Abstract From a sample of Chileans and immigrants from Perú, Colombia and Venezuela, we researched the degree of perceived emotional and relational closeness among groups. Additionally, we elicited immigrants’ perceptions towards Chileans before and after their arrival in Chile, including any sense of perceived cultural enrichment. For statistical analyzes, we used the students t-test comparisons between the groups. The results showed that immigrants value the inclusion and adoption of cultural elements of the host country in their own culture; improved perceptions towards Chileans once residing in Chile; and express greater affection and closeness towards Chileans than they feel they receive in return. In general, Chileans feel more distant and express less reciprocal affection than immigrants express towards Chileans.

Resumen Con una muestra de chilenos y de inmigrantes peruanos, colombianos y venezolanos investigamos el grado de cercanía afectiva y relacional percibido entre los miembros de estos grupos. Adicionalmente indagamos en la percepción de los inmigrantes acerca de los chilenos previo y posterior a su arribo a Chile y al enriquecimiento cultural percibido. Utilizamos la Prueba t de Student para comparar las medias entre los grupos. Los resultados indican que los inmigrantes valoran la incorporación de los elementos culturales del país de acogida en su propia cultura, que mejoran la percepción que tienen sobre los chilenos al residir en Chile y que se sienten más cercanos y expresan más afecto que lo que creen recibir de parte de los chilenos. En general los chilenos se sienten menos cercanos y expresan menos afecto de lo que reciben de parte de los inmigrantes.

Abstract Spirituality, or what motivates the search for the sacred from particular and free positions, allows us to provide a framework from which to interpret the experience of loss and suffering, contributing in different ways to the resignification and re-authorship of people after the trauma. It is related to resilience, with that ability to overcome adverse events. It favors the mitigation of the negative effects of the traumatic event and fosters healthy and successful psychological development –despite the suffering caused by an external situation– by promoting the construction and redefinition of people's life purpose –one of the central components of human well-being–, being especially relevant in those who have been victims of trauma. Thus, spirituality can contribute to the reconfiguration of the narrative about the survived experience from practices that promote spiritual emotion such as the actions of meditating or praying, the latter considered as one of the mechanisms of self-revelation that is fundamental within the post traumatic growth process. Spirituality and religion maintain a complex interrelation that at times makes difficult the distinction between them. However, this distinction is especially sensitive and necessary when it comes to accounting for spirituality in people who do not profess a theistic faith. This is the case of a significant part of people with left-wing ideologies –who suffered some type of violence during the military dictatorships implanted from the second half of the 20th century in Latin America. Particularly in Chile, the civic-military dictatorship (1973-1990) was especially cruel with people of left-wing ideologies, many of them not ascribed to a belief of a theistic order. In this context, it is relevant to account for spiritual practices –differentiating them from religious beliefs– in relation to post-traumatic growth in people victims of political violence. For this objective we have proposed in this article the validation of the short version of the Parsian and Dunning (2009) Spiritual Practice Scale. For this purpose, we utilized a sample of adult people victims of political violence in Chile during the military dictatorship between 1973 and 1990 (n = 251, M = 60.85, DT = 13.40). To assess the structure of the scale, we estimated a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The reliability index was calculated (α = .85) and the convergent validity was assessed with a series of bivariate correlations between variables. As expected, the CFA reports an adequate adjustment to the unifactorial structure and the results show the significant relationship between spiritual practices and post-traumatic growth (r = .45), and between spiritual practices with religiosity (r = .29). Being the relationship between spiritual practices and religiosity medium-low, it allows us to conclude that although they are related, they are different constructs. From the analysis of the data, it cannot be concluded that there is a relationship between spiritual practices with age and income level. In conclusion, the short version of the Spiritual Practices Scale presents adequate levels of reliability and validity, so it is recommended to be used in the measurement of spiritual practices, especially in those populations that do not adhere to a theistic faith.

Resumen En este artículo se presenta la validación de una versión abreviada de la Escala de Prácticas Espirituales de Parsian y Dunning (2009). Para ello, se utilizó una muestra de personas adultas (n = 251, M = 60.85, DT = 13.40) víctimas de violencia política en Chile durante la dictadura cívico militar (1973-1990). Para valorar la estructura de la escala se realizó un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC), se calculó el índice de fiabilidad (α = .85) y se valoró la validez convergente con una serie de correlaciones bivariadas entre variables. De acuerdo a lo esperado, el AFC informa un adecuado ajuste a la estructura unifactorial y los resultados dan cuenta de la relación significativa entre las prácticas espirituales y el crecimiento postraumático y entre las prácticas espirituales y la religiosidad. La relación entre estas dos últimas es media-baja (r = .29), lo cual permite concluir que, aunque relacionadas, son constructos diferentes. A partir del análisis de los datos, no se puede concluir que exista relación entre las prácticas espirituales con la edad y el nivel de ingresos. En conclusión, la versión abreviada de la Escala de Prácticas Espirituales presenta adecuados niveles de fiabilidad y validez, por lo que resulta recomendable para ser utilizada en la medición de prácticas espirituales, especialmente en aquellas poblaciones que no se adscriben a una fe teísta.

Resumo Objetivo Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as características do setor e o comportamento estratégico das empresas que afetam as empresas zumbis. Referencial teórico O artigo foi trabalhado sob a visão do paradigma estrutura-conduta-desempenho da organização industrial, pois permite explicar o resultado de uma empresa por meio de um comportamento influenciado por fatores externos e internos. Metodologia Para a análise dos dados, o painel de dados com técnica de erros padrão corrigidos foi utilizado para um conjunto de dados de 99 empresas registradas na Bolsa Mexicana de Valores entre 2013 e 2017. Resultados Entre os principais resultados, fica evidente que o comportamento estratégico afeta as empresas zumbis. Por outro lado, descobrimos que a competitividade no mercado afeta negativamente a empresa zumbi, ao passo que as barreiras à entrada a afetam positivamente. Os resultados nos permitem identificar semelhanças e diferenças em relação ao restante das empresas zumbis do mundo; assim, os resultados foram revisados considerando o ambiente latino-americano e sua política institucional. Implicações práticas e sociais da pesquisa As empresas zumbis têm conotação negativa; entretanto, podem se tornar necessárias para manter o negócio em atividade econômica para os países em desenvolvimento. Além disso, é do interesse dos CEOs, porque a figura do zumbi pode ser útil para a sobrevivência. Além disso, o estudo pode representar um pano de fundo para os regulamentos de falência de empresas. Contribuições A contribuição mais importante é o fato de esta ser uma das pesquisas pioneiras para analisar o comportamento estratégico e seus efeitos na empresa zumbi. Além disso, pode ser uma das primeiras a estudar essas empresas na América Latina, o que possibilitou identificar diferenças com as empresas zumbis do resto do mundo devido a elementos ambientais como a política institucional.

Abstract Purpose This paper aims to analyze the industry characteristics and the strategic behavior of companies that affect zombie companies. Theoretical framework The study was based on the structure-conduct-performance paradigm derived from industrial organization theory, because it allows us to explain a firm’s results through behavior influenced by external and internal factors. Design/methodology/approach For the data analysis, the corrected standard errors technique was used on a data set of 99 companies registered in the Mexican Stock Exchange during the period from 2013 to 2017. Findings Among the main findings, it is evident that strategic behavior affects zombie companies. On the other hand, we found that market competitiveness negatively affects zombie companies, while barriers to entry positively affect them. The results allow us to identify similarities with and differences from other zombie firms in the world, based on the Latin American environment and its institutional policy. Practical & social implications of the research Zombie firms have a negative connotation; however, they may become necessary to keep businesses operational in developing countries. Also, the study may provide a background to regulations on firm bankruptcy. Originality/value The most important contribution is that this is a pioneering investigation that analyzes strategic behavior and its effect on zombie companies. Also, this may be one of the first studies to examine these companies in Latin America, making it possible to identify differences from zombie firms in the rest of the world due to environmental elements such as institutional policy.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This research aims to analyze the state of the art of the theory of social entrepreneurship (SE) at an international level in order to evaluate its level of maturity and frontier of knowledge for the period 2015-2020, discussing the contribution of Mexico to the literature of the administrative sciences in view of the trend of SE as a means of solution to social problems around the world. Methodological design: An analysis technique within scientometry known as bibliometrics was used to perform two types of analysis, one from the International Perspective of Social Entrepreneurship, and the other from the perspective in Mexico. Moreover, a descriptive and comparative analysis is carried out. Results: In the bibliographic database of Web of Science, 682 articles published on the topic of entrepreneurship were found, and in the exhaustive bibliographic review of the journals of the Classification System of Mexican Journals of Science and Technology (CRMCYT) in the area of social and multidisciplinary science, 81 related articles were additionally found. Research limitations: The main limitation is that in CRMCYT most journals do not generate reports in the formats required by the specialized software for bibliometrics, "Bibliometrix". Findings: The interest of SE in the areas of management and entrepreneurship is very recent; therefore, this analysis opens a discussion on the need to create conceptual bridges that denote Mexico’s reality on the subject of SE.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el estado del arte de la teoría del emprendimiento social (ES) a nivel internacional para evaluar su nivel de madurez y frontera del conocimiento del periodo 2015-2020, discutiendo la contribución de México a la literatura de las ciencias administrativas, ante la tendencia del es como medio de solución a las problemáticas sociales en el mundo. Diseño metodológico: en la cienciometría se encuentra la técnica de análisis conocida como bibliometría, la cual fue utilizada para realizar dos tipos de análisis: uno desde la perspectiva internacional del emprendimiento social; otro desde la perspectiva en México. Para finalizar se realiza un análisis descriptivo y comparativo. Resultados: en la base de datos bibliográficos de Web of Science se encontró la existencia de 682 artículos publicados sobre el tema de emprendimiento, y en la revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva de las revistas del Sistema de Clasificación de Revistas Mexicanas de Ciencia y Tecnología (CRMCYT), en el área de ciencias sociales y multidisciplinarias, la existencia de 81 artículos relacionados. Limitaciones de la investigación: la principal limitación es que en el CRMCYT la mayoría de las revistas no generan los reportes en los formatos requeridos por el software especializado para bibliometría (Bibliometrix). Hallazgos: el interés del es en las áreas de gestión y emprendimiento es muy reciente, así que el presente análisis abre discusión sobre la necesidad de crear puentes conceptuales que denoten la realidad en México sobre el tema del ES.

Resumo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo descrever os efeitos da Síndrome de Burnout, em tempos de pandemia, em estudantes do ensino superior tecnológico. Metodologicamente, o estudo teve um recorte quantitativo com delineamento descritivo do tipo survey. Os participantes responderam ao inventário de burnout de Maslach para alunos, dividido em três componentes que estudam exaustão, cinismo e eficácia acadêmica, validado por Shaufeili et al. (2002). A aplicação do instrumento foi realizada no mês de março de 2020. Os resultados obtidos mostram grande desgaste e eficácia acadêmica positiva; a dimensão do cinismo não se mostrou significativa até agora. As conclusões se concentram em sugerir ações que ajudem a reduzir o desgaste do aluno, para que a eficácia acadêmica possa ser mantida. Da mesma forma, vale a pena reaplicar o instrumento para verificar a tendência de burnout em alunos em dezembro de 2020, uma vez que existem fatores que podem ser desencadeadores de estresse, como as aulas online e o possível acúmulo de atividades.

Abstract This research aimed to describe the effects of burnout syndrome on students of technological higher education. Methodologically the research had a quantitative cut with descriptive survey-type design, in this context participants answered the burnout inventory for Maslach students divided into 3 components that study exhaustion, cynicism and academic effectiveness validated by Shaufeili et. (2002) the implementation of the instrument took place in March 2020. The results obtained demonstrate severe exhaustion, positive academic effectiveness and the cynic dimension is not significant so far, the conclusions that are drawn in this research are to establish actions that contribute to reducing exhaustion in students so that academic effectiveness can be maintained. As a recommendation it is worth reappliing in december 2020 the instrument to see the trend of burnout in students as there are factors that can be stress triggers to mention online classes and possible accumulation of activities.

Resumen Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo describir los efectos del síndrome de burnout, en tiempos de pandemia, en estudiantes de educación superior tecnológica. Metodológicamente el estudio tuvo un corte cuantitativo con diseño descriptivo tipo encuesta. Los participantes contestaron el inventario tipo burnout para estudiantes de Maslach, dividido en tres componentes que estudian el agotamiento, el cinismo y la eficacia académica, validado por Shaufeili et al. (2002). La aplicación del instrumento se realizó en el mes de marzo de 2020. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran un agotamiento severo y una eficacia académica positiva; la dimensión cinismo no resultó ser significativa hasta el momento. Las conclusiones se enfocan en sugerir acciones que contribuyan a disminuir el agotamiento en los alumnos, de forma que se pueda mantener la eficacia académica. Asimismo, vale la pena volver a aplicar en el mes de diciembre de 2020 el instrumento para ver la tendencia del burnout en los educandos, ya que existen factores que pueden ser detonantes de estrés, como las clases en línea y la posible acumulación de actividades.

Resumen En el presente estudio se comparan los niveles medios de salud y bienestar social de adultos nacidos en Chile (n = 155) e inmigrantes de nacionalidad colombiana (n = 166), peruana (n = 154) y venezolana (n = 180). Los resultados están en línea con la "hipótesis selectiva de la inmigración", pues se encontraron mayores niveles de salud (M inmigrantes = 40.35; Mchilenos = 38.93; t[203.579] = 2.745,p < .01) y bienestar social en inmigrantes (M = 88.62) que en chilenos (M = 85.42; t(190.778) = -3.197, p < .01). En general, en este trabajo se muestra el efecto negativo que tiene la percepción de discriminación sobre la salud, y el efecto positivo de las variables socioculturales de identidad endogrupal, enriquecimiento cultural y cercanía intergrupal sobre el bienestar social en personas inmigrantes.

Abstract This study compares the average health and social welfare levels of adults born in Chile (n = 155) and immigrants of Colombian (n = 166), Peruvian (n = 154), and Venezuelan (n = 180) nationality. The results are in line with the "selective hypothesis of immigration," since higher levels of health (Minmigrants = 40.35; Mchilenos = 38.93; t [203,579] = 2,745, p < .01) and social welfare were found in immigrants (M = 88.62) than in Chileans (M = 85.42; t (190,778) = -3,197, p < .01). In general, this work shows the negative effect that the perception of discrimination has on health, and the positive effect of the socio-cultural variables of endo-group identity, cultural enrichment, and inter-group closeness on the social welfare of immigrants.

Background: Transgender population is at a higher risk of suffering mental health problems than cisgender population (people whose sex and gender identity are in agreement) and other sexual minorities (gays, lesbians, and bisexuals), partly due to the greater stress that they suffer or for being victims of sexual prejudice. Aim: To describe positive and negative mental health indicators in a sample of transgender people living in Chile. Material and Methods: An intentional sample of 377 transgender individuals older than 18 years, living in the country's northern, center and southern zones were studied. Sociodemographic and well-being features, negative emotional symptoms, suicidal behavior, and substance consumption were assessed. Results: A precarious mental health was confirmed among participants. A high frequency of depression, ideation and suicide attempts, and high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms were identified. Also, a high frequency of substance abuse was found. These mental health indicators varied according to the sex assigned at birth and gender self-identification. Conclusions: Transgender people experience precariousness and vulnerability in their mental health.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to deepen the presence of zombie companies in the Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (BMV) and the factors that affect its existence. To do this, through the CHK method, the presence of zombie companies in Mexico was determined and, subsequently, through a logistic model, the impact of profitability and market share on zombie companies was evaluated. The data correspond to 102 firms registered in the BMV in 2015, in which the presence of 18 companies with zombie characteristics will be identified. While empirical analysis confirms that market share positively impacts zombie companies, while profitability decreases the probability of present in this situation. The model used represents one of the pioneering works in Latin America this type of companies and the light on the behavior that they follow as the samples and the characteristics of the market can be other important predictors the zombie companies and the corresponding relevant research lines.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en profundizar en la presencia de empresas zombis en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (BMV) y los factores que inciden en su existencia. Para ello, a través del método CHK se determinó la presencia de empresas zombis en México y, posteriormente, mediante un modelo logit se evalúa el impacto de la rentabilidad y la cuota de mercado en las empresas zombi. Los datos empleados corresponden a 102 empresas inscritas en el mercado de valores de México en el año 2015, lo cual permitió identificar la presencia de 18 empresas con características zombis. Mientras que el análisis empírico confirmó que la cuota de mercado impacta positivamente a las empresas zombis, mientras que la rentabilidad disminuye la probabilidad de incurrir en esta situación. El modelo empleado representa uno de los trabajos pioneros en América Latina sobre este tipo de empresas y da luz sobre el comportamiento que siguen dichas organizaciones mostrando que las características del mercado pueden ser otros predictores importantes de las empresas zombis y representan futuras líneas de investigación relevantes.

ABSTRACT: Transgender individuals have progressively acquired visibility and rights in many western societies. Psychosocial research on this population is recent and has focused on sexual prejudice and its impact on the mental health of transgender people. This paper intends to clarify some conceptual definitions used in psychosocial research, summarize the evidence obtained in Chile, and observe how it relates to international literature. Although the article focuses on mental health, the effects of prejudice and social rejection as precursors of a deteriorated mental health are also examined. This paper aims to contribute to debate and research on pending conceptual and methodological issues related to transgender populations in Latin America.

RESUMEN: Las personas transgénero han logrado progresivamente visibilidad y derechos en muchas sociedades occidentales. La investigación psicosocial sobre dicha población es reciente y se focaliza en el estudio del prejuicio sexual y su impacto sobre la salud mental de las personas transgénero. En este artículo se busca clarificar algunas definiciones conceptuales usadas en la investigación psicosocial, sintetizar la evidencia obtenida en Chile y observar cómo esta dialoga con la literatura internacional. Si bien el foco es la salud mental, se examinan también los efectos del prejuicio y el rechazo social como precursores de una salud mental deteriorada. Este artículo pretende contribuir al debate e investigación en temas conceptuales y metodológicos aún pendientes referidos a la población transgénero en América Latina.

RESUMEN Los bajos niveles de coordinación diagnosticados en los niños pueden afectar su desarrollo motriz posterior y su rendimiento académico, por lo tanto, se justifica formular y evaluar programas de intervención, que mejoren sus capacidades coordinativas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de un programa recreativo pedagógico sobre las capacidades coordinativas, de 64 estudiantes, tanto de género masculino como femenino, con edades entre los 6 y 7 años, en una Institución educativa colombiana. En la investigación efectuada, se utilizó una metodología de corte cuantitativo, con un diseño cuasi experimental-descriptivo; la información, se recolectó mediante el test de Capón, usado antes y después de aplicar el programa recreativo-pedagógico diseñado. El procesamiento de los datos, se efectuó con el software libre R. Los resultados permitieron establecer que, en promedio, las diferencias entre las puntuaciones acumuladas entre el pre-test y el pos-test en el grupo experimental, sí son significativas y atribuibles al mencionado programa. En conclusión, tal programa sí produce efectos positivos en las capacidades coordinativas de los participantes en el estudio.

ABSTRACT The low levels of coordination diagnosed in children can affect their subsequent motor development and their academic performance; therefore, it is justified to formulate and evaluate intervention programs that improve their coordinative capacities. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a pedagogical recreational program on the coordinative abilities of 64 male and female students aged between 6 and 7 years in a Colombian educational institution. In the research carried out, a quantitative cut-off methodology with a quasi-experimental-descriptive design was used; the information was collected by means of the Capón test, used before and after applying the designed recreational-pedagogical program. The processing of the data was done with free software R. The results allowed to establish that, on average, the differences between the scores accumulated between the pre-test and the post-test in the experimental group are significant and attributable to the aforementioned program. In conclusion, such a program does have positive effects on the coordinative abilities of the study participants.

ABSTRACT Alkali activated mortars made of class F fly ash and blast furnace slag were cast, in order to study the effect of an alternative source of silica on its properties of fluidity and compressive strength. Rice husk ash and sodium silicate solution, mixed with sodium hydroxide, were used for activation of mortars. The mineralogical and structural information of alkali activated systems was obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD), while the analysis of fresh properties was carried out by means of fluidity test. The mechanical properties of mortars were assessed by 28 days compressive strength test. It was found that mortars activated with rice husk ash plus sodium hydroxide showed compressive strengths up to 25% higher that those activated with sodium silicate / sodium hydroxide. Finally, equations were proposed for the prediction of compressive strengths of mortars according to the type of activator. This study concludes that it is possible the use of rice husk ash as an alternative source of silica in alkaline activation process.

RESUMEN Se fabricaron morteros de activación alcalina basados en ceniza volante clase F y escoria de alto horno, con el fin de estudiar el efecto de una fuente alternativa de sílice sobre sus propiedades de fluidez y resistencia a compresión. Ceniza de cascarilla de arroz y silicato de sodio, en combinación con hidróxido de sodio, fueron las soluciones químicas empleadas para la activación alcalina de los morteros. La información mineralógica y estructural de los sistemas activados alcalinamente fue obtenida mediante difracción de rayos X (DRX), mientras que el análisis de sus propiedades en estado fresco se llevó a cabo a través del estudio de la fluidez. Además se evaluaron las propiedades mecánicas de las morteros a 28 días por médio del ensayo de resistencia a compresión. Se encontró que los morteros activados con ceniza de cascarilla de arroz en combinación con hidróxido de sodio presentaron resistencias a compresión hasta 25% mayores en comparación con los morteros activados con silicato de sodio /hidróxido de sodio. Finalmente fueron propuestas ecuaciones para la predicción de las resistencias a compresión de los morteros en función del tipo de activador. Este estudio concluye que es posible utilizar cenizas de cascarilla de arroz como una fuente alternativa de sílice para procesos de activación alcalina.

Background: Most of the information in Chile about health and wellbeing of sexual minorities refers to risk behaviors. Aim: To assess health and wellbeing in a sample of Chilean homosexual men and women. Material and Methods: Spanish versions of the Satisfaction With Life Scale and Outcome Questionnaire-45 (OQ-45) were answered by 191 homosexual women and 256 homosexual men aged 18 to 67 years, from four Chilean cities. Results: Lesbian women have better levels of satisfaction with life and adjustment in personal relationships than homosexual men. Eight percent of respondents had suicidal thoughts in some moment of their life. Conclusions: The information gathered in this work could help in the development of mental health policies for sexual minorities.

ABSTRACT Objective To explore the association among HIV status; negative psychological symptoms (anxiety, depression, and hostility); and risky sexual behaviors (multiple sexual partners and unprotected sexual intercourse) in a Chilean sample of men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods This study had a cross-sectional design and a sample of 325 MSM whose ages ranged from 18 to 64 years (mean: 30.8; standard deviation: 9.8). Association tests (chi-squared) and group mean comparisons (Student’s t-tests and F-tests) were performed. Results No statistically significant differences were found for condom use or for the number of sexual partners between HIV-positive men and those who are not infected. In both groups, about 50% reported sexual encounters without condom use in the past six months. There were statistically significant differences in symptoms associated with depression between the two groups. Conclusions These results reveal the need to strengthen messages about the importance of condom use, as the only way to prevent HIV, and as a means of preventing HIV infection and reinfection, in national prevention and self-care programs for sexually active subjects. More studies are needed in Latin America to advance HIV prevention efforts for the MSM population. The data generated by this study can be used to inform the development of HIV prevention programming strategies and interventions targeting the MSM population in Latin America.

RESUMEN Objetivo Explorar la relación entre el estado con respecto a la infección por el VIH, los síntomas psicológicos negativos (ansiedad, depresión y hostilidad) y el comportamiento sexual arriesgado (varios compañeros sexuales y relaciones sexuales sin protección) en una muestra de hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con otros hombres (HSH) de Chile. Métodos Este estudio tuvo un diseño transversal y una muestra de 325 HSH de 18 a 64 años (media: 30,8; desviación estándar: 9,8). Se efectuaron pruebas de asociación (ji al cuadrado) y comparaciones entre las medias grupales (prueba de la t de Student y prueba F). Resultados No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto del uso de preservativos o del número de compañeros sexuales entre los hombres seropositivos al VIH y los no infectados. En los dos grupos, más del 50 % refirió que había tenido algún encuentro sexual sin protección en los seis meses anteriores. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos grupos en cuanto a los síntomas asociados a la depresión. Conclusiones Estos resultados muestran la necesidad de fortalecer los mensajes acerca de la importancia del uso de preservativos como la única manera de prevenir el VIH y como un medio de prevenir la infección y la reinfección por este virus, en los programas nacionales de prevención y autocuidado destinados a las personas sexualmente activas. Es necesario efectuar más estudios en América Latina para impulsar las medidas de prevención de la infección por el VIH orientadas a la población de HSH. Los datos generados por este estudio pueden servir para formular estrategias programáticas de prevención e intervenciones dirigidas a esta población en América Latina.

Este artigo explorou as opiniões de uma amostra da população de cinco países latino-americanos (N= 4900) no tocante à forma de abordar o passado político relacionado às violações dos direitos humanos. Em geral, constata-se um amplo acordo quanto à necessidade de recordar o passado, sendo esse acordo maior entre as vítimas e as pessoas de esquerda, que, além disso, manifestam maior necessidade de compartilhar socialmente os fatos e são as que mais valorizam as medidas de justiça transicional implementadas. Embora as desculpas sejam avaliadas de forma crítica em geral, uma visão mais positiva das mesmas foi associada a uma melhor percepção do clima emocional. Enquanto na Argentina e no Paraguai a sinceridade e eficácia percebidas nas desculpas são maiores entre as vítimas e as pessoas de esquerda, no caso chileno a relação é inversa. Os resultados são discutidos no contexto das representações sociais do passado.

This article analyzed 5 surveys conducted in Latin American countries (N = 4900) regarding how people perceive and cope with collective violence during dictatorship periods. There is general agreement on the need to remember the past, where victims of collective violence and the left-wing showed a more positive attitude, reporting the necessity of sharing the facts and having a more positive evaluation of measures of transitional justice. Even when official apologies show a critical perception, a positive view of them is associated with a better perception of the emotional climate. While the sincerity and perceived effectiveness of apologies are higher among victims and the left-wing in Argentina and Paraguay, in Chile the opposite is true. Results are discussed in the framework of social representations of the past.

La presente investigación exploró las opiniones de una muestra de la población de 5 países latinoamericanos (N= 4900) respecto a cómo abordar el pasado político referido a las violaciones de los derechos humanos. En general, se constata un amplio acuerdo en términos de la necesidad de recordar el pasado, siendo este acuerdo mayor en las víctimas y las personas de izquierda, quienes, además, manifiestan más necesidad de compartir socialmente sobre los hechos y quienes mejor valoran las medidas de justicia transicional implementadas. Aunque las disculpas son evaluadas de forma crítica en general, una visión más positiva de las disculpas se asoció con una mejor percepción del clima emocional. Mientras en Argentina y Paraguay la sinceridad y eficacia percibida en las disculpas son mayores entre las víctimas y las personas de izquierda, en el caso chileno la relación es inversa. Los resultados se discuten en el marco de las representaciones sociales del pasado.

Hereditary sudden cardiac death syndromes comprise a wide range of diseases resulting from alteration in cardiac ion channels. Genes involved in these syndromes represent diverse mutations that cause the altered encoding of the diverse proteins constituting these channels, thus affecting directly the currents of the corresponding ions. In the present article we will briefly review how to arrive to a clinical diagnosis and we will present the results of molecular genetic studies made in Mexican subjects attending the SCD Syndromes Clinic of the National Institute of Cardiology of Mexico City.

Los síndromes hereditarios de muerte súbita cardíaca comprenden una amplia gama de enfermedades resultantes de la alteración en los canales iónicos cardíacos. Los genes implicados en estos síndromes presentan mutaciones que causan alteraciones de las diversas proteínas que constituyen estos canales y que, por lo tanto, afectan directamente a las diferentes corrientes iónicas. En el presente artículo se revisa brevemente la forma de llegar a un diagnóstico clínico de dichos síndromes y se presentan los resultados de los estudios genéticos moleculares realizados en sujetos mexicanos que asisten a la Clínica de Síndromes Hereditarios de Muerte Súbita del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez.