RESUMO Na Guiné-Bissau o português é a única língua oficial, e, por razões históricas e sociopolíticas, governo e população assumem que no país se fale português europeu (PE). Todavia, encontramos ali um espaço multilíngue em que o kriol é a língua da unidade nacional e o português é falado como uma segunda língua. Diante deste contexto, analisamos a entoação das sentenças interrogativas totais neutras do português guineense (PGB), verificando se a entoação deste tipo frásico o aproxima das características do PE standard (SEP) ou se estamos diante de uma variedade guineense em formação. Através do aparato teórico da Fonologia Prosódica integrada à Fonologia Entoacional analisamos sentenças interrogativas totais neutras produzidas através de tarefa de leitura por quatro participantes guineenses, falantes de kriol como língua materna e de português como uma segunda língua. Nossos resultados mostram que, quanto ao contorno pré-nuclear e nuclear e à densidade tonal, a entoação das interrogativas neutras do PGB se distingue do SEP e aproxima-se das variedades brasileiras e africanas já estudadas, resultado já apontado na literatura para as sentenças declarativas, assinalando a gramática entoacional desta variedade.

ABSTRACT In Guinea-Bissau, Portuguese is the only official language, and, for historical and sociopolitical reasons, European Portuguese (EP) is assumed as the variety spoken. However, we find a multilingual space in which Kriol is the national unity language and Portuguese is spoken as a second language. In this context, we analyzed the intonation of neutral yes-no questions of Guinea-Bissau Portuguese (GBP), to examine whether the intonation of this sentence type resembles that found SEP (spoken in Lisbon) or whether we are facing a Guinea-Bissau Portuguese variety in formation. Using the theoretical framework of Prosodic Phonology and Intonational Phonology, we analyzed neutral yes-no questions produced through a reading task performed by four Guinea-Bissau participants, native speakers of Kriol, and speakers of Portuguese as a second language. Our results show that, for the pre-nuclear and nuclear contour as well as tonal density, the intonation of GBP neutral yes-no questions differs from SEP and is closer to Brazilian and African varieties already studied. This outcome was previously pointed out in the literature for declarative sentences, suggesting that GBP is developing its own intonational grammar.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyze the cytotoxicity and cell in porcine-derived decellularized skin matrix. Methods: We analyzed the effect of multiple decellularization processes by histological analysis, DNA quantification, and flow cytometry. Subsequently, we analyzed the most appropriate hydrogel concentration to minimize cytotoxicity on fibroblast culture and to maximize cell proliferation. Results: After the fourth decellularization, the DNA quantification showed the lowest DNA concentration (< 50 ng/mg). Histological analysis showed no cell components in the hydrogel. Moreover, hematoxylin and eosin showed a heterogeneous structure of collagen fibers. The best hydrogel concentration ranged from 3 to 25%, and there was no significant difference between the 24 hours and seven days. Conclusions: The process of hydrogel production was effective for removing cells and DNA elements. The best hydrogel concentration ranged from 3 to 25%.

Abstract Introduction: malnutrition is a frequent event in cancer, and unless identified early, it can lead to progressive functional impairment of the organism. Objective: to associate the early application of the Global Subjective Evaluation Produced by the Patient (GSEPP) to the time of hospitalization and death in cancer patients. Methods: a cross-sectional, analytical study carried out between July and September 2014 in patient records (> 20 years) with cancer, with hospitalization for more than three days in a reference cancer hospital. Age, sex, origin, disease location, antineoplastic treatment, length of stay and application of GSEPP, type of discharge, weight loss in one and six months, body mass index (BMI) and GSEPP score were collected. Results: three hundred and sixty-six patients were evaluated: 51.6% women, 54.9% adults, 27.6% tumors of the digestive tract, 11.5% with metastasis, 21.9% of deaths and 40.4% with hospitalization time greater than or equal to ten days. The length of hospital stay was statistically lower in the early application of GSEPP (11.4 ± 1.5 vs 23.3 ± 1.3 days). The delay in the application of GSEPP was positively correlated with the increase in length of hospital stay, the GSEPP score, as well as malnutrition by BMI and weight loss in one and six months. Conclusion: early application of GSEPP was associated with improvements in the parameters of malnutrition, shorter hospitalization time, but not mortality. Measures that abbreviate its application should be taken to awaken the importance and the impact of this instrument in the health of the evaluated patient.

Resumen Introducción: la desnutrición es un acontecimiento frecuente en el cáncer. Si no se identifica precozmente puede provocar el compromiso funcional progresivo del organismo. Objetivo: asociar la aplicación precoz de la Evaluación Subjetiva Global Producida por el Paciente (ASGPPP) al tiempo de internación y muerte en pacientes con cáncer. Métodos: estudio transversal, analítico, realizado entre julio y septiembre de 2014 en historiales de pacientes (> 20 años) con cáncer, con ingreso superior a tres días en un hospital de referencia en cáncer. Se recogieron los siguientes datos: edad, sexo, procedencia, localización de la enfermedad, tratamiento antineoplásico, tiempo de internación y de aplicación de la ASGPPP, tipo de alta, pérdida de peso al mes y seis meses, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y puntaje de la ASGPPP. Resultados: se evaluaron trescientos sesenta y seis pacientes: el 51,6% mujeres, el 54,9% adultos, el 27,6% con tumores del tracto digestivo, el 11,5% con metástasis, con un 21,9% de óbitos y un 40,4% de casos con tiempo de internación mayor o igual a diez días. El tiempo de ingreso fue estadísticamente menor en la aplicación precoz de la ASGPPP (11,4 ± 1.5 vs. 23,3 ± 1,3 días). La demora en la aplicación de la ASGPPP se correlacionó positivamente con el aumento del tiempo de internación, la puntuación de la ASGPPP, así como, la desnutrición medida mediante IMC la pérdida de peso al mes y los seis meses. Conclusión: la aplicación precoz de la ASGPPP se asoció con mejoras de los parámetros de desnutrición y menor tiempo de internación, pero no con la mortalidad. Se deben tomar medidas que abrevien su aplicación para reforzar la importancia y el impacto de este instrumento en el pronóstico del paciente evaluado.

Abstract Introduction The literature shows that there are anatomical changes on the temporal bone anatomy during the first four years of life in children. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the temporal bone anatomy regarding the cochlear implant surgery in stillbirths between 32 and 40 weeks of gestational age using computed tomography to simulate the trajectory of the drill to the scala timpani avoiding vital structures. Objectives To measure the distances of the simulated trajectory to the facial recess, cochlea, ossicular chain and tympanic membrane, while performing the minimally invasive cochlear implant technique, using the Improvise imaging software (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, US). Methods An experimental study with 9 stillbirth specimens, with gestational ages ranging between 32 and 40 weeks, undergoing tomographic evaluation with individualization and reconstruction of the labyrinth, facial nerve, ossicular chain, tympanic membrane and cochlea followed by drill path definition to the scala tympani. Improvise was used for the computed tomography (CT) evaluation and for the reconstruction of the structures and trajectory of the drill. Results Range of the distance of the trajectory to the facial nerve: 0.58 to 1.71mm. to the ossicular chain: 0.38 to 1.49 mm; to the tympanic membrane: 0.85 to 1.96 mm; total range of the distance of the trajectory: 5.92 to 12.65 mm. Conclusion The measurements of the relationship between the drill and the anatomical structures of the middle ear and the simulation of the trajectory showed that the middle ear cavity at 32 weeks was big enough for surgical procedures such as cochlear implants. Although cochlear implantation at birth is not an indication yet, this study shows that the technique may be an option in the future.

RESUMO Objetivo construir e aplicar um material de apoio para respostas ao teste do índice percentual de reconhecimento de fala em crianças. Método estudo descritivo exploratório. A primeira etapa, elaboração de um material, foi realizada pela avaliação de 31 fonoaudiólogos (juízes), com palavras monossílabas e dissílabas, regulares e frequentes, que pertencem ao vocabulário das crianças e figuras que pudessem representar essas palavras. A segunda etapa constituiu-se da aplicabilidade do material em 30 crianças na faixa etária de 2 a 4 anos e 11 meses, com audição normal. Resultados o material foi constituído por 25 palavras e seis pranchas com seis figuras. As palavras selecionadas pelos fonoaudiólogos tiveram como critério o fonema inicial e figuras reais, coloridas e próximas do cotidiano das crianças. A média de acertos apresentada pelas crianças no índice percentual de reconhecimento de fala com apoio das figuras foi de 93% (± 8% desvio padrão) e sem, de 64% (± 25% desvio padrão). Ao comparar os resultados obtidos com e sem o apoio das figuras, observou-se diferença significativa para 15 das 25 palavras do teste, sendo maior o número de acertos quando se utilizou com apoio de figuras. Na comparação entre os acertos e erros obtidos no teste, utilizando as figuras como apoio, houve diferença significativa apenas para a palavra “cão” (p=0,0079). Conclusão houve concordância entre os juízes em relação às palavras e figuras; a aplicação foi rápida e fácil, possibilitando a avaliação e o monitoramento sistematizado da habilidade de percepção de fala independentemente da capacidade de verbalização da criança.

ABSTRACT Purpose To prepare and apply support material for responses to the Speech Recognition Percentage Index (SRPI) test in children. Methods This is a descriptive, exploratory study conducted in two phases: in the first phase, 31 speech-language pathologists (referees) prepared material composed of regular, frequently used monosyllabic and disyllabic words belonging to the vocabulary of children and figures that could represent these words; the second phase consisted in the application of this material to 30 normal-hearing children aged 2 to 4 years and 11 months. Results The material consisted of 25 words and six boards with six figures each. The word selection criterion adopted by the referees included the initial phoneme and real, colorful figures familiar to the children. The mean scores of the children in the SRPI test were 93% (SD ± 8%) with the support of figures and 64% (SD ± 25%) without figure support. Comparison between the results obtained with and without the support of figures showed significant difference for 15 of the 25 test words, with higher scores with the use of supporting figures. Comparison between correct and incorrect responses using the support of figures showed significant difference only for the word “dog” (“cão”) (p=0.0079). Conclusion There was agreement among the referees with respect to the words and figures. The SRPI test can be rapidly and easily applied, allowing evaluation and systematic monitoring of speech perception ability regardless of child verbalization capacity.

Introduction: The effects of lead on children's health have been widely studied. AIM: To analyze the correlation between the long latency auditory evoked potential N2 and cognitive P3 with the level of lead poisoning in Brazilian children. METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated 20 children ranging in age from 7 to 14 years at the time of audiological and electrophysiological evaluations. We performed periodic surveys of the lead concentration in the blood and basic audiological evaluations. Furthermore, we studied the auditory evoked potential long latency N2 and cognitive P3 by analyzing the absolute latency of the N2 and P3 potentials and the P3 amplitude recorded at Cz. At the time of audiological and electrophysiological evaluations, the average concentration of lead in the blood was less than 10 ug/dL. RESULTS: In conventional audiologic evaluations, all children had hearing thresholds below 20 dBHL for the frequencies tested and normal tympanometry findings; the auditory evoked potential long latency N2 and cognitive P3 were present in 95% of children. No significant correlations were found between the blood lead concentration and latency (p = 0.821) or amplitude (p = 0.411) of the P3 potential. However, the latency of the N2 potential increased with the concentration of lead in the blood, with a significant correlation (p = 0.030). CONCLUSION: Among Brazilian children with low lead exposure, a significant correlation was found between blood lead levels and the average latency of the auditory evoked potential long latency N2; however, a significant correlation was not observed for the amplitude and latency of the cognitive potential P3.

OBJETIVO: avaliar as medidas repetidas da resposta de ressonância da orelha externa sem (REUR) e com uso de amplificação (REAR) e o ganho de inserção (REIG), realizados face a face e via teleconsulta. MÉTODO: estudo prospectivo longitudinal. Foram realizadas quatro repetições da REUR, REAR e REIG (com estímulo speech noise apresentado em 65 dB NPS e 0º azimute) em 19 orelhas de adultos ouvintes normais, via face a face (F) e teleconsulta síncrona por controle remoto de aplicativo (T) e vídeo interativo. O software Polycom PVX foi utilizado para compartilhamento e transmissão de áudio e vídeo. A conexão foi realizada via LAN (Local Area Network) USP na velocidade de 384 kbps Foi calculado o erro causal (Dalhberg) entre as quatro medidas para frequências de 250 a 8000 Hz. RESULTADOS: os erros casuais entre as medidas F e T foram muito semelhantes, sendo maiores nas frequências acima de 4 kHz. As diferenças e variações entre as medidas F e T estavam dentro da magnitude de variabilidade do procedimento de medidas com microfone sonda. CONCLUSÃO: as medidas com microfone sonda via teleconsulta fornece resultados confiáveis e similares aos obtidos pelo procedimento padrão.

PURPOSE: to evaluate the repeated measurements of the real ear unaided response (REUR), real ear aided response (REAR) and insertion gain (REIG) conducted as face to face (F) and via telecounselling (T). METHOD: longitudinal prospective study. Four measures of REUR, REAR and REIG (carried out with speech noise stimulus presented at 65 dB SPL at 0° azimuth) were obtained in 19 ears in normal hearing adults, face to face and via synchronous telecounsellings with remote control of the real ear equipment and interactive video. Polycom PVX software was used for desktop sharing and video and audio transmission. The Loca Area Network (LAN) USP was used for the connection (transmission rate: 384 kbps). Dahlberg’s casual errors were calculated for obtaining the measures for frequencies from 250 to 8000 Hz. RESULTS: casual errors between F and T measures were very similar, being greater for frequencies above 4 kHz. The differences between F and T measures were no greater than the variability reported for real ear measures. CONCLUSION: probe microphone measures obtained via telecounselling provides reliable results and similar to those obtained by standard procedures.