ABSTRACT In this work the production of glucose via hydrolysis of cellobiose using sulfonated active carbons as catalysts was studied. Commercial carbons presenting different types of porous system (micropores and mesopores) have been treated with sulfuric acid at different temperatures, being characterized afterwards. Such carbons have been tested as catalysts in the reaction of cellobiose hydrolysis. The results indicated that the type and density of sulfonic sites are not the only parameters responsible for the activity of the catalysts. Indeed, the porosity of the catalysts also plays an important role in the determination of the catalyst activity.

Background. To describe the diagnostic frequency of classical vascular risk factors, dietary and therapeutic interventions and their control. Methods. Within the project Vascular Risk in Navarre (RIVANA), a transversal study was made of a random sample of 4,354 people between the ages of 35 and 84; antecedents were gathered by interview and clinical and analytical exploration was carried out. The subjects were classified for each risk factor into: diagnosed by information -when health personnel had informed them that they presented a risk factor-; by intervention -when they take medication for it-; and by detection in asymptomatic people. The variables of intervention were identified by dichotomic trees expressed by relative frequencies. Results. Forty-five point three percent of the subjects are hypertense: 27% previously diagnosed and 18.3% at the time of the exploration. Thirty-nine percent are hypercholesterolemic: 33.4% previously diagnosed and 5.6% at the time of the exploration. Twenty-one point two percent presented hyperglycemia: 9.7% previously diagnosed and 11.6% at the time of the exploration. Sixty-five point six percent were diagnosed as overweight or obese: 25.9% previously and 39.6% at the time of the exploration. They received dietary counselling and pharmacological treatment respectively: 79.8% and 70.3% of the hypertense; 75.4% and 35% of the hypercholesterolemic; 83.1% and 47.4% of those who presented hyperglycemia and 68.5% and 4% of those who showed overweight or obesity. Conclusions. The frequency of cardiovascular risk factors is high. There is a margin for significant improvement in the detection, intervention and control of the risk factors.

Fundamento. El objetivo es describir la frecuencia de diagnóstico de los factores clásicos de riesgo vascular y de las intervenciones dietéticas y terapéuticas, así como su control. Sujetos y métodos. Dentro del proyecto Riesgo Vascular de Navarra (RIVANA), se lleva a cabo el estudio transversal en una muestra aleatoria de 4.354 personas entre 35 y 84 años, recogiendo por encuesta antecedentes y realizando exploración clínica y analítica. Los sujetos se han clasificado para cada factor de riesgo en: diagnosticados por información -cuando el personal sanitario le había informado de que presentaba el factor de riesgo-; por intervención -cuando toma medicación para ello-; y por detección en personas asintomáticas. Se identifican las variables de intervención por árboles dicotómicos expresadas por frecuencias relativas. Resultados. El 45,3% de los sujetos son hipertensos: 27% diagnosticados previamente y 18,3% en el momento de la exploración. El 39% son hipercolesterolémicos: 33,4% diagnosticados previamente y 5,6% en el momento de la exploración. El 21,2% presentaban hiperglucemia: 9,7% diagnosticados previamente y 11,6% en el momento de la exploración. El 65,6% fue diagnosticado de sobrepeso u obesidad: 25,9% previamente y el 39,6% en el momento de la exploración. Recibían consejo dietético y tratamiento farmacológico respectivamente: el 79,8% y el 70,3% de los hipertensos; el 75,4% y el 35% de los hipercolesterolémicos; el 83,1% y 47,4% de los que presentaban hiperglucemia y el 68,5% y 4% de los que presentaban sobrepeso u obesidad. Conclusiones. La frecuencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular es elevada. Existe un margen de mejora importante en la detección, intervención y control de los factores de riesgo.

In this article we analyse the theoretical assumptions on which is based the concept of mental disease. The Philosophy and the History are here used as knowledges that will allow unravel political and social practices linked since always to the development of the Psychiatry and are also defined a series of general principles useful for studying the mental diseases, which are: a) the notion of system, that affects to all the living beings and allow that we see the mental disease as a complex process with a mixture of social and emotional factors, as well as the usual biochemical and anatomical ones; b) The concept of symbol, since the symbolic systems contribute to the shaping of the Self; c) The concepts of imagination and unreality, connected to the world of feelings. The history of the mental disease is essential to know the history of the human being, of his happiness and his pain

En este artículo se analizan los presupuestos teóricos en los que se basa el concepto de enfermedad mental. Para ello se recurre a la filosofía y ala historia como saberes que permitirán desentrañar prácticas políticas y sociales unidas desde siempre al desarrollo de la psiquiatría, y se definen una serie de principios generales útiles para estudiar las enfermedades mentales, y que son: a) la noción de sistema, que afecta a todos los seres vivos y que nos permite ver la enfermedad mental como un proceso complejo en el que conviven factores sociales y afectivos, además de los consabidos bioquímicos y anatómicos; b) El concepto de símbolo, pues los sistemas simbólicos contribuyen a la formación del yo; c) Los conceptos de imaginación e irrealidad que entroncan con el mundo de los sentimientos. La historia de la enfermedad mental es esencial para conocer la propia historia del ser humano, de sus dichas y dolores