RESUMO RACIONAL: As suturas mecânicas representam um enorme benefício para a cirurgia digestiva na redução de complicações pós-operatórias. Atualmente, as vantagens do grampeador motorizado estão em avaliação. OBJETIVOS: Comparar a eficácia do grampeador mecânico versus motorizado em cirurgia gástrica, analisando a porcentagem de fístulas, sangramento, tempo de grampeamento e complicações pós-operatórias. MÉTODOS: Noventa e oito pacientes foram submetidos à cirurgia gástrica, divididos em três grupos: gastrectomia vertical laparoscópica (GVL) (n=47), bypass gástrico em Y-de-Roux (BPGY) (n=30) e gastrectomia distal laparoscópica (GDL) (n=21). Foram empregados grampeadores motorizados em 61 pacientes. O número de disparos, número de clipes, tempo total de disparos, tempo total de finalização da cirurgia e resultados pós-operatórios foram registrados em protocolo específico. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes submetidos a GVL, BPGY e GDL registraram menor tempo para finalização do procedimento e foi observado menor número de disparos com grampeador motorizado (p<0,0001). Não foram identificadas diferenças quanto ao número de clipes utilizados nos pacientes submetidos à GVL. No grupo que utilizou grampeador mecânico, para realização de gastrojejunostomia, jejuno-jejuno-anastomose e transecção jejunal, foi observado maior tempo de disparo e tempo total para finalização do procedimento (p=0,0001). Não foram encontradas complicações intraoperatórias comparando os dois dispositivos utilizados. Achados muito semelhantes foram notados no grupo de pacientes submetidos à GDL. CONCLUSÕES: O grampeador motorizado oferece segurança e eficácia, conforme demonstrado em estudos anteriores, sendo relevante, uma vez que foi confirmado menor tempo total de procedimento cirúrgico, sem complicações intra ou pós-operatórias. RACIONAL pósoperatórias. pósoperatórias pós operatórias. operatórias pós-operatórias Atualmente avaliação OBJETIVOS gástrica fístulas sangramento MÉTODOS grupos GVL (GVL n=47, n47 n n=47 , 47 (n=47) YdeRoux Y Roux (BPGY n=30 n30 30 (n=30 (GDL n=21. n21 n=21 . 21 (n=21) 6 pósoperatórios operatórios específico RESULTADOS p<0,0001. p00001 p p<0,0001 0 0001 (p<0,0001) gastrojejunostomia jejunojejunoanastomose jejuno anastomose jejunal p=0,0001. p=0,0001 (p=0,0001) CONCLUSÕES anteriores relevante cirúrgico n4 n=4 4 (n=47 n=3 n3 3 (n=3 n2 n=2 2 (n=21 p0000 p<0,000 000 (p<0,0001 p=0,000 (p=0,0001 n= (n=4 (n= (n=2 p000 p<0,00 00 (p<0,000 p=0,00 (p=0,000 (n p00 p<0,0 (p<0,00 p=0,0 (p=0,00 p0 p<0, (p<0,0 p=0, (p=0,0 p<0 (p<0, p=0 (p=0, p< (p<0 p= (p=0 (p< (p= (p

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Mechanic sutures represent an enormous benefit for digestive surgery in decreasing postoperative complications. Currently, the advantages of motorized stapler are under evaluation. AIMS: To compare the efficacy of mechanic versus motorized stapler in gastric surgery, analyzing rate of leaks, bleeding, time of stapling, and postoperative complications. METHODS: Ninety-eight patients were submitted to gastric surgery, divided into three groups: laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) (n=47), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) (n=30), and laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (LDG) (n=21). Motorized staplers were employed in 61 patients. The number of firings, number of clips, time of total firings, total time to complete the surgery, and postoperative outcome were recorded in a specific protocol. RESULTS: Patients submitted to LSG, LRYGB, and LDG recorded a shorter time to complete the procedure and a smaller number of firings were observed using motorized stapler (p<0.0001). No differences were identified regarding the number of clips used in patients submitted to LSG. In the group that used mechanic stapler to complete gastrojejunostomy, jejuno-jejuno-anastomosis, and jejunal transection, it was observed more prolonged time of firing and total time for finishing the procedure (p=0.0001). No intraoperative complications were found comparing the two devices used. Very similar findings were noted in the group of patients undergoing LDG. CONCLUSIONS: The motorized stapler offers safety and efficacy as demonstrated in prior reports and is relevant since less total time of surgical procedure without intraoperative or postoperative complications were confirmed. BACKGROUND Currently evaluation AIMS leaks bleeding stapling METHODS Ninetyeight Ninety eight groups LSG (LSG n=47, n47 n n=47 , 47 (n=47) RouxenY Roux en Y LRYGB (LRYGB n=30, n30 n=30 30 (n=30) (LDG n=21. n21 n=21 . 21 (n=21) 6 protocol RESULTS p<0.0001. p00001 p p<0.0001 0 0001 (p<0.0001) gastrojejunostomy jejunojejunoanastomosis, jejunojejunoanastomosis jejuno anastomosis, anastomosis jejuno-jejuno-anastomosis transection p=0.0001. p=0.0001 (p=0.0001) CONCLUSIONS confirmed n4 n=4 4 (n=47 n3 n=3 3 (n=30 n2 n=2 2 (n=21 p0000 p<0.000 000 (p<0.0001 p=0.000 (p=0.0001 n= (n=4 (n=3 (n=2 p000 p<0.00 00 (p<0.000 p=0.00 (p=0.000 (n= p00 p<0.0 (p<0.00 p=0.0 (p=0.00 (n p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p=0. (p=0.0 p<0 (p<0. p=0 (p=0. p< (p<0 p= (p=0 (p< (p= (p

RESUMEN Los enormes avances en la formación de las mujeres y en su interés por participar de manera continua en el mercado laboral podrían hacer pensar en una pronta desaparición de las tradicionales desigualdades entre mujeres y hombres en el mercado laboral pero lo cierto es que no ha ocurrido así. Es decir, la espectacular transformación de la oferta laboral femenina no se ha traducido en una mejora equivalente del lugar que ocupan dentro del mercado. Es cierto que, si se miran uno a uno los diferentes indicadores de la desigualdad, se observa que la situación ha evolucionado, pero los datos son tozudos y las diferencias persistentes. Y estas desigualdades parecen hoy más injus tas que ayer, precisamente por el enorme esfuerzo que han realizado las mujeres, señala Larrañaga (2005). Persisten déficits de trabajo decente y brechas de desigualdad de género en la participación laboral, la segregación ocupacional y los ingresos, la precariedad laboral, la participación de las mujeres en posiciones de decisión, influencia y poder, así como en la distribución del tiempo no remunerado que hombres y mujeres dedican al cuidado de la familia. Este trabajo propone una metodología cuantitativa utilizando los datos que se presentan en la Encuesta Permanente de Ho gares Comparable del año 2021 enfocados en el grupo etario de 21 a 50 años. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar y remarcar las diferencias que existen entre hombres y mujeres en el mercado laboral, determinando cuales son los factores principales que determinan la brecha de desigualdad en la tasa de inactividad, o bien, qué situaciones o datos pueden contribuir a explicar el alto por centaje de inactividad en las mujeres entre 21 y 50 años en comparación a los hombres. En prome dio las mujeres de entre 21 y 50 años tienen una tasa de inactividad 24% más alta que los hombres.

ABSTRACT The enormous advances in women’s training and their interest in continuing to participate in the labor market could lead to the early disappearance of the traditional inequalities between women and men in the labor market. Still, the fact is that it has not occurred thus. In other words, the dramatic transformation of women’s labor supply has not translated into an equivalent improvement in their position in the labor market. If you look at the different inequality indicators, you see that the situation has evolved, but the data are stubborn and the differences persistent. And these inequalities seem more unjust today than yesterday, precisely because of the enormous effort made by women, says Larrañaga (2005). Decent work deficits and gender inequality gaps persist in labor participation, occupational segregation, income, job insecurity, women’s participation in decision-making positions, influence and power, and the distribution of unpaid time spent by men and women caring for the family. This paper proposes a quantitative methodology using the data presented in the Permanent Comparable Household Survey of 2021, focused on the age group of 21 to 50 years. This paper aims to analyze and highlight the differen ces between men and women in the labor market and to find the main factors that determine the inequality gap in the inactivity rate or what situations or data may contribute to explaining the high percentage of inactivity in women between 21 and 50 years of age compared to men. On average, women between the ages of 21 and 50 have a 24% higher inactivity rate than men.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A fundoplicatura de Nissen laparoscópica falha em controlar o refluxo gastroesofágico em quase 15% dos pacientes e a maioria deles deve ser reoperada devido aos sintomas. Diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas têm sido sugeridas. OBJETIVOS: Apresentar os resultados pós-operatórios de pacientes submetidos a 3 procedimentos diferentes: Reoperação e fundoplicatura de Nissen laparoscópica apenas (Grupo A), reoperação e fundoplicatura de Nissen laparoscópica combinado com gastrectomia distal (Grupo B) ou reoperação e conversão para Toupet laparoscópico combinado com gastrectomia distal e reconstrução em Y-Roux (Grupo C). MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo incluindo 77 pacientes submetidos inicialmente a fundoplicatura de Nissen laparoscópica que apresentaram recidiva do refluxo gastroesofágico após a operação. Eles foram avaliados antes e após a reoperação com questionário clínico e estudos funcionais específicos. Reestabelecida a anatomia da junção esôfago-gástrica, procedeu-se às referidas cirurgias. Nenhum paciente perdeu seguimento. RESULTADOS: Os sintomas persistentes foram observados com maior frequência nos pacientes dos Grupos A ou B, associados à estenose da fundoplicatura, fundoplicatura intratorácico ou fundoplicatura torcida. No Grupo C, os sintomas recorrentes associados a essa alteração anatômica foram observados com pouca frequência. Esfincter esofágico inferior incompetente foi confirmado em 57,7% dos pacientes pertencentes ao Grupo A em comparação com 17,2% após fundoplicatura de Nissen laparoscópica combinado com gastrectomia distal, e 26% após a Toupet laparoscópico combinado com gastrectomia distal e reconstrução em Y-Roux. Nesse grupo, apesar do alto percentual de pacientes com esfincter esofágico inferior incompetente, 8,7% apresentaram refluxo ácido anormal após a cirurgia. CONCLUSÕES: As técnicas de Nissen ou Toupet combinados com a gastrectomia distal em Y de Roux são seguras e eficazes para o manejo da falha da fundoplicatura a Nissen. A técnica de Toupet é preferível para pacientes que sofrem principalmente com disfagia e dor.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication fails to control the gastroesophageal reflux in almost 15% of patients, and most of them must be reoperated due to postoperative symptoms. Different surgical options have been suggested. AIMS: This study aimed to present the postoperative outcomes of patients submitted to three different procedures: redo laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication alone (Group A), redo laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication combined with distal gastrectomy (Group B), or conversion to laparoscopic Toupet combined with distal gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy (Group C). METHODS: This is a prospective study involving 77 patients who were submitted initially to laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication and presented recurrence of gastroesophageal reflux after the operation. They were evaluated before and after the reoperation with clinical questionnaire and objective functional studies. After reestablishing the anatomy of the esophagogastric junction, a surgery was performed. None of the patients were lost during follow-up. RESULTS: Persistent symptoms were observed more frequently in Group A or B patients, including wrap stricture, intrathoracic wrap, or twisted fundoplication. In Group C, recurrent symptoms associated with this anatomic alteration were infrequently observed. Incompetent lower esophageal sphincter was confirmed in 57.7% of patients included in Group A, compared to 17.2% after Nissen and distal gastrectomy and 26% after Toupet procedure plus distal gastrectomy. In Group C, despite the high percentage of patients with incompetent lower esophageal sphincter, 8.7% had abnormal acid reflux after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Nissen and Toupet procedures combined with Roux-en-Y distal gastrectomy are safe and effective for the management of failed Nissen fundoplication. However, Toupet technique is preferable for patients suffering from mainly dysphagia and pain.

Abstract Purpose: This work presents and discusses the social and technological extent of a transdisciplinary intervention model for rural innovation (MOTI-IR) conducted with organic Roselle production farmer cooperatives in Michoacan, Mexico. Methodological design: MOTI-IR originated from a methodological framework co-designed between the community and academic promoters; it includes with six stages: 1) openness and motivation; 2) problematization, 3) linking; 4) development of solutions (co-design), 5) evaluation and learning, and 6) dissemination of products. 23 activities were carried out, such as the training of promoters, community workshops for reflection and planning, and involvement of extra-territorial collaborators. The problematization established technological improvement priorities in the cleaning and dehydration practices of organic Roselle. Results: Community promoters appropriated the process quickly and dynamized its development. The term innovation was new for 75% of the surveyed group and 70% self-recognized as un-innovative. Community conditions for innovation pointed to decision-making and trust, trained people in the community, and a well-organized structure. Individual barriers were fear of failure, rejection from the community and the fear of the new things. The process integrated local and scientific knowledge which generated five prototypes of tools for stripping and two for dehydrating, whose first validation showed the need for subsequent improvements. Research limitations: It is the first MOTI-IR application, but its replication is in process in other farming organizations Findings: Empirical bases of rural innovation, barriers and stimuli in farmer population, technological co-designs, MOTI-IR success, and potential for rural development in less favored territories were found.

Resumen Objetivo: se presentan y discuten los alcances sociales y tecnológicos del modelo transdisciplinario de intervención para la innovación rural (MOTI-IR) aplicado en cooperativas campesinas de producción orgánica de jamaica en Michoacán (México). Diseño metodológico: el MOTI-IR se basó en un marco metodológico co-diseñado entre promotores comunitarios y académicos, con seis etapas: a) apertura y motivación; b) problematización, c) vinculación; d) desarrollo de soluciones (co-diseño), e) evaluación y aprendizajes, f) diseminación de productos. Se ejecutaron 23 actividades: capacitación de promotores, talleres comunitarios de reflexión y planificación, e involucramiento de colaboradores extra-territoriales. La problematización estableció prioridades de mejora tecnológica en prácticas de limpieza y deshidratado de jamaica orgánica. Resultados: los promotores comunitarios se apropiaron rápidamente del proceso y dinamizaron su desarrollo. El término innovación resultó nuevo para 75 % del grupo encuestado, 70 % se auto-reconoció como poco innovador. Las condiciones comunitarias para innovar señalaron la decisión y confianza, la presencia de personas capacitadas en la comunidad y una estructura bien organizada. Las barreras individuales fueron el temor al fracaso, el rechazo de la comunidad y el temor a lo nuevo. El proceso integró conocimiento local y científico que generó cinco prototipos de herramientas para el despelucado y dos para el deshidratado, cuya primera validación mostró la necesidad de mejoras subsiguientes. Limitaciones de la investigación: primera aplicación del MOTI-IR con replicación en proceso en otras organizaciones campesinas. Hallazgos: bases empíricas de la innovación rural, barreras y estímulos en población campesina, co-diseños tecnológicos, aciertos y potencialidad del MOTI-IR.

Abstract: This work evaluated the Science-Policy Interface (SPI) promoted by the political instrument Agenda Local 21 in its Mexican version (called Agenda Desde lo Local) which articulated state officials (SO), municipal officials (MO), and academic experts (EX) on local management for sustainable development and were implemented in Michoacan (Mexico) between 2008 and 2013. The evaluation was conducted through a conceptual framework with four analytical categories spanning 16 factors and 39 attributes. Among the systemic factors, the objectives and processes of the interface showed strength, but the outputs had uncertain impacts. The attitudinal factors of involved actors showed high cognitive distance and very differentiated levels of reality between MO and EX. The motivation, commitment, and perception of the others were excellent in SO, but the remaining actors showed weak performance. The evaluation led to lessons learned of interest in the design of political instruments that promote the links between science and policy.

Resumen: Este trabajo evaluó la interfaz ciencia-política (ICP) propiciada por el instrumento Agenda Local 21 en su versión mexicana (Agenda Desde lo Local); que conjuntó a funcionarios estatales (FE), municipales (FM) y expertos académicos (EX) sobre la gestión para el desarrollo sostenible en los municipios de Michoacán (México) entre 2008 y 2013. La evaluación utilizó un marco conceptual con cuatro categorías analíticas integradas por 16 factores y 39 atributos. En la categoría de factores sistémicos, los objetivos y procesos de la ICP mostraron fortalezas, pero las salidas fueron débiles. En la categoría de factores actitudinales, la distancia cognitiva y niveles de realidad entre FM Y EX estuvieron diferenciados. La motivación, el compromiso y la percepción del otro fueron excelentes en FE, pero en FM y EX se expresaron insuficientemente. La evaluación identificó lecciones aprendidas de interés en el diseño de instrumentos de política pública para el encuentro entre la ciencia y la política.

RESUMEN La importancia de la innovación como clave para el crecimiento económico impulsó una sólida teoría de la innovación de corte neo-schumpeteriano. Esta teoría, sin embargo, es inapropiada para abordar procesos de innovación en áreas rurales rezagadas. Este trabajo presenta bases para construir una Teoría de la Innovación Rural (TIR) a partir de: 1) definición del objeto, 2) planteamiento de preguntas clave, 3) un modelo de conocimiento, 4) métodos de construcción teórica, 5) capacidad de anticipación, y 6) expectativas y marco ético. La construcción de una TIR como la propuesta constituye un gran aporte al diseño de políticas públicas y estrategias que orienten el cambio rural desde la perspectiva del desarrollo territorial endógeno. JEL: B55, O35, R11, R58.

RESUMO A importância da inovação como chave para o crescimento econômico impulsionou uma sólida teoria da inovação de corte neo-schumpeteriano. Esta teoria, no entanto, é inapropriada para abordar processos de inovação em áreas rurais atrasadas. Este trabalho apresenta bases para construir uma Teoria da Inovação Rural (TIR) a partir de: 1) definição do objeto, 2) elaboração de perguntas chave, 3) um modelo de conhecimento, 4) métodos de construção teórica, 5) capacidade de antecipação, e 6) expectativas e marco ético. A construção de uma TIR como a proposta constitui um grande aporte ao projeto de políticas públicas e estratégias que orientem a mudança rural a partir da perspectiva do desenvolvimento territorial endógeno. JEL: B55, O35, R11, R58.

ABSTRACT The importance of innovation as a key to economic growth prompted a strong neo-Schumpeterian innovation theory. This theory, however, is inappropriate for addressing innovation processes in lagging rural areas. Consequently, from a multidimensional conception, this research work proposes to construct a Rural Innovation Theory from six elements: 1) the definition of the object, 2) the posing of key questions and their relevance, 3) a model of knowledge, 4) construction methods, 5) capacity of anticipation and 6) an ethical framework, with the implications that this entails.) A Rural Innovation Theory as the proposal constitutes a significant contribution to the design of public policies and strategies to orient rural change from the perspective of endogenous territorial development. JEL: B55, O35, R11, R58.

RÉSUMÉ L'importance de l'innovation comme clé pour la croissance économique a impulsé une solide théorie de l'innovation de type néo-schumpétérien. Cette théorie, cependant, est inappropriée pour aborder des processus d'innovation dans des zones rurales retardées. Ce travail présente des bases pour construire une Théorie de l'Innovation Rurale (TIR) à partir de : 1) définition de l'objet, 2) un exposé de questions-clés, 3) un modèle de connaissance, 4) des méthodes de construction théorique, 5) une capacité d'anticipation et, 6) des expectatives et un cadre éthique. La construction d'une TIR, comme la proposition sont un apport important à la conception de politiques publiques et aux stratégies qui orientent le changement rural depuis la perspective du développement territorial endogène. JEL: B55, O35, R11, R58.

Abstract Silver complexes containing 1,10-phenanthroline as a coordinated ligand have been of great interest due to their antibacterial and antifungal pharmacological properties. In this paper, we describe the synthesis of a new partial inclusion complex of bis(1,10-phenanthroline)silver(I) salicylate in β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) which was synthesized with a good yield. The compounds were characterized by FTIR, 1H, 13C NMR including 1H−1H COSY, TGA/DSC, elemental analysis (CHN), and X-ray powder diffraction. The results suggest the presence of non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions in the formation of the partial inclusion compound between β-CD and bis(1,10-phenanthroline)silver(I) salicylate [Ag(phen)2]salH. Additionally, an in silico prediction of 1,10-phenanthroline biological activities was carried out and the acquired data suggests several potential targets associated with the antimicrobial activity of this compound and its silver complex. Most predicted targets are related to antimicrobial virulence and resistance that are a serious threat to global public health. The inclusion compound showed a higher inhibiting growth of Candida albicans than the free complex [Ag(phen)2]salH indicating that the formation of the inclusion complex with β-CD increases the bioavailability of the antimicrobial active species [Ag(phen)2]+ of the new silver(I) compound.

ABSTRACT The poor microbiological quality of rural water is a problem in developing countries; in Mexico, its magnitude is uncertain. Spatial and seasonal variations of the microbiological condition of water sources in a dry tropical hydrographic system were determined, and the domestic water management was characterized to assess threats to family health. Twenty-two sources in eighteen localities, in dry and rainy seasons, were analyzed during two years. The microbiological condition of the sources was deficient by the presence of 35 species of thermotolerant coliforms, ten of them with high pathogenic importance (HPI). The pollution was most severe during rainy season due to the significant increase in the richness of HPI species and the number of sites affected at different altitudes and order flow within the watersheds. The use of water disinfection techniques was registered in 49 % of the surveyed families, who pointed out also have received information about the topic. The 45 % of interviewed declared suffering from diseases transmitted by water (diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever and vomiting) annually, although 72 % of the cases exposed to medical services had not been diagnosed. The highest contamination by HPI in rainfall season responds to the transportation and leaching of fecal material accumulated along dry season in riparian areas coming from livestock, wildlife and human population without sanitation services. The difficult control of diffuse pollution highlights the importance of increasing the information and monitoring of the household water management by rural vulnerable population as part of strategies for water security in seasonal rural watersheds.

RESUMEN La baja calidad microbiológica del agua rural es un problema extendido en los países en desarrollo; en México su magnitud es incierta. Se determinaron las variaciones espaciales y estacionales de la condición microbiológica del agua en fuentes rurales de un sistema hidrográfico tropical seco y se caracterizó el manejo doméstico del agua para valorar las amenazas a la salud familiar. Durante dos años se analizaron veintidós fuentes de agua en dieciocho localidades en dos momentos contrastantes del año, al final de los periodos seco y lluvioso. La condición microbiológica de las fuentes resultó deficiente por la presencia de 35 especies coliformes termotolerantes; diez fueron coliformes de alta importancia patogénica (CAIP). La contaminación fue más severa en el periodo lluvioso por el incremento significativo en la riqueza de CAIP y en el número de sitios afectados a diferentes altitudes y órdenes de corriente dentro de las cuencas. El 49 % de las familias rurales (n = 203) indicó el uso de técnicas domésticas de desinfección lo cual resultó asociado con el acceso a información. El 45 % declaró padecer anualmente enfermedades transmitidas por el agua (diarreas, dolor abdominal, fiebre y vómitos), aunque el 72 % de los casos que acuden a los servicios médicos quedaron sin diagnóstico clínico. La mayor contaminación por CAIP en el periodo lluvioso responde al transporte y lixiviación de desechos fecales acumulados en el periodo seco en áreas ribereñas, provenientes del ganado, fauna silvestre y población humana sin servicios sanitarios. El difícil control de la contaminación difusa resalta la importancia de incrementar la información y seguimiento a la población campesina vulnerable como parte de estrategias de seguridad hídrica en las cuencas rurales estacionales.

Resumen Introducción. Las tiosemicarbazonas y sus complejos de paladio (II) poseen actividad antineoplásica con pocos efectos secundarios, por lo cual se las considera como una nueva alternativa terapéutica. Sin embargo, existen diferencias en los rangos de la concentración inhibitoria media (CI50) asociada a la divergencia estructural y la solubilidad de los complejos, así como a la sensibilidad de los blancos celulares. La inclusión de fármacos en la beta-ciclodextrina con fines terapéuticos ha mejorado su solubilidad y estabilidad, pero los efectos de su combinación con los complejos de paladio (II) y las tiosemicarbazonas no se han comprobado aún. Objetivo. Estudiar el efecto citotóxico de los complejos de paladio en la beta-ciclodextrina. Materiales y métodos. La actividad citotóxica de los complejos de paladio en la beta-ciclodextrina se evaluó en la línea celular de cáncer de mama (MCF-7), empleando el método de la sulforodamina B. Resultados. Los ligandos MePhPzTSC y Ph2PzTSC, sus complejos de paladio (II) libres e incluidos en la beta-ciclodextrina y el cisplatino mostraron actividad citotóxica en la línea celular MCF-7; sin embargo, la citotoxicidad fue mayor con la inclusión en la beta-ciclodextrina ([Pd(MePhPzTSC)2]•ß-CD y [Pd(Ph2PzTSC)2]•ß-CD). La concentración inhibitoria media (CI50) para estos complejos se obtuvo en concentraciones de 0,14 y 0,49 μM, y con dosis hasta cinco veces inferiores comparadas con las concentraciones de los ligandos libres (1,4 y 2,9 μM), de los complejos de paladio (II) libres (0,57 y 1,24 μM) y del cisplatino (6,87 μM). Conclusiones. El uso de la beta-ciclodextrina mejoró significativamente la actividad citotóxica de las tiosemicarbazonas y sus complejos de paladio (II), lo cual probablemente está asociado al incremento de la solubilidad y biodisponibilidad del compuesto, estrategia que se puede sugerir para el diseño de futuros fármacos antineoplásicos.

Abstract Introduction: Thiosemicarbazones and palladium (II) complexes have antineoplastic activities with mild side effects, for which they are considered new alternative antineoplastic drugs. However, the IC50 ranges of these complexes vary due to differences in their structure and solubility and their sensitivities for various cellular targets. Beta-cyclodextrin is an additive used to improve the solubility and stability of various drugs for therapeutic use, but the combination of beta-cyclodextrin with palladium (II) complexes and thiosemicarbazones has not been tested yet. Objective: To study the cytotoxic effect of palladium (II) inclusion complexes in beta-cyclodextrin. Materials and methods: We tested the cytotoxic activity of palladium complexes combined with betacyclodextrin in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 using a sulforhodamine B assay. Results: We tested the antiproliferative activity of palladium (II) complexes with and without the ligands MePhPzTSC and Ph2PzTSC and with and without beta-cyclodextrin in MCF-7 cells and compared them to that of cisplatin. All combinations showed antiproliferative activity; however, the activity was greater for the combinations that included beta-cyclodextrin: ([Pd (MePhPzTSC) 2] • ß-CD and [Pd (Ph2PzTSC) 2] • ß-CD), at concentrations of 0.14 and 0.49 μM, respectively. The IC50 for this complex was 5-fold lower than that of the ligand-free combinations (1.4 and 2.9 μM, respectively). The IC50 for free palladium (II) complex was 0.571.24 μM and that for cisplatin was 6.87 μM. Conclusions: Beta-cyclodextrin significantly enhanced the cytotoxic activities of palladium (II) complexes and thiosemicarbazones probably by improving their solubility and bioavailability. The addition of betacyclodextrin is a possible strategy for designing new anticancer drugs.

Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the clinical and histopathologic presentation of adenomyomatosis (ADM) of the gallbladder in a series of patients. Material and method: Between January 1, 2010 to April 30, 2015, 6957 patients underwent cholecystectomy. Among them, ADM was diagnosed in 95 of cholecystectomy specimens (1.4%). Clinical and pathological findings in these patients are described. Results: In 53 patients (55.8%) presented abdominal pain. Concomitant histological changes occurred in the gallbladder mucosa of 34 patients (35.8%), being the most frequent pyloric metaplasia (21%); and in 8 patients (8.4%) high-grade dysplasia and low-grade dysplasia was presented. The most frequent associated pathologies were cholelithiasis in 82.1%, and chronic cholecystitis in 85.3%. Conclusions: In this serie, various histological changes were observed, including high-grade dysplasia. Cholelithiasis was presented with high frequency.

Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio es describir la presentación clínica e histopatológica de la adenomiomatosis vesicular en una serie de pacientes colecistectomizados. Material y método: Entre el 1 de enero del 2010 y el 30 abril del 2015 se realizaron 6.957 colecistectomías, diagnosticándose adenomiomatosis en 95 de las vesículas extirpadas (1,4%). Se describen los hallazgos clínicos e histopatológicos en estos pacientes. Resultados: En 53 pacientes (55,8%) se presentó dolor abdominal. Alteraciones histológicas concomitantes se presentaron en la mucosa vesicular de 34 pacientes (35,8%), siendo la metaplasia pilórica la más frecuente (21%); y en 8 pacientes (8,4%) se presentó displasia de alto y bajo grado. Las patologías asociadas más frecuentes fueron colelitiasis 82,1% y colecistitis crónica 85,3%. Conclusiones: En la serie estudiada se observaron diversas alteraciones histológicas, incluyendo la displasia de alto grado. La colelitiasis se presentó con una frecuencia elevada.

En este trabajo se describe la preparación y caracterización de los compuestos de inclusión entre el ligante 2-acetilpiridina tiosemicarbazona (HAPTSC) y los complejos cloruro de bis(2-acetilpiridina tiosemicarbazona) rodio(III), -{Rh(HAPTSC)2}-Cl3, y cloruro de bis(2-acetilpiridina tiosemicarbazona)níquel(II), -{Ni(HAPTSC)2}- Cl2, con b-ciclodextrina (bCD) como estrategia para mejorar la solubilidad y la actividad antimicrobiana de estos compuestos. Estos compuestos fueron preparados en razón molar 1:1 entre el respectivo compuesto y la bCD. Fueron caracterizados por espectroscopia de resonancia magnética nuclear protónica y carbono-13 (RMN ¹H, 13C), espectroscopia de absorción en la región de infrarrojo (IR), análisis térmico (DTA/DSC) y difracción de rayos X en polvo (DRX). Los resultados obtenidos a través de estas técnicas indican la formación de los compuestos de asociación y/o inclusión parcial entre el ligante y los complejos metálicos de Rh(III) y Ni(II) con bCD. Se realizaron ensayos antimicrobianos de los complejos metálicos incluidos, como también de los compuestos libres frente a bacterias Gram-negativas (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) y Gram-positivas (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) y dos levaduras (Candida albicans y Saccharomyces cerevisiae). La comparación de la actividad antimicrobiana de los complejos incluidos en bCD con la actividad de los compuestos libres mostró que para el ligante incluido la actividad aumentó contra S. aureus, mientras que para el compuesto de inclusión de Rh(III) aumentó contra P. aeruginosa.

In this paper the preparation and characterization of inclusion compounds between 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone ligand (HAPTSC) and the complexes bis(2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone)rhodium(III) chloride, -{Rh(HAPTSC)2}-Cl3, and bis (2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone)nickel(II) chloride, -{Ni(HAPTSC)2}- Cl2, with b-cyclodextrin (bCD) as a strategy to improve the solubility and antimicrobial activity of these compounds. These compounds were prepared in a molar ratio 1:1 between the respective compound and bCD, and characterized by protonic nuclear magnetic resonance and carbon-13 (NMR ¹H, 13C) spectroscopy, absorption in the infrared (IR) region spectroscopy, thermal analysis (DTA/DSC) and X-ray diffraction in powder (XRD). The results obtained through these techniques indicate the formation of association compounds and/or partial inclusion between the ligant and the Rh(III) and Ni(II) metal complexes with bCD. Antimicrobial assays were carried out with the enclosed metal complexes and the free compounds against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) bacteria and two yeast (Candida albicansand Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The comparison of the antimicrobial activity of the bCD enclosed complex with the activity of the free compounds showed that the enclosed ligant increased its activity against S. aureus, whereas the enclosed Rh(III) compound increased its activity against P. aeruginosa.

Efficient fossil energy consumption in agricultural systems is a prerequisite for sustainable agricultural production. Fossil energy consumption (EC) in avocado orchard production in Michoacán, Mexico was analyzed. Process analysis was used to estimate both direct and indirect energy required for the various agricultural operations. Data on fuel and inputs used in production were obtained from structured questionnaires completed by 455 growers. Average annual EC was 28,880 MJ∙ha-1, but the data ranged between 5,330 and 76,531 MJ∙ha-1, indicating the co-existence of a great diversity of farming systems. EC in agricultural operations decreased in the following order: fertilization (54.4 %), pest control (39.9 %), weed control (5.6 %) and irrigation (0.2 %). EC in fertilization was positively associated with the economic resources of the growers; and according to recognized fertilization standards, nitrogen fertilizer was applied excessively in 64 % of the orchards. EC in pest control was in the high range reported for fruit-tree crops and, on average, it was 41 % higher in exporting orchards than in those that produce only for the domestic market. EC in avocado production can be significantly reduced by improving fertilization and pest control practices, especially among large- and medium-sized growers.

El consumo eficiente de energía fósil, en los sistemas agrícolas, es prerrequisito de sostenibilidad de la producción. Se analizó el consumo de energía fósil (CE) en la producción de aguacate en huertas de Michoacán, México. La energía directa e indirecta consumida en varias operaciones agronómicas fue estimada mediante análisis de procesos. Se obtuvieron datos de combustibles e insumos usados en la producción a través de cuestionarios realizados a 455 productores. El promedio anual del CE fue 28,880 MJ∙ha-1, pero los valores variaron entre 5,330 y 76,531MJ∙ha-1, indicando la coexistencia de gran diversidad de modos de producción. El CE en las operaciones agronómicas decreció en el siguiente orden: fertilización (54.4 %), control de plagas (39.9 %), control de hierbas (5.6 %) y riego (0.2 %). El CE en la fertilización fue positivamente asociado con los recursos económicos de los productores; y de acuerdo con estándares de fertilización reconocidos, pudo haber un exceso en la fertilización con nitrógeno en 64 % de las huertas. El CE en el control de plagas estuvo entre los valores más altos reportados en cultivos de árboles frutales y, en promedio, fue 41 % mayor en huertas de exportación que en aquellas que producen sólo para mercado nacional. El CE en la producción de aguacate puede reducirse significativamente mejorando las prácticas de fertilización y control de plagas, especialmente entre los productores grandes y medianos.

RACIONAL: Bypass gástrico em Y-de-Roux é a operação bariátrica mais comumente realizada. Pequena bolsa gástrica é criada, deixando uma anastomose gastrojejunal estreita, com uma alça jejunal mais comprida. Muito pouco é conhecido sobre o comportamento desta bolsa em anos após o procedimento. OBJETIVO: Determinar através de estudos prospectivos endoscópico e histológico seqüenciais o tamanho da bolsa gástrica, o diâmetro da anastomose e o comportamento da infecção por H. pylori após a operação. MÉTODOS: Em 130 pacientes submetidos ao bypass gástrico foram realizadas várias avaliações sequenciais endoscópica (até 120 meses) e histológica de rotina da bolsa gástrica. RESULTADOS: Após a operação, foram realizadas em média 3,6 endoscopias por paciente. Macroscopicamente quase 95% das pequenas bolsas gástricas eram normais, e o principal achado patológico foi uma úlcera marginal. Esofagite erosiva desapareceu em 93% dos pacientes. Não houve aumento no tamanho orocaudal da bolsa durante o período de observação. Não houve dilatação do diâmetro da anastomose gastrojejunal. Perto de 54% de todos os pacientes tinham mucosa fúndica normal, enquanto 18% tinham gastrite crônica ativa, coincidente com a infecção por H. pylori. Cinco pacientes tinham metaplasia intestinal. CONCLUSÃO: Com base nesta avaliação endoscópica sequencial, não houve aumento no tamanho orocaudal da bolsa gástrica, nem do diâmetro da anastomose gastrojejunal. O comportamento do H. pylori foi inconsistente e difícil de interpretar.

BACKGROUND: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is the most common performed bariatric surgery. A small gastric pouch is created, leaving a narrow gastrojejunal anastomosis, with a long jejunal limb. Very little is known regarding the behavior of this pouch years after surgery. AIM: To determine through prospective sequential endoscopic studies the size of the gastric pouch, the diameter of the anastomosis, and the behavior of H. pylori infection after surgery. METHODS: In 130 patients subjected to resectional gastric bypass, several routine sequential endoscopic (until 120 months) and histological evaluations of the gastric pouch were performed. RESULTS: After surgery, a mean of 3.6 endoscopies/patient were performed. Macroscopically nearly 95% of the small gastric pouches were normal, and the main pathological finding was a marginal ulcer. Erosive esophagitis disappeared in 93% of the patients. There was no increase in the orocaudal size of the pouch during this period of observation. There was no dilatation of the diameter of gastrojejunal anastomosis. Near 54% of all patients had normal fundic mucosa, while 18% had chronic active gastritis, coincident with H. pylori infection. Five patients had intestinal metaplasia. CONCLUSION: Based on this sequential endoscopic evaluation, there was no increase in the orocaudal size of the gastric pouch nor increase in the diameter of the gastrojejunal anastomosis. H. pylori behavior was inconsistent and difficult to interpret.

En este artículo se evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana y citotóxica de un nuevo complejo de plata(I) con el ión salicilato y 1,10-fenantrolina. La caracterización de este compuesto se realizó por espectroscopia de resonancia magnética nuclear de protón y carbono-13 (RMN ¹H y 13C), espectroscopia de absorción en la región de infrarrojo (IR), análisis térmico (TG/DSC) y análisis elemental (CHN). Los resultados obtenidos a través de estos métodos sugieren la formación del compuesto con fórmula empírica [Ag(phen)2] salH. Cuando fue comparada la actividad antimicrobiana y citotóxica de este complejo con otros compuestos de plata(I) y cobre(II) de actividad conocida, se observó que el ligante 1,10-fenantrolina incrementa estas propiedades. El compuesto en estudio, presenta la mayor inhibición del crecimiento bacteriano, los microorganismos Gram positivos fueron los más susceptibles. La actividad citotóxica fue evaluada en un panel de cinco líneas celulares tumorales humanas: MDA-MB231, PC-3, HT-29, HEp-2 y A549. A las concentraciones evaluadas, el compuesto produjo una respuesta citotóxica dosis-dependiente en todas las líneas celulares tumorales, particularmente para las líneas tumorales HT-29, MDA-MB231 y A549. Todo esto, sugiere su gran potencial para usos quimioterapéuticos.

This article evaluated the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of a new complex of silver(I) with the salicylate ion and 1,10-phenanthroline. The characterization of this compounds was performed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proton and carbon-13 (RMN ¹H y 13C), spectroscopy absorption in the infrared (IR), thermal analysis (TG/DCS) and elemental analysis (CHN). The results ob-tained through these methods suggest the formation of the compound with empiri-cal formula Ag(phen)2]salH 4. When was compared the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of the complex with other compounds of silver(I) and copper(II) of known activity, we observed that 1, 10-phenalthroline ligand increases these properties. The compound under study has the highest inhibition of bacterial growth, Gram-positive microorganisms were the most susceptible. The cytotoxic activity was tested against a panel of fve human cancer cell lines: MDA-MB231, PC-3, HT-29, HEp-2 and A549. At the concentrations tested, the compound pro-duced a dose-dependent cytotoxic res-ponse against all tumor cell lines, parti-cularly against the HT-29, MDA-MB231 and A549 cell lines. All this suggests its potential chemotherapeutic use.

Neste artigo avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana e citotóxica de um novo complexo de prata(I) com o íon sali-cilato e 1,10-fenantrolina. A caracterização deste composto foi realizada por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear de próton e carbono-13 (RMN ¹H e 13C), espectroscopia de absorção na região de infravermelho (IV), análise térmico (TG/DSC), análi-se elementar (CHN). Os resultados ob-tidos através destes métodos sugerem a formação do composto com fórmula empírica [Ag(phen)2]salH. Quando foi comparada a atividade antimicrobiana e citotóxica deste complexo com outros compostos de prata(I) e cobre(II) de ati-vidade conhecida, observou-se que o ligante 1,10-fenantrolina aumenta essas propriedades. O composto em estudo apresenta maior inibição do crescimento bacteriano, os microorganismos Gram-positivos foram os mais suscetíveis. A atividade citotóxica foi avaliada em um painel de cinco linhas de células tu-morais humanas: MDA-MB231, PC-3, HT-29, HEp-2 e A549. Com as concen-trações avaliadas, o composto deu uma resposta citotóxica dose-dependência em todas as linhagens de células tumo-rais, particularmente para as linhas de células tumorais HT-29, MDA-MB231 e A549. Tudo isso, sugere, um grande potencial para aplicações em quimioterapia.