ABSTRACT Objective A comparative analysis of the association between sedentary behavior versus physical activity levels and tumor staging in women with breast cancer. Methods The present research adopted a cross-sectional study design to recruit a total of 55 adult and elderly women newly diagnosed with breast cancer for data collection and analysis. Inclusion criteria involved patients in procession of a formal approval for participation in the study by the treating physician and those not hitherto subjected to the first cycle of chemotherapy. Results Physical activity levels did not influence the pathological stage of breast cancer (p=0.26) or histological tumor grade (p=0.07) in the analyzed subjects. However, there was a significant association between physical activity levels and responsiveness to hormones (epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2), p<0.05) in the analyzed subjects. Significant difference was detected in the histological tumor grade in relation to the mean time spent sitting during the weekend (p<0.05). However, sedentary behavior had no influence on the tumor stage (p>0.05). Conclusion Physical activity levels did not influence the tumor stage and histological tumor grade. Sedentary behavior had a significant influence on the histological tumor grade.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o perfil epidemiológico e a sobrevida global em uma grande população de indivíduos idosos diagnosticados com tumores sólidos, em um hospital terciário. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo que incluiu pacientes com idade >65 anos, diagnosticados com tumores sólidos entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2011, no Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brasil. Os prontuários médicos foram revisados para se obterem informações sobre variáveis clínicas e sobrevida global. Resultados Foi identificado um total de 806 pacientes, sendo 58,4% deles do sexo masculino. A média de idade foi de 74 anos (65 a 99 anos). Os tipos mais comuns de câncer foram de próstata (22%), colorretal (21%), de mama (19%) e de pulmão (13%), seguidos pelos de bexiga (8%), pâncreas (6%) e outros tipos (11%). A maioria dos pacientes foi diagnosticada em estágios iniciais. Depois de um seguimento médio de 27 meses (15 a 45 meses), 29% (234/806) estavam mortos, predominantemente no grupo com idade >70 anos. Para toda a coorte, a mediana de taxa de sobrevida em 2 anos foi 71%. A mediana de sobrevida global não foi alcançada dentro do período de estudo. Em análise multivariada, idade (HR: 1,35; IC95%: 1,25-1,45; p<0,001) e estadiamento (HR: 1,93; IC95%: 1,75-2,14; p<0,001) foram preditores negativos independentes de pior sobrevida. Conclusão Os tumores mais prevalentes foram de próstata, colorretal, mama e pulmão, com uma grande proporção diagnosticada em estádios iniciais, o que reflete em um grande número de pacientes vivos até o último seguimento.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the epidemiological profile and overall survival of a large population of elderly individuals diagnosed with solid tumors in a tertiary hospital. Methods This retrospective study included patients aged >65 years, diagnosed with solid tumors between January 2007 and December 2011, at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil. The medical records were reviewed to obtain information about clinical variables and overall survival. Results A total of 806 patients were identified, and 58.4% were male. Mean age was 74 years (65 to 99 years). The most common types were prostate (22%), colorectal (21%), breast (19%), and lung cancer (13%), followed by bladder (8%), pancreas (6%), and other types (11%). The majority of patients were diagnosed at early stage disease. After a median follow-up of 27 months (15 to 45 months), 29% of the patients (234/806) died, predominantly in the group older than 70 years. For the entire cohort, the median 2-year survival rate was 71%. Median overall survival was not reached within the study period. In a multivariate analysis, age (HR: 1.35; 95%CI: 1.25-1.45; p<0.001) and disease stage (HR: 1.93; 95%CI: 1.75-2.14; p<0.001) were independent negative predictors of poor survival. Conclusion The most prevalent tumors were prostate, colorectal, breast, and lung cancer, with the larger proportion diagnosed at initial stages, reflecting the great number of patients alive at last follow-up.

Objetivo Estimar a prevalência de taxa de filtração glomerular alterada em pacientes idosos diagnosticados com tumores sólidos. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes com mais de 65 anos de idade, diagnosticados com tumores sólidos entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2011 em um centro de tratamento oncológico. Foram coletados dados sobre sexo, idade, creatinina sérica à época do diagnóstico e tipo de tumor. A função renal foi calculada utilizando a versão simplificada da equação MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) e depois estratificada de acordo com as diretrizes de prática clínica do Working Group of the National Kidney Foundation. Resultados Foram incluídos 666 pacientes, sendo 60% do sexo masculino. A idade mediana foi 74,2 anos (variação de 65 a 99 anos), e os diagnósticos mais prevalentes na população do estudo foram câncer colorretal (24%), de próstata (20%), mama (16%) e pulmão (16%). A prevalência de creatinina sérica elevada (>1,0mg/dL) foi 30%. No entanto, quando os pacientes foram avaliados utilizando a forma abreviada da equação MDRD, 66% tinham uma função renal anormal assim estratificada: 45% em estádio 2, 18% em estádio 3, 3% em estádio 4 e 0,3% em estádio 5. Conclusão Até onde sabemos, este foi o primeiro estudo a estimar a frequência de insuficiência renal em pacientes idosos com câncer no Brasil. A prevalência de função renal alterada na coorte estudada foi alta. Como suspeitávamos, o nível absoluto de creatinina subestima a alteração na função renal e não deve ser usado como preditor de metabolismo, excreção e consequente toxicidade dos agentes quimioterápicos.

Objective To estimate the prevalence of abnormal glomerular filtration rate in elderly patients with solid tumors. Methods A retrospective study with patients aged >65 years diagnosed with solid tumors between January 2007 and December 2011 in a cancer center. The following data were collected: sex, age, serum creatinine at the time of diagnosis and type of tumor. Renal function was calculated using abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formulae and then staged in accordance with the clinical practice guidelines published by the Working Group of the National Kidney Foundation. Results A total of 666 patients were included and 60% were male. The median age was 74.2 years (range: 65 to 99 years). The most prevalent diagnosis in the study population were colorectal (24%), prostate (20%), breast (16%) and lung cancer (16%). The prevalence of elevated serum creatinine (>1.0mg/dL) was 30%. However, when patients were assessed using abbreviated MDRD formulae, 66% had abnormal renal function, stratified as follows: 45% with stage 2, 18% with stage 3, 3% with stage 4 and 0.3% with stage 5. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study to estimate the frequency of renal insufficiency in elderly cancer patients in Brazil. The prevalence of abnormal renal function among our cohort was high. As suspected, the absolute creatinine level does underestimate renal function impairment and should not be used as predictor of chemotherapy metabolism, excretion and consequent toxicity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar eficácia e toxicidade da teicoplanina e da vancomicina em pacientes com infecção suspeita ou confirmada. Métodos: Fontes de dados: Cochrane Renal Group's Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, livros de referência e artigos de revisão. Critérios de inclusão: Ensaios clínicos controlados randomizados em qualquer idioma, comparando teicoplanina e vancomicina em pacientes com infecção suspeita ou confirmada. Extração de dados: Dois autores avaliaram a qualidade metodológica dos estudos e extraíram os dados de forma independente. Tentou-se obter dados não publicados diretamente com os autores de cada trabalho. Usou-se um modelo de efeito aleatório para estimar a razão de risco (RR) combinada, com um intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%. Resultados: Foram incluídos 24 estudos (2.610 pacientes). As drogas tiveram taxas semelhantes de cura clínica (RR: 1,03; IC95%: 0,98-1,08), cura microbiológica (RR: 0,98; IC95%: 0,93-1,03) e mortalidade (RR: 1,02; IC95%: 0,79-1,30). A teicoplanina apresentou menores incidências de rash cutâneo (RR: 0,57; IC95%: 0,35-0,92), síndrome do homem vermelho (RR: 0,21; IC95%: 0,08-0,59) e eventos adversos em geral (RR: 0,73; IC95%: 0,53-1,00). A teicoplanina reduziu o risco de nefrotoxicidade (RR: 0,66; IC95%: 0,48-0,90). Esse efeito foi consistente em todos os subgrupos, inclusive aqueles com pacientes recebendo aminoglicosídeos concomitantes (RR: 0,51; IC95%: 0,300,88) ou com dosagens de vancomicina corrigidas pelo nível sérico (RR: 0,22; IC95%: 0,10-0,52). Não foi encontrado nenhum caso de injúria renal que necessitasse de diálise. Limitações: Os estudos não seguiram uma definição padrão de nefrotoxicidade. Conclusões: Teicoplanina e vancomicina têm eficácia semelhante; no entanto, o risco de nefrotoxicidade e outros eventos adversos foi menor com teicoplanina. É razoável considerar o uso de teicoplanina para pacientes em risco de desenvolver injúria renal aguda.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare efficacy and safety of vancomycin versus teicoplanin in patients with proven or suspected infection. Methods: Data Sources: Cochrane Renal Group's Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, nephrology textbooks and review articles. Inclusion criteria: Randomized controlled trials in any language comparing teicoplanin to vancomycin for patients with proven or suspected infection. Data extraction: Two authors independently evaluated methodological quality and extracted data. Study investigators were contacted for unpublished information. A random effect model was used to estimate the pooled risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: A total of 24 studies (2,610 patients) were included. The drugs had similar rates of clinical cure (RR: 1.03; 95%CI: 0.98-1.08), microbiological cure (RR: 0.98; 95%CI: 0.93-1.03) and mortality (RR: 1.02; 95%CI: 0.79-1.30). Teicoplanin had lower rates of skin rash (RR: 0.57; 95%CI: 0.35-0.92), red man syndrome (RR: 0.21; 95%CI: 0.08-0.59) and total adverse events (RR: 0.73; 95%CI: 0.53-1.00). Teicoplanin reduced the risk of nephrotoxicity (RR: 0.66; 95%CI: 0.48-0.90). This effect was consistent for patients receiving aminoglycosides (RR: 0.51; 95%CI: 0.30-0.88) or having vancomycin doses corrected by serum levels (RR: 0.22; 95%CI: 0.10-0.52). There were no cases of acute kidney injury needing dialysis. Limitations: Studies lacked a standardized definition for nephrotoxicity. Conclusions: Teicoplanin and vancomycin are equally effective; however the incidence of nephrotoxicity and other adverse events was lower with teicoplanin. It may be reasonable to consider teicoplanin for patients at higher risk for acute kidney injury.

OBJECTIVE: Intravenous infusion of crystalloid solutions is a cornerstone of the treatment of hemorrhagic shock. However, crystalloid solutions can have variable metabolic acid-base effects, perpetuating or even aggravating shock-induced metabolic acidosis. The aim of this study was to compare, in a controlled volume-driven porcine model of hemorrhagic shock, the effects of three different crystalloid solutions on the hemodynamics and acid-base balance. METHODS: Controlled hemorrhagic shock (40% of the total blood volume was removed) was induced in 18 animals, which were then treated with normal saline (0.9% NaCl), Lactated Ringer's Solution or Plasma-Lyte pH 7.4, in a blinded fashion (n = 6 for each group). Using a predefined protocol, the animals received three times the volume of blood removed. RESULTS: The three different crystalloid infusions were equally capable of reversing the hemorrhage-induced low cardiac output and anuria. The Lactated Ringer's Solution and Plasma-Lyte pH 7.4 infusions resulted in an increased standard base excess and a decreased serum chloride level, whereas treatment with normal saline resulted in a decreased standard base excess and an increased serum chloride level. The Plasma-Lyte pH 7.4 infusions did not change the level of the unmeasured anions. CONCLUSION: Although the three tested crystalloid solutions were equally able to attenuate the hemodynamic and tissue perfusion disturbances, only the normal saline induced hyperchloremia and metabolic acidosis.