Pourpose: The aims of this paper are to review the pharmaceutical guide in order to include suitable dosage forms for patients with dysphagia and to establish specific recommendations for the drug administration. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was performed to develop general recommendations. Three topics were checked for every drug: a) alternative dosage forms suitable to patients with dysphagia; b) appropriateness of crushing tablets and opening capsules; and c) are these drugs suitable be mixed with food? Results: An algorithm was designed in order to help clinicians to select the best pharmaceutical form and its optimal administration method. The former pharmaceutical guide was modified and handling recommendations were made for each drug. Eleven dispersable, 26 liquid and 8 powder new forms were included. Conclusions: This work has turned the pharmaceutical guide of the hospital in a useful tool for the prescription, validation and administration of medicines to patients with dysphagia.

Objetivo: Revisar la guía farmacoterapéutica del hospital para incluir formas farmacéuticas adaptadas a pacientes con disfagia y recomendaciones para la administración de medicamentos en estos pacientes. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica para elaborar las recomendaciones generales de administración de medicamentos en disfagia. Se comprobó para cada principio activo: a) si existían comercializadas otras formas farmacéuticas más recomendables; b) si había posibilidad de manipular los comprimidos o cápsulas, y c) si eran compatibles con alimentos. Resultados: Se desarrolló un algoritmo de decisión para ayudar en la selección de la forma farmacéutica y de su método de administración. Se incluyó un apartado de recomendaciones de administración para cada principio activo. La búsqueda supuso la inclusión de once formas bucodispersables, veintiséis líquidas y ocho como polvo. Conclusiones: La revisión mejorará la utilidad de la guía como instrumento para la prescripción, validación y administración de medicamentos en disfagia.

Aims: to analyze diagnostic and therapeutic options depending on the clinical symptoms, location, and lesions associated with intussusception, together with their follow-up and complications. Patients and methods: patients admitted to the Morales Meseguer General University Hospital (Murcia) between January 1995 and January 2009, and diagnosed with intestinal invagination. Data related to demographic and clinical features, complementary explorations, presumptive diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and complications were collected. Results: there were 14 patients (7 males and 7 females; mean age: 41.9 years-range: 17-77) who presented with abdominal pain. The most reliable diagnostic technique was computed tomography (8 diagnoses from 10 CT scans). A preoperative diagnosis was established in 12 cases. Invaginations were ileocolic in 8 cases (the most common), enteric in 5, and colocolic in 2 (coexistence of 2 lesions in one patient). The etiology of these intussusceptions was idiopathic or secondary to a lesion acting as the lead point for invagination. Depending on the nature of this lead point, the cause of the enteric intussusceptions was benign in 3 cases and malignant in 2. Ileocolic invaginations were divided equally (4 benign and 4 malignant), and colocolic lesions were benign (2 cases). Conservative treatment was implemented for 4 patients and surgery for 10 (7 in emergency). Five right hemicolectomies, 3 small-bowel resections, 2 left hemicolectomies, and 1 ileocecal resection were performed. Surgical complications: 3 minor and 1 major (with malignant etiology and subsequent death). The lesion disappeared after 3 days to 6 weeks in patients with conservative management. Mean follow-up was 28.25 months (range: 5-72 months). Conclusions: a suitable imaging technique, preferably CT, is important for the diagnosis of intussusception. Surgery is usually necessary but we favor conservative treatment in selected cases.

Objetivos: analizar las opciones terapéuticas en función de la clínica, localización y lesión asociada a la intususcepción, así como, su seguimiento y complicaciones. Pacientes y métodos: pacientes ingresados en el HGU Morales Meseguer (Murcia) desde enero de 1995 hasta enero 2009, con diagnóstico de invaginación intestinal. Se recogieron datos demográficos, clínicos, exploraciones complementarias, diagnóstico presuntivo, tratamiento, seguimiento y complicaciones. Resultados: 14 pacientes (edad media 41,9 años, rango: 17-77), 7 varones y 7 mujeres, que debutaron principalmente con dolor abdominal. La exploración más fiable en el diagnóstico fue la tomografía computerizada, TC (8 diagnósticos, de 10 exploraciones). El diagnóstico preoperatorio se obtuvo en 12 casos, encontrando, invaginaciones ileocólicas en 8 casos (las más frecuentes), entéricas en 5 casos y colocólicas en 2, teniendo en cuenta que son 14 los pacientes y 15 las lesiones debido a la coexistencia de 2 invaginaciones en un mismo sujeto. La etiología de las intususcepciones es idiopática o secundaria a una lesión que hace de cabeza de invaginación. Según la naturaleza de dichas lesiones la causa de intususcepciones entéricas fue benigna en 3 casos y maligna en 2. De las ileocólicas, se repartieron equitativamente (4 benignas y 4 malignas); y de las colocólicas, sus lesiones fueron benignas (2 casos). Se realizó tratamiento conservador en 4 pacientes y quirúrgico en 10 (7 urgente). Con 5 hemicolectomías derechas, 3 resecciones de intestino delgado, 2 hemicolectomías izquierdas y una resección ileocecal. Las complicaciones quirúrgicas: 3 menores y 1 mayor (de etiología maligna y consecuente exitus). En los pacientes con manejo conservador desapareció la lesión entre 3 días y 6 semanas. Se siguieron durante 28,25 meses de media (rango 5-72 meses). Conclusiones: para diagnosticar las intususcepciones es importante una adecuada técnica de imagen, recomendablemente TC. Abogamos por un tratamiento conservador en aquellos casos donde no se encuentre etiología de invaginación, según el tipo de intususcepción y clínica, siempre asociado a seguimiento.

As características protectoras das superfícies de aços revestidos com zinco (imersão a quente ou electrodeposição) são geralmente intensificadas através da passivação por crómio hexavalente (Cr6+). Porém, por ser este um elemento tóxico, vários estudos visando a substituição do procedimento de cromatização vêm sendo realizados. As resinas de silicone, devido a propriedades como dureza, resistência química e aderência, podem vir a ser um excelente substituinte ao processo de cromatização. Neste trabalho, filmes de silicone obtidos pela hidrólise e subsequente condensação do tetraetoxisilano (TEOS) em presença de Polidimetilsiloxano (PDMS - OH) e de uma resina de silicone comercial foram aplicados em aço galvanizado e aço electrodepositado com ZnFe. A composição estudada foi 45% PDMS - 40% TEOS - 15 % Resina. O revestimento foi então avaliado através de Espectroscopia de Impedância Electroquímica, em solução de NaCl 3%. A evolução do comportamento frente à corrosão do sistema de revestimento foi investigada de forma temporal, verificando-se a influência dos diferentes componentes na resposta electroquímica do filme. Os dados obtidos pela Espectroscopia foram modelados através de um circuito equivalente, permitindo a obtenção dos parâmetros electroquímicos para o sistema avaliado. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o comportamento dos filmes de silicone é dependente do tipo de revestimento metálico que foi aplicado no aço. Maiores valores para |Z| foram obtidos para os filmes aplicados sobre o aço galvanizado, sendo este valor pouco alterado com o tempo de imersão.

Corrosion properties of galvanized steels are generally increased through a passivation processes with Cr6+ resulting in the formation of a passive layer. However, these kinds of chromates are toxic and environmentally legislation prohibits pre-treatments with chromates. As a consequence alternative pre-treatments have been studied along of last decades. Thus, alternative coatings of silicone resins due to their specific properties, such as hardness, chemical resistance and hydrofobicity, can be a viable substitute. In the present work silicon films obtained by hydrolysis and posterior condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in presence of Poli(dimetilsiloxane) (PDMS - OH) and a commercial silicone resin, in a sol-gel process conditions, were applied on galvanized steel and on steel electroplated with a ZnFe alloy. The composition studied was 45%PDMS - 40% TEOS - 15% Resin. The film corrosion protection properties were evaluated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in a NaCl 3% solution at different immersion times. EIS experimental data were fitted to an equivalent circuit from which the electrochemical parameters were obtained. Results show that the overall performance of the coatings system appears to be highly dependent on the metallic coating kind applied to the steel. The better results in terms of impedance |Z|were obtained in coatings applied over galvanized steels, these impedance values showing a stable behaviour with immersion time increasing.

Chromatation pre-treatments have been widely used to improve galvanized steel corrosion resistance. However, due to the high toxicity of chromate ions, chromatation pre-treatments tend to be banned and, in last years, alternative coating systems are under investigation. Recently, polysiloxanes have been developed for application as coatings. Among them, and due to their specific properties, such as hardness, chemical resistance and hydrophobicity, silicone resins may be considered as promising substitutes for chromatation pre-treatments. In this work silicone films, obtained from the hydrolysis of a methoxy functional silicone reactive intermediate, were applied on galvanized steel and on steel electroplated with a ZnFe alloy. Electrochemical techniques were used to characterize the degradation behavior of the samples. These consisted on the monitoring of the open circuit potential (OCP), and on the potentiodynamic polarization of the samples, which was performed in a 3% NaCl aqueous solution. Additionally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used as a complementary technique for the evaluation of the corrosion mechanisms of the coating system. SEM and EDS were employed to inspect the surface of the samples before and after the electrochemical tests. EIS data was fitted to an equivalent circuit from which the electrochemical parameters were obtained. Results show the protective character of the resin films, when compared with uncovered specimens. The capacitance of the films increased with the immersion time, in accordance to the behavior expected for an organic film. The overall performance of the coating systems appears to be highly dependent on the type of metallic coating applied to the steel. During the first three days of immersion the coatings applied upon galvanized steel showed larger |Z| values when compared with those applied to the electroplated steel, indicating a superior corrosion resistance of the former. However, after that time, an abrupt drop of |Z| is observed in the film applied on galvanized steel. In comparison, the coating system involving ZnFe alloy evidences a better stability throughout the immersion time.