addition of processed stevia powder was also tested. Three independent experiments were set up: with dehydrated plant material, with infusions and with residues. For the case of dehydrated plant material, white tea had the highest TPC (10813.5 mg GAE/100g) and AC by the ABTS method (1183.3 µM TE/g) and DPPH method (1525.0 µM TE/g). In infusions, black tea had higher TPC (180.82 µg GAE/ml) and AC by the methods ABTS and DPPH (0.6114 and 2.5983 µM TE/ml, respectively). In residues, TPC was higher in white tea, while green tea had the highest AC values. AC of dehydrated plant material increased when stevia leaves were added, according to the DPPH and ABTS methods, but not in residues by ABTS. Addition of stevia leaves in infusions increased AC in white, lemon grass, chamomile and stevia teas by the ABTS method and in spearmint, black, red, and green teas with the DPPH method.

Abstract The diversity of maize (Zea mays L.) in Mexico is wide and there is still a need to carry out works that allow to discern the variation within and between racial groups and establish collections of racial reference for their understanding. The morphological diversity of representative populations of 10 mexican maize races was assessed. In the spring-summer cycle of 2010, experiments were established with 88 representative accessions of Bofo, Celaya, Coscomatepec, Dulce de Jalisco, Elotes Occidentales, Mushito, Palomero de Jalisco, Serrano de Jalisco, Tablilla de Ocho, and Zamorano Amarillo races, in the localities of Roque, Guanajuato and Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, under an experimental design of incomplete blocks, 30 morphological characters were measured. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the accessions for all the characters (variables). The repeatability analysis showed that 16 characters had a coefficient ≥ 3.0, these were the least affected by the environment. In the analysis of main components and conglomerates, variation within and between races was observed, with a continuous dispersion, but which allowed the identification of four racial complexes. Group I was made up of accessions mainly from Bofo, Celaya II, Dulce de Jalisco III and Elotes Occidentales IV, the remaining races are mostly added in group II as subgroups. This study confirmed clustering of accessions in well-defined races and represented in germplasm banks. It is necessary to conduct deeper studies in races with few accessions to achieve a better racial definition.

Resumen La diversidad del maíz (Zea mays L.) en México es amplia y aún existe la necesidad de llevar a cabo trabajos que permitan discernir la variación dentro y entre grupos raciales y establecer colecciones de referencia racial para su entendimiento. Se valoró la diversidad morfológica de poblaciones representativas de 10 razas de maíz de México. En el ciclo primavera-verano de 2010 se establecieron experimentos con 88 accesiones representativas de las razas Bofo, Celaya, Coscomatepec, Dulce de Jalisco, Elotes Occidentales, Mushito, Palomero de Jalisco, Serrano de Jalisco, Tablilla de Ocho, y Zamorano Amarillo, en las localidades de Roque, Guanajuato y Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, bajo un diseño experimental de bloques incompletos, se midieron 30 caracteres morfológicos. El análisis de varianza indicó diferencias significativas entre las accesiones para todos los caracteres (variables). El análisis de repetibilidad reflejó que 16 caracteres presentaron un coeficiente ≥3, éstos fueron los menos afectados por el ambiente. En el análisis de componentes principales y conglomerados hubo variación dentro y entre razas, con una dispersión continua, que permitió identificar cuatro complejos raciales. El grupo I lo integraron accesiones de Bofo, el II de Celaya, el III de Dulce de Jalisco y el IV de Elotes Occidentales, las razas restantes se agregan en su mayoría en el grupo II como subgrupos. Este estudio confirmó agrupamientos de accesiones en razas bien definidas y representadas en los bancos de germoplasma. Es necesario realizar estudios más profundos en razas con pocas accesiones para lograr una mejor definición racial.

Abstract Virgin oil from avocados (Persea americana Mill.) is obtained by mechanical processes after pulp malaxation at temperatures that minimize oxidation and improve separation. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of time (0, 20, 30, 40, 60, 120 and 180 min) and temperature (40 and 50 °C) conditions during pulp malaxation on extraction yield, nutritional value (normalized fatty acid profile) and specific extintion (K232 and K270) of virgin oil extracted under laboratory conditions from avocados cultivated in southern Jalisco, Mexico. When pulp was malaxated for 120 min at 40 and 50 °C, a larger proportion of oil was extracted (82.9 ± 0.3% and 80.2 ± 0.8%, respectively). We observed that the normalized percentage of the fatty acids linoleic (18 ± 2%) and linolenic (1.2 ± 0.2%) decreased with mixing time, while that of palmitoleic (9 ± 1%), oleic (51.6 ± 1.2%) and stearic (0.5 ± 0.1%) remained without change. The ω-6:ω-3 ratio (15 ± 1) was higher than the recommended values but similar to those reported as favorable for health. Specific extinction (K232, 2.2 ± 0.3 and K270, 0.20 ± 0.03) indicate that the oxidation level remained low. Malaxation at 40 or 50 °C did not significantly alter the characteristics of the oil, but time significantly affected yield.

Freeze-drying technology is the best dehydration process to preserve shelf-life and allowing avocado to maintain its sensorial and nutritional characteristics. The aim of this work was to determine if the freeze-drying and production condition have an effect on the nutritional quality of the avocado pulp grown in rain-fed and irrigation orchards. Four treatments were applied: non-freeze-dried rain-fed fruits, non-freeze-dried irrigation fruits, freeze-dried rain-fed fruits and freeze-dried irrigation fruits. Results showed that the fruit is made up of 71.4%, 16%, and 12.6% pulp, seed and skin, respectively. The pulp is made up of 71.51%, 19.96%, 2.81%, 0.51% and 1.51% water, lipids, ashes, crude fiber and protein, respectively. Avocado oil is composed by 61%, 18.8%, 11.6% and 7% oleic, palmitic, linoleic, and palmitoleic fatty acids, respectively. The freeze-drying decreased the linoleic acid by 1.43 g/100g. Under rain-fed conditions 4% and 13% less total fat and oleic fatty acid are produced than in irrigation conditions. We conclude that freeze-dried avocado pulp shows slight changes in their nutritional quality.

La tecnología de liofilización es el mejor proceso de deshidratación para mantener mayor vida de anaquel y conservar las propiedades nutricionales y sensoriales de la pulpa del aguacate. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si el liofilizado y condición de producción tienen un efecto sobre la calidad nutrimental de la pulpa de aguacate cultivado en huertas de riego y temporal. Se aplicaron 4 tratamientos: frutos de temporal no liofilizado, frutos de riego no liofilizado, frutos liofilizados de temporal y frutos liofilizados de riego. Los resultados muestran que el fruto está compuesto por 71.39, 16 y 12.6% de pulpa, hueso y cascara respectivamente. La pulpa está compuesta por 71.51, 19.96, 2.81, 0.51 y 1.5 % de humedad, lípidos, cenizas, fibra cruda y proteína, respectivamente. El aceite del aguacate está constituido de 61. 18.8, 11.6 y 7% de ácidos grasos oleico, palmítico, linoléico y palmitoleico, respectivamente. El liofilizado disminuyó 1.43 g/100 g de ácido linoléico. Bajo condiciones de temporal se produce 4 y 13% menos grasa total y ácido graso oleico que en condiciones de riego. Se concluye que la pulpa del aguacate liofilizada presenta ligeros cambios en su calidad nutrimental.

Se evaluó la fotosíntesis global, respiración, rendimiento y calidad física y fisiológica de semillas de frijol de la variedad "Frijol negro precoz", originario de la Mixteca Alta de Oaxaca, México. Las plantas fueron sometidas a estrés hídrico durante las etapas de formación de vainas (EFV) y llenado de semillas (ELLS). Durante ELLS la fotosíntesis global en la hoja superior disminuyó de 21,5 a -4,5µmol·m-2·s-1 de CO2 a los 5 días de iniciado el estrés hídrico y en la inferior se detectó inhibición total a los 3 días. Las vainas de plantas sometidas a estrés hídrico redujeron su fotosíntesis global en 39 y 72% en el estrato superior e inferior, respectivamente. El estrés hídrico causó pérdidas en el rendimiento de semilla de 23 y 18% en EFV y ELLS, respectivamente. En EFV la reducción se debió a la disminución de 30; 15,5 y 15,4% en el número de semillas, vainas por planta y semillas por vaina, respectivamente. En ELLS la pérdida del rendimiento fue causado por reducciones de 23 y 13% en tamaño de semilla y número de semillas por planta. La germinación, peso seco de plántulas y peso volumétrico de semilla no fueron afectados por el nivel del estrés hídrico aplicado en ambas etapas fenológicas; sin embargo, el vigor de las semillas se redujo ante un incremento de 46% en la conductividad eléctrica en la semilla de plantas con sequía en la ELLS.

The global photosynthesis, respiration, yield, and physical and physiological quality of dry bean seeds of the variety "Short season Black Bean" from the Mixteca Alta of Oaxaca, Mexico, were evaluated in plants subjected to drought stress during the pod formation (PFS) and seed filling (SFS) stages. During SFS the global photosynthesis in the upper leaves decreased from 21.5 to -4.5µmol·m-2·s-1 CO2 after 5 days under water stress, and in the lower leaves a total inhibition was observed at day 3. The pods from plants subjected to water stress showed a reduction of global photosynthesis of 39 and 72% in the upper and lower stratum of the plant, respectively. Drought stress induced seed yield reductions of 23 and 18% for PFS and SFS, respectively. In PFS the reduction of yield was due to the attenuation of 30, 15.5 and 15.4% in seed number, pods per plant and seed per pod, respectively. In SFS the yield reduction was due to a decrease of 23 and 13% on seed size and seed number per plant. Germination, seedling dry matter, and volumetric seed weight were not affected by the imposed drought stress in both stages; however, the seed vigor was decreased due to a 46% increase in electrical conductivity in seeds from plants subjected to drought stress during SFS.

Avaliou-se a fotossíntese global, respiração, rendimento e qualidade física e fisiológica de sementes de feijão da variedade "preto precoce" originário da Mixteca Alta de Oaxaca. As plantas foram submetidas a estresse hídrico durante as etapas de formação de vagens (EFV) e crescimento de sementes (ECS). Durante ECS a fotossíntese global na folha superior diminuiu de 21,5 a -4,5µmol·m-2·s-1 de CO2 aos 5 dias de estresse hídrico e na folha inferior detectou-se inibição total aos 3 dias. As vagens das plantas submetidas a estresse hídrico diminuíram a fotossíntese global em 39 e 72% no estrato superior e inferior, respectivamente. O estresse hídrico causou perdas no rendimento de sementes de 23 e 18% na EFV e ECS, respectivamente. Na EFV esta redução deveu-se a diminuição de 30, 15,5 e 15,4% no número de sementes, vagens por planta e semente por vagem, respectivamente. No ECS, a perda do rendimento foi causada por reduções de 23 e 13% no tamanho da semente e no número de sementes por planta. A germinação, o peso de materia seca de plántulas e peso volumétrico da semente não foram afetados pelo nível de estresse hídrico aplicado em ambas etapas fenológicas; no entanto, o vigor de sementes reduziu-se ao incrementar-se em 46% a condutividade elétrica da semente tratada durante a ECS.