A hipótese deste estudo foi que a ausência de revolvimento do solo em sistema plantio direto (SPD) pode ser prejudicial à aeração do solo. O objetivo foi quantificar a condição de aeração de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, classe textural muito argiloso (750 g kg-1 de argila; e 200 g kg-1 de areia), cultivado por 30 anos em SPD. A permeabilidade do solo ao ar (Ka) é um atributo físico do solo sensível às alterações no sistema poroso do solo. Ka, porosidade de aeração (εa) e índices de continuidade de poros (K1 e N), obtidos de relações entre Ka e εa, foram utilizados como indicadores da aeração do solo. Para o estudo, 240 amostras com estrutura preservada foram coletadas das camadas de 0,0-0,1 e 0,1-0,2 m de profundidade do solo, ao longo de um transecto estabelecido perpendicularmente às linhas de cultivo, em três posições distintas: linha da cultura do milho (CR); centro da entrelinha (INT); e ponto equidistante entre CR e INT (PE). A Ka e a εa foram determinadas nos potenciais mátricos (Ψm) de -2, -4, -6, -10, -30 e -50 kPa. A densidade do solo também foi definida. Os resultados confirmaram a hipótese estabelecida. Valores de Ka, K1, N e Ψa foram estatisticamente superiores na posição CR, na camada de 0,0-0,1 m. No Ψm de -10 kPa, a Ka da CR foi 6,9 e 8,4 vezes superior que em PE e INT, respectivamente, na camada de 0,0-0,1 m. Ka, K1 e N se apresentaram suficientemente sensíveis para detectar as alterações no sistema poroso, e suas diferenças entre as posições de amostragem comprovaram a importância da variabilidade espacial na obtenção de amostras de solo. A mobilização do solo na linha de semeadura propicia melhores condições de aeração do solo sob SPD.

The hypothesis of this study was that the absence of soil tillage in long-term no-tillage (NT) systems can be detrimental to soil aeration. The objective was to assess the aeration condition of an Oxisol (Rhodic Ferrasol), very clayey texture (750 g kg-1 of clay; 200 g kg-1 of sand), after 30 years of cultivation under NT. The physical property soil air permeability (Ka) is sensitive to changes in the soil pore system. Aside from Ka, the air-filled porosity (ε a) and indices of pore continuity (K1 and N), derived from the relationship between Ka and εa, were used as indices of soil aeration. From the soil layers 0.0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m, 240 undisturbed samples were collected along a transect perpendicular to the crop rows, at three sampling positions: corn plant row (CR); center of the interrow (INT); and the equidistant point between CR and INT (PE). The properties Ka and εa were determined at soil matric potentials (Ψm) of -2, -4, -6, -10, -30, and -50 kPa. Soil bulk density (BD) was also determined. The results confirmed the hypothesis. In the 0.0-0.1 m layer, Ka, K1, N and Ψa were significantly greater and BD significantly lower in CR than at the other sampling positions. At a Ψm of -10 kPa, the Ka of CR was 6.9 and 8.4 times higher than in PE and INT, respectively, in the 0.0-0.1 m layer. The properties Ka, K1 and N were sensitive enough to detect changes in the pore system and their differences between the sampling positions demonstrated the importance of the spatial location for soil sampling. Tilling the crop rows provides better soil aeration under NT.

No-tillage in Brazil is an efficient agricultural system that improves crop productivity whilst controlling erosion caused to the soil by degradation. However, there is some concern regarding soil compaction. Our objective was to determine whether the function of soil structure in sustaining crop growth was dependent on row and interrow positions in long-term no-tillage. We took soil samples from a field in a commercial farm under long-term no-tillage since 1979 on a clayey Oxisol in Southern Brazil. We assessed soil physical quality using the revised Peerlkamp technique and measured bulk density, air-filled porosity and air permeability of intact soil cores. Samples were incubated to assess in vitro N2O and CO2 production. The soil physical and structural properties showed consistent differences between interrow and row positions, where the properties measured were more favorable. The revised Peerlkamp technique proved as efficient as quantitative parameters in discriminating treatment differences. Overall, soil physical conditions in the interrow were less favourable than in the row. Pore continuity did not vary as regards position. This may explain why row position did not influence in vitro N2O and CO2 production. Soil physical quality under no-tillage system is enhanced, at least in the short term, by superficial disturbances in the row as a result of the action of the coulters of the no-tillage seeder.