Resumo Objetivou-se identificar características indicadoras de precocidade sexual de fácil mensuração e que podem ser registradas em menor idade (idade à primeira concepção - IPC), além de estimar as correlações genéticas dessa característica com aquelas de crescimento e carcaça em bovinos Nelore. A IPC foi considerada a idade em que a fêmea apresentou o primeiro diagnóstico positivo de prenhez. A estimativa dos componentes de (co)variância e dos parâmetros genéticos foi realizada usando modelo animal linear em análises bicaracterísticas. As estimativas de herdabilidade foram moderadas, indicando viabilidade de seleção genética para características de crescimento, carcaça e precocidade sexual. As correlações genéticas obtidas entre o IPC e a idade ao primeiro parto (IPP) foram altas (0,88), indicando a viabilidade do uso de IPC como critério de seleção para parto em idade precoce de novilhas. As estimativas de correlações genéticas entre IPC e IPP com peso aos 120, 210, 365 e 450 dias de idade e características de carcaça foram moderadas e negativas (-0,33 a -0,62). Assim, a seleção genética para animais com IPC e IPP precoces aumentaria o rendimento de carcaça, a deposição de gordura e o peso corporal, embora não afete o peso ao nascer e o ganho de peso diário. Os resultados deste estudo encorajam o uso de IPC em bovinos Nelore, uma vez que esta característica apresentou variabilidade genética em bovinos Nelore, podendo ser utilizada como critério de seleção para melhorar a precocidade sexual. Quando o objetivo de seleção genética é aumentar a precocidade sexual das novilhas, indica-se o uso de IPC como critério, pois a mensuração desta característica ocorre em idade menor IPP. Objetivouse Objetivou se IPC, , IPC) Nelore prenhez covariância co variância bicaracterísticas (IPP 0,88, 088 0,88 0 88 (0,88) novilhas 120 210 36 45 0,33 033 33 (-0,3 0,62. 062 0,62 . 62 -0,62) Assim corporal diário indicase indica 08 0,8 8 (0,88 12 21 3 4 0,3 03 (-0, 06 0,6 6 -0,62 0, (0,8 1 2 (-0 -0,6 (0, (- -0, (0 ( -0

Abstract The aim was to identify predictive traits of relatively easy measurement and which can be recorded early in life (age at first conception - AFCo), besides estimating its genetic correlations with growth and carcass traits in Nellore cattle. Age at first conception was considered the age at which the female had the first positive diagnosis for pregnancy. The estimation of (co)variance components and genetic parameters was performed using a linear animal model in two-trait analysis. The estimates of heritability were moderate, enabling genetic selection for growth-, carcass-, and sexual precocityrelated traits. The genetic correlation obtained between AFCo and age at first calving (AFCa) was high (0.88), indicating the feasibility of using AFCo as a selection criterion for early calving heifers. Genetic correlation estimates between AFCo and AFCa with weight at 120, 210, 365, and 450 days of age and carcass traits were moderate and negative (-0.33 to -0.62). Thus, genetic selection for animals with early AFCo and AFCa would enhance carcass yield, fat deposition, and growth performance, despite not affecting birth weight or daily weight gain. The results of this study encourage the use of AFCo in Nellore cattle since this trait displayed enough genetic variability in Nellore cattle, and can be used as selection criteria to improve sexual precocity. When the objective of genetic selection is to increase heifer sexual precocity, we could use the first trait as a criterion, as the measurement of this trait occurs at a lower AFCa. AFCo, , AFCo) pregnancy covariance co variance twotrait two analysis growth, growth- carcass, carcass- (AFCa 0.88, 088 0.88 0 88 (0.88) heifers 120 210 365 45 0.33 033 33 (-0.3 0.62. 062 0.62 . 62 -0.62) Thus yield deposition performance gain precocity 08 0.8 8 (0.88 12 21 36 4 0.3 03 3 (-0. 06 0.6 6 -0.62 0. (0.8 1 2 (-0 -0.6 (0. (- -0. (0 ( -0

Abstract Growth and carcass traits are essential selection criteria for beef cattle breeding programs. However, it is necessary to combine these measurements with body composition traits to meet the demand of the consumer market. This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters for visual scores, growth (pre and post-weaning weights), and carcass (rib eye area (REA), back and rump fat thickness) traits in Nellore cattle using Bayesian inference. Data from 12,060 animals belonging to the HoRa Hofig Ramos herd were used. Morphological traits were evaluated by the MERCOS methodology. The heritability estimates obtained ranged from low to high magnitude, from 0.15 to 0.28 for visual scores, 0.13 to 0.44 for growth, and from 0.42 to 0.46 for carcass traits. Genetic correlations between visual scores and growth traits were generally of moderate to high magnitudes, however, visual scores showed low correlations with carcass traits, except between sacral bone and structure and REA. Selection for visual score traits can lead to favorable responses in body weight and vice versa, but the same is not true for carcass traits. Morphological categorical traits can be used as complementary tools that add value to selection. programs However market pre postweaning post weaning weights, weights , weights) rib REA, REA (REA) thickness inference 12060 12 060 12,06 methodology magnitude 015 0 15 0.1 028 28 0.2 013 13 044 44 0.4 042 42 046 46 magnitudes however versa (REA 1206 1 06 12,0 01 0. 02 2 04 4 120 12,

Resumo A utilização de características morfológicas de bovinos, pelo uso de escores visuais como critério de seleção indireta tem como vantagem a avaliação em animais jovens quanto ao potencial desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo, antecipando a tomada de decisão em comparação a medidas tomadas de forma tardia, como perímetro escrotal aos 450 dias (PE450) e stayability (STAY). Objetivou-se estimar os parâmetros genéticos para características de escores visuais e a associação dessas com características reprodutivas, perímetro escrotal aos 365 (PE365) dias de idade, PE450, STAY, probabilidade de parto precoce (3P) e idade ao primeiro parto (IPP) em bovinos Nelore. Foram utilizadas informações de escores visuais e de reprodução de 4.175 e 3.075 bovinos, respectivamente, com idade média de 22 meses, pertencentes a fazenda HoRa Genética Provada. As características morfológicas foram avaliadas pela metodologia MERCOS. As estimativas de herdabilidade obtidas apresentam grande amplitude, variando de 0,15 a 0,28 para escores visuais e 0,10 a 0,54 para características reprodutivas. As correlações genéticas entre característica de escores visuais e reprodução foram, de maneira geral baixas (0.03-0.66), com exceção entre a musculosidade e 3P, estrutura e STAY, racial e PE450, conformação com PE365, PE450, STAY e IPP, ônfalo com STAY e IPP, e sacro com PE365, STAY e IPP, que foram moderadas a altas. A identificação de animais com melhor osso sacro (mesmo nível das ancas), ou seja, não saliente ou inclinado pode ser uma característica eficiente na identificação para prenhez precoce, e juntamente ao escore de musculatura poderão ser relacionados a animais com menor idade ao primeiro parto. reprodutivo tardia 45 PE450 PE (PE450 STAY. . (STAY) Objetivouse Objetivou se reprodutivas 36 PE365 (PE365 3P P (3P IPP (IPP Nelore 4175 4 175 4.17 3075 3 075 3.07 respectivamente 2 meses Provada MERCOS amplitude 015 0 15 0,1 028 28 0,2 010 10 054 54 0,5 0.030.66, 003066 0.03 0.66 , 03 66 (0.03-0.66) altas mesmo ancas, ancas ancas) seja PE45 (PE45 (STAY PE36 (PE36 417 17 4.1 307 07 3.0 01 1 0, 02 05 5 030 0.030.66 00306 003 0.0 066 0.6 6 (0.03-0.66 PE4 (PE4 PE3 (PE3 41 4. 30 3. 0.030.6 0030 00 0. 06 (0.03-0.6 (PE 0.030. (0.03-0. 0.030 (0.03-0 (0.03- (0.03 (0.0 (0. (0 (

Abstract The use of morphological traits assessed using visual scores as indirect selection criteria in cattle has the advantage of evaluating young animals regarding potential productive and reproductive performance. This enables breeders to make earlier decisions compared to later measurements, such as scrotal circumference at 450 days (SC450) and stayability (STAY). The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for visual score traits and their associations with reproductive traits: scrotal circumference at 365 days of age (SC365), SC450, STAY, probability of precocious calving (PPC30) and age at first calving (AFC) in Nellore cattle. Visual score data from 4,175 Nellore cattle, with an average age of 22 months, and reproductive data from 3,075 cattle belonging to the HoRa Genetics Provada herd were used. The morphological traits were evaluated by the MERCOS methodology. The heritability estimates obtained ranged from 0.15 to 0.28 for visual scores and 0.10 to 0.54 for reproductive traits. Genetic correlations between visual scores and reproductive traits were generally low, except between: muscularity and PPC30; structure and STAY; racial and SC450; conformation and SC365, SC450, STAY, and AFC; navel and STAY and AFC; and sacrum and SC365, STAY, and AFC, which were moderate to high. The identification of animals with flat sacral bone (not protruding or sloping) can also be an efficient characteristic in the identification for early pregnancy, and together with the musculature score, they can be related to animals with lower age at the first calving. performance measurements 45 SC450 SC (SC450 STAY. . (STAY) 36 SC365 , (SC365) PPC30 PPC (PPC30 AFC (AFC 4175 4 175 4,17 2 months 3075 3 075 3,07 used methodology 015 0 15 0.1 028 28 0.2 010 10 054 54 0.5 low high not sloping pregnancy SC45 (SC45 (STAY SC36 (SC365 PPC3 (PPC3 417 17 4,1 307 07 3,0 01 1 0. 02 05 5 SC4 (SC4 SC3 (SC36 (PPC 41 4, 30 3, (SC (SC3

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the existence of heterogeneity of variances and its impact on the genetic evaluation of ponderal performance in sires of the Nellore breed. We used records of adjusted body weights at 210 (W210), 365 (W365), and 450 (W450) days of age. Both W365 and W450 were combined by principal component analyses using the first component (PC). Average daily gain (ADG) was obtained by difference between W450 and W210. The classes of standard deviations (SD) for W210, PC, and ADG were obtained by the standardization of means of herd-year means subclasses, with positive values composing the high SD and values equal and less than zero composing the SD. The model included the fixed effects of contemporary group and age at calving as a covariate, random genetic additive, and maternal genetic (except for PC) effects, and the permanent maternal environment. Variance components were obtained by Gibbs sampling. Posterior means of heritability in analyses without considering heterogeneity of variances ranged from 0.15±0.01 to 0.31±0.01. Posterior means of genetic correlations between the two classes of SD for W210, PC, and ADG were equal to 0.85±0.04, 0.83±0.03, and 0.71±0.08, respectively. Spearman correlation to breeding values of sires for ADG as the selection intensity increased in them, and the correlations between breeding values in general analyses were more correlated with those predicted in the high DP. Therefore, when there is a higher selection intensity on the sires only for the ADG criterion, there is a significant presence of the heterogeneity of variances and impact on the genetic evaluation of the sires. Thus, for ADG, the predictions of breeding values obtained by the genetic evaluation model in which the heterogeneity of variances are not considered are more weighted by the class of greater heterogeneity.

Abstract The aim was to evaluate the association between growth, carcass and visual scores traits with precocious calving in Nellore cattle. Birth weight (BW), weight at 120, 210, 365 and 450 days of age, pre and post-weaning average daily gain, rib eye area, backfat thickness (BF), rump fat thickness and visual scores obtained at 18 months were used for the analysis. Records from 700 females born between 2009 and 2015, exposed to mating starting at 11 months of age were analyzed. Discriminant analyzes were performed with the software Statistica. BW and BF showed the highest (P>0.01) discrimination value for early heifer pregnancy (EP). Extreme intrauterine growth retardation can result in slower growth, which reflects in the worst reproductive performance, confirmed by the variation in BW between precocious and conventional heifers. The results also demonstrate that the level of body fat affects begin of puberty. Bone structure, musculature, depth, tail insertion and rump scores presented the highest discrimination value for EP. These traits can be used as selection tools to improve sexual precocity in female Nellore cattle. The results obtained in this study would support farmers to guide the heifer management and decisions in order to enhance the EP.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate genomic information inclusion in genetic parameter estimation of standardized body weight at birth and at 240, 365, and 450 days of age, and visual scores for body structure, precocity, and body muscularity, measured as yearlings in Nelore cattle. We compared genetic parameters, (co)variance components (estimated from Bayesian inference and Gibbs sampling), breeding value accuracies, genetic trends, and principal component analysis (PCA) obtained through traditional GBLUP and ssGBLUP methods. For all traits analyzed, part of the phenotypic variation was explained by the additive genetic effect, thus indicating the capacity of traits to respond to the selection process. Estimates of genetic correlation, in both methodologies, between body weights and visual scores were, in general, high and positive, showing that the selection for visual scores can lead to heavier animals. Genetic trends showed genetic progress, both when estimated breeding values and genomic estimated breeding values were used. The PCA, genetic trends, and accuracy estimates on breeding values showed that inclusion of single nucleotide polymorphism information contributed towards slightly better estimates of the genetic variability of evaluated traits. Genomic information did not bring greater gains in genetic estimates, due to redundancy of kinship information from the pedigree, which already had complete animal kinship data.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar três tipos de silagem de grão úmido de sorgo (alto tanino, baixo tanino e branco), na forma de silagem de grão úmido, combinados com duas formas de fornecimento da ração (volumoso e concentrado fornecidos de forma separada ou misturada), sobre o consumo de matéria seca, evolução do peso vivo, ganho de peso médio diário, conversão alimentar e principais características de carcaça (área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea e marmorização in vivo e post mortem) e carne (cor, maciez e pH) de novilhos cruzados Hereford-Angus. Foram utilizados 48 bovinos machos, castrados, cruzados Hereford-Angus, com idade média de 20 meses, divididos em blocos casualizados, em fatorial 3 × 2. A regressão do ganho de peso de cada tratamento foi comparada utilizando-se contrastes ortogonais. Para consumo de matéria seca relativo, houve efeito do tipo de sorgo (P=0,002) e forma de fornecimento da ração (P=0,0005). A forma de fornecimento da ração pode interferir sobre o consumo de matéria seca absoluto e peso vivo médio (P=0,0001). Para a conversão alimentar foi observado efeito do tipo de sorgo (P=0,04. Observou-se efeito da forma de fornecimento da ração para a marmorização (P=0,04) post mortem. Não houve efeito do tipo de sorgo e da forma de fornecimento da ração sobre as características de carcaça e pesos dos cortes cárneos. O fornecimento do volumoso separado do concentrado na alimentação de bovinos confinados é viável do ponto de vista operacional e nutricional.

SUMMARY This work aimed to evaluate three varieties of sorghum as wet grain silage (high, low and white tannin), combined with two form of food supply (concentrated with roughage separated or mixed) on dry matter intake, body weight evolution, average daily growth, feed conversion, main meat and carcass traits (rib eye area, fat thickness and marbling in vivo and post mortem) in Hereford-Angus crossbred steers. Forty eight males castrated with 20 months of age were used, divided into randomized blocks, arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial. The regression coefficients for the weight gain of each treatment was compared using orthogonal contrasts. Dry matter intake was affected by the type of sorghum (P=0.002) and the form of food supply (P=0.0005). The form of food supply can interfere with the dry matter intake (P=0.0001) and weight (P=0.0001). Feed conversion and marbling, was affected by the type of sorghum (P=0.04). Meat marbling measured at deboning was affected by the form of food supply (P=0.04). The type of sorghum and form of food supply did not influence carcass characteristics and weights of meat cuts. The concentrated with roughage separated supply is nutritionally and operationally preferable.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of ruminal fermentation and enteric methane production in beef cattle subjected to different supplementation frequencies while grazing on Brachiaria brizanthacv. Marandu pastures. Nine cattle (325±65.7 kg BW) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in the ruminal fermentation study, and 12 cattle (399±32.6 kg BW) were used in the enteric methane production study. The treatments included supplementation once daily, supplementation once daily except Saturdays and Sundays, or supplementation on alternate days. The supplementation was equivalent to 10 g kg−1 BW day−1 for all treatments. The design employed was completely randomized with three treatments and three replications. When all supplements were provided (day 1), no effects of supplementation frequency were observed on ruminal pH; concentration of NH3-N; concentration of acetic, propionic, or butyric acids; or total volatile fatty acids (VFA), but there were month effects. During the day on which only daily supplements were provided (day 2), significant differences were observed only on the molar concentration of acetic acid and total VFA; and month effects were noted on all variables. No significant differences were observed in ruminal fluid volume, dilution rate, N intake, bacterial N synthesis and enteric methane production among the studied supplementation frequencies. Differences were observed in the enteric methane production in the different months, with 85 g kg−1 of gross energy intake observed in September and 123 g kg−1 of gross energy intake observed in November. Lower supplementation frequency is a good option to lower labor costs with little or no consequences on ruminal fermentation characteristics and enteric methane production.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar as frequências de polimorfismos alélicos em genes de bovinos Nelore e associá-los às características de carcaça e qualidade da carne. Seiscentos machos foram genotipados quanto aos seguintes polimorfismos: DGAT1 (VNTR com 18 nucleotídeos na região promotora); ANK1, novo polimorfismo, identificado no presente estudo e mapeado na região gênica regulatória NW_001494427.3; TCAP (AY428575.1:g.346G>A); e MYOG (NW_001501985:g.511G>C). No estudo de associação, foram utilizados os dados fenotípicos de massa da carcaça quente, área de olho do lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea, percentagem de gordura intramuscular, força de cisalhamento, índice de fragmentação miofibrilar, coloração da carne (L*, a*, b*) e perdas por cocção. O alelo B do gene ANK1 foi associado ao aumento da coloração vermelha (a*) da carne. No gene DGAT1, os alelos 5R, 6R e 7R foram associados ao aumento de gordura intramuscular, à redução das perdas por cocção e ao aumento da área de olho de lombo, respectivamente. O SNP (polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único) do gene TCAP não apresentou polimorfismo, e os alelos do gene MYOG não foram associados a nenhuma das características avaliadas. Os resultados indicam que os genes ANK1 e DGAT1 podem ser utilizados na seleção de animais Nelore quanto à qualidade de carne e carcaça.

The objective of this work was to estimate the allele polymorphism frequencies of genes in Nellore cattle and associate them with meat quality and carcass traits. Six hundred males were genotyped for the following polymorphisms: DGAT1 (VNTR with 18 nucleotides at the promoter region); ANK1, a new polymorphism, identified and mapped here at the gene regulatory region NW_001494427.3; TCAP (AY428575.1:g.346G>A); and MYOG (NW_001501985:g.511G>C). In the association study, phenotype data of hot carcass weight, ribeye area, backfat thickness, percentage of intramuscular fat, shear force, myofibrillar fragmentation index, meat color (L*, a*, b*), and cooking losses were used. Allele B from the ANK1 gene was associated with greater redness (a*). Alleles 5R, 6R, and 7R from the DGAT1 VNTR gene were associated with increased intramuscular fat, reduced cooking losses and increased ribeye area, respectively. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the TCAP gene was not polymorphic, and MYOG alleles were not associated with any of the evaluated characteristics. These results indicate that ANK1 and DGAT1 genes can be used in the selection of Nellore cattle for carcass and meat quality.

Reduced supplementation frequency is a broadly applied management practice. Ruminants consuming low quality forages/pastures, supplemented less than once daily are able to maintain body weight gain (BWG), efficiency of use of dry matter, nitrogen and other nutrients, as compared with animals supplemented once daily. We evaluated the feeding behavior, dry matter intake (DMI), dry matter and organic matter digestibility (DMD and OMD), BWG, Longissimus muscle area and backfat depth of Nellore steers raised on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pastures during the dry season, with different supplementation patterns. Thirty six animals (338 ± 40.7 kg) were distributed over nine paddocks according to a completely randomized design. Treatments were based on supplementation frequency: once daily (OD), once daily except Saturdays and Sundays (SS), or on alternate days (AD), at 1.0 %, 1.4 % and 2.0 % BW, respectively. Average total DMI accounted for 1.6 % BW day-1, with no effect of supplementation frequency. Supplementation frequency had no effect on BWG or grazing time during the day. There was no difference in Longissimus muscle area animals supplemented daily, SS and AD. The backfat depth was thinner in animals supplemented AD, but even in this case, it was within the standards considered satisfactory for a finishing steer. Reducing supplementation frequency seems a good option to lower labor costs without affecting feed efficiency or carcass quality in beef cattle grazing tropical pastures.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de estudar a evolução das características de crescimento e carcaça em função da idade em bovinos da raça Hereford, utilizando modelos não-lineares. Foram utilizados dados de 240 bovinos machos (castrados) da raça Hereford, pertencentes à fazenda Experimental "La Estanzuela" do INIA, Colonia, Uruguai. As características começaram a ser mensuradas a partir da desmama de animais com aproximadamente seis meses de idade, até o abate (dois anos de idade). As medições de peso foram realizadas a cada 15±3 dias durante todo o período e sem jejum prévio. As mensurações de área de olho de lombo, obtidas por ultrassom, e altura dos animais foram obtidas a cada 90 dias, sendo que as medidas de ultrassom foram tomadas entre a 12ª e 13ª costelas. Os modelos não-lineares utilizados foram os modelos de Brody, Gompertz, Logístico e Von Bertalanffy. Para as características peso, altura e área de olho de lombo, todos os modelos avaliados atingiram a convergência. Para descrever a evolução dos dados de peso e área de olho de lombo em função da idade, o modelo de Von Bertalanffy foi o mais indicado, e os modelos de Brody e Logístico mostraram o pior ajuste, respectivamente. A evolução da altura dos animais desde o desmame até os dois anos de idade pode ser modelada através de qualquer um dos modelos não-lineares considerados neste estudo.

The objective of this research was to study the evolution of growth and carcass traits as a function of age in Hereford cattle using nonlinear models. Records from 240 Hereford steers (castrated), belonging to the experimental station "La Estanzuela" of INIA Uruguay, were utilized. The animals were measured from weaning, approximately at 6 months of age, to slaughter (two years of age). The animals were weighed, without fasting, every 15±3 days throughout the period. The measurements of ribeye loin area (between the 12th and 13th rib) were obtained by ultrasound every 90 days. The height of the animals was obtained every 90 days. The Brody, Gompertz, Logistic and Von Bertalanffy nonlinear models were applied to describe the trajectory of weight, height and ribeye loin area along the age. For height, weight and ribeye loin area, all the models reached the convergence. To describe the evolution of weight and ribeye loin area, the Von Bertalanffy nonlinear model was the most suitable. For weight and ribeye loin area, the Brody and Logistic nonlinear models have shown the worst fit, respectively. The height trajectory from weaning until two years of age can be modeled by any of the nonlinear models considered in this research.

Records from 106,212 Nellore animals, born between 1998 and 2006, were used to estimate (co)variance components and genetic parameters for birth weight (BW), average weight gains from birth to weaning (GBW), average weight gains from weaning to after yearling (GWAY), weaning hip height (WHH), postweaning hip height (PHH) and scrotal circumferences at 9 (SC9), 12 (SC12) and 15 (SC15) months of age. (Co)variance components were estimated by an animal model using multi-trait analysis. Heritability estimates for BW, GBW, GWAY, WHH, PHH, SC9, SC12 and SC15 were 0.31 ± 0.01; 0.25 ± 0.02; 0.30 ± 0.04; 0.51 ± 0.04; 0.54 ± 0.04; 0.39 ± 0.01; 0.41 ± 0.01 and 0.44 ± 0.02, respectively. Genetic correlations between growth traits ranged from 0.09 ± 0.01 to 0.88 ± 0.01, thereby implying that, at any age, selection to increase average weight gains will also increase stature. Genetic correlations between BW and average weight gains with scrotal circumferences were all positive and moderate (0.15 ± 0.03 to 0.38 ± 0.01). On the other hand, positive and low genetic associations were estimated between hip height and scrotal circumference at different ages (0.09 ± 0.01 to 0.17 ± 0.02). The results of this study pointed out that selection to larger scrotal circumferences in males will promote changes in average weight gains. In order to obtain Nellore cattle with the stature and size suitable for the production system, both weight gain and hip height should be included in a selection index.

The objectives of this study were to estimate the genetic parameters for milk yield unadjusted and adjusted for days in milk and, subsequently, to assess the influence of adjusting for days in milk on sire rank. Complete lactations from 90 or 150 days of lactation to 270 or 350 days in milk were considered in these analyses. Milk yield was adjusted for days in milk by multiplicative correction factors, or by including lactation length as a covariable in the model. Milk yields adjusted by different procedures were considered as different traits. Heritability estimates varied from 0.17 to 0.28. Genetic correlation estimates between milk yields unadjusted and adjusted for days in milk were greater than 0.82. Adjusting for days in milk affected the parameter estimates. Multiplicative correction factors produced the highest heritability estimates. More reliable breeding value estimates can be expected by including short length lactation records in the analyses and adjusting the milk yields for days in milk, regardless of the method used for the adjustment. High selection intensity coupled to the inclusion of short length lactations and adjustment with multiplicative factors can change the sire rank..

Os objetivos neste trabalho foram avaliar diferentes modelos, em relação aos efeitos maternos considerados, para características de crescimento e estimar os parâmetros genéticos para essas características em bovinos da raça Canchim, por meio de análises uni, bi e multicaracterísticas. As características peso ao nascimento, peso ao desmame, pesos padronizados para 12, 18, 24 e 30 meses de idade em machos e fêmeas e peso adulto de fêmeas foram analisadas utilizando-se quatro modelos com os efeitos aleatórios adicionados em sequência. Os efeitos maternos influenciaram os pesos do nascimento aos 2 anos de idade e o peso à desmama foi o mais afetado pelos efeitos maternos. As estimativas de herdabilidade direta obtidas das análises bi e multicaracterísticas foram superiores àquelas obtidas das análises unicaracterísticas. As estimativas de herdabilidade do efeito genético direto obtidas usando análise multicaracterística foram 0,39 para peso ao nascer; 0,31 para peso à desmama; 0,29 para peso aos 12 meses; 0,28 para peso aos 18 meses; 0,26 para peso aos 24 meses; 0,30 para peso aos 30 meses; e 0,38 para peso à idade adulta. As correlações genéticas estimadas entre pesos obtidos em idades jovens com peso à idade adulta foram altas, acima de 0,79. A seleção com base em características de crescimento em qualquer idade pode promover ganhos genéticos moderados no peso corporal de animais da raça Canchim em todas as idades-padrão, inclusive nos pesos ao nascer e à idade adulta das fêmeas. É importante considerar nas análises os pesos prévios à seleção para estimar parâmetros genéticos para pesos após a seleção. A análise multicaracterística é a mais indicada.

The objectives of this work were to evaluate different models, regarded to considered maternal effects, for growth traits and to estimate genetic parameters for these traits in Canchim breed bovine, by one, two and multitrait analyses. The weight traits at birth, at weaning, standardized weight for 12, 18, 24 and 30 months of age in males and females, and mature female weight were analyzed using four models with random effects added in sequence. Maternal effects influenced birth weight at 2 years of age and weaning weight was the most affected by maternal effects. Direct heritability estimates obtained by two- and multitrait analyses were higher than those obtained through one-trait analyses. Estimates of direct genetic effect heritability obtained using multi-trait analyses were 0.39 for weight at birth; 0.31 for weight at weaning; 0.29 for weight at 12 months of age; 0.28 for weight at 18 months of age; 0.26 for weight at 24 months of age; 0.30 for weight at 30 months of age and 0.38 for weight at mature age. Genetic correlations estimated among weights at early ages and mature weight were high, above 0.79. Selection based on growth traits at any age can promote intermediate genetic gains on the body weight of Canchim breed animals at all standard ages, including weight at birth and at mature age of females. It is important to consider in the analyses the weights previous to selection to estimate genetic parameters for weights after selection. Multitrait analyses is the best indicated.

Os objetivos neste trabalho foram estimar a herdabilidade do número (NBZ10 e NBZT) e quilogramas de bezerros desmamados (QBD10 e QBDT) pela vaca até dez anos de idade e durante a permanência da fêmea no rebanho e de quilogramas de bezerros desmamados pela vaca por ano de permanência no rebanho (QTPR) e as correlações genéticas dessas características com os pesos ajustados e não-ajustados para condição corporal, índice de tamanho corporal e condições corporais à primeira monta, ao primeiro parto e à idade adulta, idades ao primeiro, segundo e terceiro partos e tempo de permanência no rebanho. Os componentes de variância e de co-variância foram estimados pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita livre de derivadas, usando-se análises uni e bicaracterísticas. Os modelos estatísticos incluíram o efeito genético aditivo direto, como aleatório, e o efeito fixo de grupo de contemporâneos. As estimativas de herdabilidade obtidas das análises unicaracterísticas foram 0,10 ± 0,05 (NBZT), 0,10 ± 0,03 (QBDT), 0,12 ± 0,05 (NBZ10), 0,13 ± 0,05 (QBD10) e 0,15 ± 0,05 (QTPR), indicando que baixa resposta à seleção será obtida para essas características. A seleção para redução na idade ao primeiro parto não incrementará a produtividade das vacas. A seleção para aumentar o peso adulto das fêmeas acarretará redução em QTPR, NBZ10 e NBZT. A seleção para os índices de tamanho corporal ou para os pesos ajustados para condição corporal deve apresentar respostas correlacionadas com as características produtivas das fêmeas com tendências semelhantes, mas de maior magnitude que a seleção para peso da fêmea sem ajuste.

The objectives of this study were to obtain heritability estimates for number (NBZ10 and NBZT) and kilograms (QBD10 and QBDT) of calves weaned up to ten years of age and during herd life, kilograms of calves weaned per year in herd (QTPR) and their genetic correlations with culling age, ages at first, at second and at third calving, adjusted and unadjusted weights for condition score, body size indexes and condition score at first mating, at first calving and at mature age. Variance and covariance components were estimated by REML using univariate and bivariate models including the fixed effect of contemporary group and additive direct genetic and residual as random effects. Heritability estimates obtained from univariate analyses were 0.10 ± 0.05 (NBZT), 0.10 ± 0.03 (QBDT), 0.12 ± 0.05 (NBZ10), 0.13 ± 0.05 (QBD10) and 0.15 ± 0.05 (QTPR) and indicate low response by selection on these traits. Genetic correlation estimate suggest that selection for reducing age at first calving will not improve cow productivity. Selection for increasing mature weight will reduce kilograms of calves weaned per year in herd and the number of calves weaned up to ten years of age and during herd life. Selection on body size indexes and on cow weights adjusted for condition score may result in similar correlated responses in productive traits of cows, which would be higher than those from selection on unadjusted cow weights.