Este trabalho apresenta, através de uma abordagem didática, os principais indicadores espectroscópicos atualmente utilizados para mensurar a atividade cromosférica, bem como introduz os mecanismos físicos que definem a atividade cromosférica em estrelas do tipo solar. Na introdução, apresentamos como se compõe a atmosfera solar e também indicamos como esse assunto poderia ser abordado no contexto do ensino de astronomia no ensino médio. Nas seções seguintes, caracterizamos fisicamente a cromosfera solar e apresentamos os principais índices espectroscópicos utilizados para medir a atividade cromosférica. Na parte final deste artigo, detalhamos o código utilizado para medir a atividade cromosférica a partir dos espectros estelares.

This work presents, through a didactic approach, the main spectroscopic indicators currently used to measure chromospheric activity, as well as introducing the physical mechanisms that define chromospheric activity in solar-type stars. In the introduction, we present how the solar atmosphere is composed and also indicate how this subject can be approached in the context of teaching astronomy in high school. In the following sections, we describe the physics of the solar chromosphere and present the main spectroscopic indices used to measure chromospheric activity. In the last section, we detail the code used to measure chromospheric activity from stellar spectra.

Abstract Concrete is one of the most important material for civil construction, given its high applicability. C Compressive strength (fc) is one of the main parameters to evaluate the concrete quality. Concrete of the same mixing volume may vary even with the same materials preparation. Concrete specimens molding, and its surface regularization contribute to these variations that are often hard to measure. Therefore, this paper aims to determine the variations in compressive strength of concrete, simulating different processes for casting, initial curing and surface treatment. In stage 1, the specimens were subjected to five surface treatment types, resulting in variations of 30% for concrete fc, whereas grinding specimens reached the highest 28-day compressive strength, so they were carried over to the next stage. In stage 2, specimens were produced as per ABNT NBR 5738 (2015) and with induced errors in casting and initial curing. The specimen produced according to the standard achieved the second-best result, whose 28-day fc was3% lower than that of the similar method, despite leaving the specimen uncovered for the first 24 hours after casting. Specimens produced in metal cylinder form works shows higher results than those produced in polyvinyl chloride molds (PVC).

ABSTRACT Filling gaps in species distributions is instrumental to increase our understanding of natural environments and underpin efficient conservation policies. For many hyperdiverse groups, this knowledge is hampered by insufficient taxonomic information. Herein we provide 415 new distribution records for the parasitic wasp subfamily Cryptinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in the Neotropical region, based on examination of material from 20 biological collections worldwide. Records span across 227 sites in 24 countries and territories, and represent 175 species from 53 genera. Of these, 102 represent new country records for 74 species. A distinct "road pattern" was detected in the records, at least within Brazil, where 50.2% of the records fall within 10 km of federal roads, an area that occupies only 11.9% of the surface of the country. The results help to identify priority areas that remain poorly sampled and should be targeted for future collecting efforts, and highlight the importance of biological collections in yielding new information about species distributions that is orders of magnitude above what is provided in most individual studies.

Com este trabalho propõe-se definir um método para estimar a área cultivada de soja na região norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram propostos seis métodos baseados no perfil espectro-temporal e de valores mínimos e máximos de imagens NDVI/MODIS referentes às etapas de semeadura, máximo desenvolvimento e colheita das áreas de soja. As estimativas obtidas foram comparadas com dados oficiais do IBGE a partir de análises estatísticas e da análise espacial fuzzy. Os resultados indicaram que estimativas agrícolas satisfatórias são dependentes de características como o tamanho, o tipo de manejo e a época de plantio e de colheita das lavouras. Para todos os métodos avaliados foram obtidos valores de coeficientes de determinação e da análise fuzzy superiores a 0,8 e 0,45, respectivamente. O método limiar empírico aplicado à imagem diferença com inclusão do final de ciclo, gerou estimativas iguais às dos dados oficiais do IBGE, característica que ressalta a utilização deste método em programas operacionais de previsão de safras. Para análises espaciais recomenda-se a aplicação do método Classificação de imagens multitemporais que gerou um mapa de melhor qualidade. A eficiência dos métodos deve ser avaliada em áreas de expansão de soja no Estado.

The objective of this study was to define a method for estimating soybean crop area in the Northern Rio Grande do Sul state (Brazil). Overall, six different remote sensing methods were proposed based on spectral-temporal profile and minimum and maximum values of NDVI/MODIS related to the stages of sowing, maximum development and harvesting of soybean areas. The resulting estimates were compared to official crop area data provided by the Brazilian government, using statistical analysis and the fuzzy similarity method. The performance of each method depended on information such as crop size, type of crop management, and sowing/harvesting dates. Regression coefficients of determination and fuzzy agreement values were above 0.8 and 0.45, respectively, for all methods. For operational monitoring of soybean crop area, the empirical threshold applied to the image difference with inclusion of harvest image method was the most effective, producing estimates that matched closely the official data. For spatial analysis the application of multitemporal images classification method is recommended that generated a map of better quality. The efficiency of these methods should be evaluated in the areas of soybean expansion in the state.

Objetivo Comparar y analizar las Tasas Brutas de Mortalidad (TBM), la Mortalidad en Menores (MN) de 5 años por mil Nacidos Vivos (NV) y la Mortalidad Infantil (MI) en el departamento de Boyacá-Colombia, a comienzos de los siglos XX y XXI. Métodos Estudio descriptivo comparativo con enfoque histórico epidemiológico. Se utilizaron dos fuentes de datos, para las defunciones: registros parroquiales de 1912-1927 y el Boletín epidemiológico de Boyacá 2007; para la población los censos DANE 1912-1918-1927 y 2005. Se almacenaron y analizaron en Mysql®. Se calcularon tasas brutas, específicas por edad e infantil, proporciones de mortalidad y mortalidad por causas. Resultados Entre 1912-1927 se registra una media de 7 958 muertes, en comparación con 5 813 en el siglo XXI; la TBM pasó de 150 muertes a 42 por 10 mil habitantes; la TMI se redujo considerablemente pasando de 231 a 17 por cada 1 000 NV; aunque se pueden comparar las tasas especificas en menores de 8 años con las de menores de 5, existe variabilidad en el rango y en la construcción de la TM especifica y la definida por OMS- UNICEF. Conclusiones Existe un impacto en la reducción de mortalidad, mayor en el siglo XXI, debido a las políticas nacionales e internacionales de control de enfermedades inmunoprevenibles y muerte materna. La pandemia de gripa de 1918-19 afectó considerablemente la mortalidad en todos los grupos de población; las causas violentas ocupan lugares importantes en la mortalidad infantil en el siglo XXI.

Objective Comparing and analysing crude death (CDR), child mortality (CMR) 5-year per thousand live births (LBR) and infant mortality rates (IMR) in the Boyacá department, Colombia, during the early 20th and 21st centuries. Methods A descriptive epidemiological comparative historical approach was adopted. Two data sources were used for deaths: parish registers 1912-1927 and the Boyacá Epidemiological Bulletin 2007 population census for 1912-1918-1927 and 2005 (Colombian Statistics Bureau - DANE); data was stored and analysed in Mysql. Crude rates, age-specific and child mortality ratios and mortality were calculated by cause. Results 7,958 deaths were recorded from 1912-1927 compared to 5,813 in the 21st century. CDR dropped from 150 to 42 deaths per 10,000 inhabitants; the IMR became significantly reduced from 231 to 17 for every 1,000 LB. Although specific rates for children under 8 years of age could be compared to children under 5, there was variability in the range and construction of the specific MR and that defined by WHO-UNICEF. Conclusions There was a higher reduction in mortality in the 21st century due to national and international policies for controlling preventable diseases and maternal death. The 1918-19 flu pandemic significantly affected mortality in all population groups; violent causes were prominent in infant mortality in the 21st century.

Objective Comparing and analysing crude death (CDR), child mortality (CMR) 5-year per thousand live births (LBR) and infant mortality rates (IMR) in the Boyacá department, Colombia, during the early 20th and 21st centuries. Methods A descriptive epidemiological comparative historical approach was adopted. Two data sources were used for deaths: parish registers 1912-1927 and the Boyacá Epidemiological Bulletin 2007 population census for 1912-1918-1927 and 2005 (Colombian Statistics Bureau - DANE); data was stored and analysed in Mysql. Crude rates, age-specific and child mortality ratios and mortality were calculated by cause. Results 7,958 deaths were recorded from 1912-1927 compared to 5,813 in the 21st century. CDR dropped from 150 to 42 deaths per 10,000 inhabitants; the IMR became significantly reduced from 231 to 17 for every 1,000 LB. Although specific rates for children under 8 years of age could be compared to children under 5, there was variability in the range and construction of the specific MR and that defined by WHO-UNICEF. Conclusions There was a higher reduction in mortality in the 21st century due to national and international policies for controlling preventable diseases and maternal death. The 1918-19 flu pandemic significantly affected mortality in all population groups; violent causes were prominent in infant mortality in the 21st century.

Objetivo Comparar y analizar las Tasas Brutas de Mortalidad (TBM), la Mortalidad en Menores (MN) de 5 años por mil Nacidos Vivos (NV) y la Mortalidad Infantil (MI) en el departamento de Boyacá-Colombia, a comienzos de los siglos XX y XXI. Métodos Estudio descriptivo comparativo con enfoque histórico epidemiológico. Se utilizaron dos fuentes de datos, para las defunciones: registros parroquiales de 1912-1927 y el Boletín epidemiológico de Boyacá 2007; para la población los censos DANE 1912-1918-1927 y 2005. Se almacenaron y analizaron en Mysql®. Se calcularon tasas brutas, específicas por edad e infantil, proporciones de mortalidad y mortalidad por causas. Resultados Entre 1912-1927 se registra una media de 7 958 muertes, en comparación con 5 813 en el siglo XXI; la TBM pasó de 150 muertes a 42 por 10 mil habitantes; la TMI se redujo considerablemente pasando de 231 a 17 por cada 1 000 NV; aunque se pueden comparar las tasas especificas en menores de 8 años con las de menores de 5, existe variabilidad en el rango y en la construcción de la TM especifica y la definida por OMS- UNICEF. Conclusiones Existe un impacto en la reducción de mortalidad, mayor en el siglo XXI, debido a las políticas nacionales e internacionales de control de enfermedades inmunoprevenibles y muerte materna. La pandemia de gripa de 1918-19 afectó considerablemente la mortalidad en todos los grupos de población; las causas violentas ocupan lugares importantes en la mortalidad infantil en el siglo XXI.

Estimada em quase 8 milhões de hectares, a área cultivada com cana no País possui 60% de sua extensão dentro do Estado de São Paulo e encontra-se distribuída de maneira heterogênea pelo seu território. Em junho de 2007, a União da Indústria de Cana-de-Açúcar (UNICA) e a SMA-SP assinaram um protocolo agroambiental para antecipar a extinção da queima da palha para 2014, em áreas com declividade inferior a 12%. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma análise sobre a adesão dos municípios a este protocolo frente à dinâmica da prática da queima, utilizando técnicas de análise espacial. Foram selecionadas duas regiões de acordo com o índice de Moran, e realizadas análises sobre a mudança em relação à prática da queima no período entre 2006 e 2008. Matrizes de transição foram calculadas usando um modelo estacionário baseado na cadeia de Markov. Um segundo modelo, prescritivo, foi elaborado por indicação de especialistas. Os resultados apontaram que há clusters onde a adesão ao protocolo é maior, como no entorno de Barretos e Ribeirão Preto, enquanto em outras áreas a prática da queima ainda prevalece, como nas proximidades de Ourinhos e Jaú. No entanto, as análises feitas mostraram que há forte inclinação à adesão em todas as regiões de estudo.

The estimated sugarcane cultivated area in Brazil lies around 8 million hectares, 60% of which are found within the state of São Paulo, unevenly scattered throughout its territory. In June 2007, the Sugarcane Industry Association (UNICA) and SMA-SP signed an AgrI-Environment protocol, designed to anticipate the end of straw burning in areas with slope under 12% until 2014. The objective of this study is to perform an analysis of São Paulo municipalities' compliance with this protocol, considering the dynamics of burning practices, using spatial analysis techniques. Two study areas were selected according to Moran's index, and analyses on the harvesting practices changes during the period between 2006 and 2008 were performed. Transition matrices were calculated using a stationary model based on the Markov chain. A second model, prescriptive, was elaborated based on expert counseling. The results showed that there are clusters where the compliance with the protocol is higher, close to Barretos and Ribeirão Preto municipalities, while near Ourinhos and Jaú, the practice of burning is still regularly kept. However, the analysis showed that in all study areas there is a strong trend to reduce the pre-harvest burning.

O uso operacional de imagens de satélites de sensoriamento remoto para mapear lavouras de café em grandes áreas, para fins de obtenção de estatísticas agrícolas confiáveis e oportunas, ainda se encontra em desenvolvimento. Diversos são os fatores que dificultam a correta identificação e mapeamento do parque cafeeiro. Contudo, os avanços tecnológicos observados nos últimos anos em termos de aquisição de imagens com melhor qualidade e em maior quantidade, bem como o desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas de análise, propiciam o desenvolvimento de um método operacional que pode contribuir na formação das estatísticas agrícolas oficiais do café no Brasil. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo relatar a metodologia e apresentar os resultados do mapeamento das áreas cultivadas com café nos Estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo, utilizando imagens de sensoriamento remoto e técnicas de geoprocessamento. A abordagem metodológica consiste em quatro fases: a) restauração das imagens e georreferenciamento; b) classificação não supervisionada; c) interpretação visual na tela do computador para minimizar erros de omissão e inclusão, e d) determinação da área cultivada com café. Os resultados indicaram que a metodologia utilizada foi adequada para o mapeamento das lavouras de café de Minas Gerais e São Paulo.

The operational use of remote sensing images to map coffee fields in large areas, in order to obtain reliable and timely agricultural statistics, is still under development. Several factors raise difficulties to correctly identify and map the coffee crop. However, technological advances observed in the last years, in terms of image acquisition with improved quality and greater quantity, as well as the development of new tools for image analysis, is favoring the development of an operational method that may contribute to establish the official coffee crop statistics in Brazil. Therefore, the present work has the objective to describe the method and to present the result of the coffee fields mapped in the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo using remote sensing images and geoprocessing techniques. The methodological approach consisted of four steps: a) image restoration and georeferencing; b) non-supervised classification; c) visual interpretation on the computer screen to suppress omission and commission errors; and d) coffee crop area estimation. The results indicated that the applied method was appropriate to map the coffee crop in the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo.

The thin-spined porcupine Chaetomys subspinosus (Olfers, 1818) is a species endemic to the extremely disturbed and fragmented Brazilian Atlantic forest. Little is known about its natural history. We analyzed the preferences of porcupine diurnal roost and home range, based on one relocated adult male that was radio-monitored during 1999. The individual was captured in the urban zone of Santa Teresa, Brazil, and relocated to a forest reserve 6 km from the capture site. The thin-spined porcupine feeds only on leaves. It prefers intermediate forest stratum (6-15 m of height) for roosting during daytime, generally using inclined branches with a diameter of 2 to 5 cm. Most observations indicated a prehensile tail position. Home range was relatively large (15.81 ha) for an arboreal animal of this size and new areas were still being explored after five months of monitoring.

A prática agrícola da queima da palha da cana-de-açúcar tem por finalidade facilitar a colheita manual. No Estado de São Paulo, essa prática está submetida a uma rigorosa legislação ambiental devido ao impacto negativo para o meio ambiente. Está previsto que a queima da cana deve ser gradativamente eliminada até 2017. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a área de cana colhida com e sem queima em todo o Estado de São Paulo. Para tal, foram utilizadas as imagens disponíveis do sensor TM a bordo do satélite Landsat-5. As imagens foram adquiridas de abril a dezembro de 2006, que corresponde ao período de colheita da cana. Essas imagens foram analisadas por meio de técnicas de processamento digital e interpretação visual. A área de cana colhida sem queima foi avaliada em 1.085.730 ha e corresponde a 34,7% do total da área mecanizável colhida. Isso atende à legislação ambiental que, para o ano de 2006, previa que 30% da área de cana fosse colhida sem queima. A sequência temporal de imagens adquiridas entre abril e dezembro permite identificar as áreas de cana colhidas sem queima e, portanto, distingui-las das áreas de cana colhidas com queima.

The agricultural practice of burning the sugarcane straw has the intention of facilitating the manual harvest. In São Paulo state this practice is subjected to a rigorous environmental legislation, due to the negative impact for the environment. It is anticipated that sugarcane burning should gradually be eliminated until 2017. The present work has the objective of evaluating the sugarcane area harvested with and without burning in the entire state of São Paulo. For that purpose, available images from TM sensor, on board of Landsat-5 satellite, were used. Images were acquired from April to December 2006, which corresponds to the sugarcane harvest period. These images were analyzed by using digital processing and visual interpretation techniques. The sugarcane area harvested without burning was estimated as 1,085,730 ha and corresponds to 34.7% of the total mechanized harvested area. This is according to the expectation of 30% established by the environmental legislation for the year of 2006. The temporal image sequence acquired between April and December allows us to identify the sugarcane areas harvested without burning and, therefore, distinguish them from the sugarcane areas harvested with burning.

Introducción. La pandemia de gripa de 1918-1919 causó la mayor mortalidad en la historia en corto tiempo. Se estima que entre 20 millones y 50 millones de personas fallecieron en menos de un año. Los historiadores de Europa y Estados Unidos registran tres oleadas, con mayor impacto en octubre y noviembre (80% de la mortalidad), que afectaron la población económicamente activa. La gripa nos ha acompañado en América desde el segundo viaje de Colón, probablemente asociada a la importación de cerdos y caballos infectados. Materiales y métodos. Se describen las condiciones sociales y de salud en Bogotá y Boyacá, a partir de fuentes documentales de la época. Las tasas de mortalidad se calcularon a partir de los registros de la Iglesia. Resultados. Las condiciones de pobreza y hacinamiento acentuaron la letalidad. La iniciativa privada asumió el control y la atención de las víctimas, dada la ineficiencia de las autoridades. Se recolectaron 106.484 registros de defunción del periodo 1912-1927, 9,5% (10.123 muertes) por gripa. Entre octubre y noviembre de 1918, hubo 2.019 muertes en Boyacá, con una tasa de 4,8 por 1.000 habitantes, y predominio en menores de 5 años y en ancianos; no se observaron oleadas. La mayor altura sobre el nivel del mar resultó ser un factor de riesgo para la muerte por gripa. Discusión. Las condiciones actuales favorecen una nueva pandemia. Los nuevos medios de transporte podrían aumentar la velocidad de transmisión de la infección. Se hace necesario conocer el pasado y las implicaciones en la mortalidad para evitar repetir los errores en el futuro.

Introduction: The pandemic Flu of 1918-19 was the cause of the greatest mortality in history, in a very short period of time. An estimated mortality between 20 and 50 million deaths/year was calculated. The European and American researchers registered three different epidemic peaks, with a special impact between October and November (80% mortality), affecting a large proportion of the economically active population. Since Colombo’s second travel, the Flu has been within us, probably associated with the presence infected pigs and horses, brought by the Spaniards. Materials and methods: We describe the social and health conditions in Bogotá and Boyacá, from documentary sources of the time. Mortality rates were estimated from Church records. Results: Poverty and overcrowding conditions increased the epidemic lethality. As a result of the inefficiency of the authorities of that time, the control and care of victims were assumed by private organizations. We collected 106,484 records from death certificates, since 1912 until 1927; 9.5% (10,123 deaths) were caused by flu. The mortality rate attributed to the Flu was 4.8 per 1,000 people (2,019 deaths) between October and November of 1918. Children under 5 years and the elder people were mainly affected by Flu. The highest altitude above sea level was a risk factor for Flu mortality and non epidemic waves were observed. Discussion: Due to current general conditions, a new epidemic is possible. New means of transportation may increase its transmission rate. Lessons from the past can lead us to avoid repeating same mistakes in the future.

Avaliou-se a qualidade microbiológica da silagem produzida em Portugal e otimizaram-se alguns aspectos relacionados com a eficácia de detecção de Listeria monocytogenes mediante protocolo baseado na técnica de hibridação in situ fluorescente (FISH) para detecção directa desse microrganismo em amostras de silagens. O protocolo foi aplicado a 74 amostras, em simultâneo com o método bacteriológico convencional. Este último permitiu a detecção de L. monocytogenes em 11 silos (15%). Por meio do protocolo FISH, observou-se que 22 silos (29,7%) se encontravam contaminados. O método FISH apresentou precisão (77,0%), especificidade (92,5%) e sensibilidade (72,7%) elevadas, sendo adequado para a análise microbiológica presuntiva de silagens, uma vez que é um método rápido, fácl de realizar, sensível, reprodutível e pouco dispendioso.

The Mediterranean region is considered one of the most important zones worldwide in terms of plant diversity. Sierra Nevada (S Spain) is a unique mountain massif within the high-mountain systems of the Mediterranean. It is of great floristic importance and very rich in endemic species. However, it requires numerous tasks for restoring plant cover due to the constant anthropic degradation, especially because of the ski station located near the second-highest peak of the mountain. One of the restoration efforts consists of trying to reproduce, in the laboratory, the ideal conditions to pre-germinate seeds of some of the species most threatened by these perturbations. This is to transplant the seedlings afterwards in the mountain, thereby contributing to the recovery of these species. With this purpose, a germination experiment was performed, under controlled conditions, with seeds of Genista versicolor Boiss. Hormathophylla spinosa (L.) P. Küpfer, Reseda complicata Bory, and Thymus serpylloides Bory. These four species, native to the Mediterranean high mountains, were germinated under constant darkness, 12 or 24 h light followed by constant darkness, and constant light, at temperatures of 15 ºC or 25 ºC. The germination process was monitored during 15 days. Results were species-dependent: some species germinated easier under darkness at low temperatures, such as Genista versicolor, whereas Thymus serpylloides presented maximum germination under constant light to a higher temperature.

La región mediterránea es considerada como una de las zonas más importantes a nivel mundial en cuanto a diversidad vegetal. Sierra Nevada (Sur de España) constituye un área importante dentro de esta región. Es un macizo montañoso único dentro de los sistemas de alta montaña mediterránea, de gran importancia florística y muy rico en endemismos. Esto hace necesarias numerosas tareas de restauración de la cubierta vegetal, debido a las constantes alteraciones antrópicas que sufre, especialmente como resultado de la estación de esquí que hay en él. Una de estas tareas de restauración consiste en intentar reproducir, en laboratorio, las condiciones ideales para pregerminar semillas de algunas de las especies más amenazadas por estas alteraciones. Esto permitiría posteriormente transplantar dichas especies al campo, contribuyendo a su recuperación. En el presente trabajo, se llevó a cabo un experimento de germinación, en condiciones controladas, con semillas de Genista versicolor Boiss. Hormathophylla spinosa (L.) P. Küpfer, Reseda complicata Bory, and Thymus serpylloides Bory. Estas especies, autóctonas de alta montaña mediterránea, fueron puestas a germinar en condiciones de Oscuridad Constante, 12 ó 24 horas de luz y posterior traslado a Oscuridad Constante, y Luz Constante, a temperaturas de 15 ºC o 25 ºC. Durante 15 días se siguió la evolución de la germinación. Los resultados obtenidos fueron heterogéneos. Hubo especies con mayor facilidad para germinar en oscuridad a bajas temperaturas, como Genista versicolor, en oposición a Thymus serpylloides, que presentó un máximo porcentaje germinativo con luz constante a la temperatura más elevada.

Descreve-se a utilização da técnica de hibridação in situ fluorescente (FISH), utilizando a sonda Sal3, para detecção de Salmonella na superfície interna de carcaças de suínos (zaragatoa), em amostras correspondentes de íleo, linfonodos ileocólicos, linfonodos mandibulares e amígdalas, após terem sido diluídas (1:10) e submetidas a uma fase de pré-enriquecimento em água peptonada tamponada (a 37ºC, 18h). Para avaliar a eficácia do método FISH, analisaram-se 235 amostras naturalmente contaminadas, usando o método de cultura ISO 6579 e o sistema Vitek Immuno Diagnostic Assay System (VIDAS®)- Salmonella (SLM), simultaneamente. O método de cultura identificou 39 amostras positivas, das quais o método VIDAS®-SLM detectou apenas 23. O método FISH identificou 115 amostras positivas. A diferença entre os métodos foi altamente significativa (P<0.001). Das amostras positivas, 32 foram confirmadas pelo método de cultura. Os resultados indicam que a FISH constitui uma promissora técnica de detecção rápida de Salmonella em amostras de suínos abatidos para consumo.

This study reports the use of the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with Sal3 probe for Salmonella detection in swine carcasses inner surface (swab); and in the correspondent samples of ileum, ileocolic, and mandibular lymph nodes; and tonsils, after dilution (1:10) in buffered peptone water and a pre-enrichment step (37(0)C, 18h). In order to evaluate the efficiency of FISH, 235 naturally contaminated samples were simultaneously tested by the cultural method (ISO 6579) and by the Vitek Immuno Diagnostic Assay System (VIDAS®) - Salmonella (SLM) system. The cultural method identified 39 positive samples. From these, VIDAS®- SLM only detected 23. FISH identified 115 positive samples. This difference was highly significant (P<0.001). From positive samples, 32 were also confirmed by the cultural method. The results indicate FISH as a promising tool for rapid Salmonella detection in samples of pork and swine carcasses.