Resumen En esta comunicación breve, describimos retrospectivamente las características de los pacientes internados graves con COVID-19 en UCI. Reportamos 37,6 % de infecciones bacterianas secundarias, principalmente de origen nosocomial respiratorio y muy infrecuente comunitario.

Abstract In this brief communication, we retrospectively describe COVID-19 severe patient’s characteristics in ICU, and report 37,6% of secondary bacterial infections, mainly with nosocomial respiratory infections and rarely from community source.

Bacteremia is an atypical presentation of Campylobacter jejuni infection and it is more frequent in patients with advanced inmunodepression due to HIV or other sistemic diseases. Because of the highly active antiretroviral therapy, in the last decades the number of cases had declined. We report a case of a homeless woman with HIV in C3 stage who was diagnosed with the bacteremia during her hospitalization for pulmonary tuberculosis, and a brief review of C. jejuni bacteremia in HIV patients.

Resumen La bacteriemia es una presentación atípica de la infección por Campylobacter jejuni, y es más frecuente en pacientes con inmunodepresión avanzada debido al VIH u otras enfermedades sistémicas. Debido a la terapia anti-retroviral, en las últimas décadas el número de casos ha disminuido. Presentamos el caso de una mujer en situación de calle, con VIH en etapa C3, que cursó con una bacteriemia por C. jejuni durante su hospitalización por una tuberculosis pulmonar. Realizamos una breve revisión de bacteriemia por C. jejuni en pacientes con VIH.

Abstract The main objective of the current study reflects and questions the colonial methodologies on research. This is based on the indigenous people’s vision in order to make a small contribution to the fields on intercultural and plurilingual education of Bolivia. In this sense, a bibliographical revision has mainly carried out. This bibliography was based on the research on Taller de Historia Oral Andina, the Programa de Formación en Educación Intercultural Bilingüe para los Países Andinos, Agroecología Universidad Cochabamba, and the Consejos Educativos de Pueblos Originarios. The four experiences are gradually distant from the colonial traditional methodologies that come from the modern sciences. The proposals of those experiences, with more or less emphasis, find the dialogue with millennial indigenous knowledge systems. These experiences are critically framed in the new Sociocommunitary Productive Educative System in Bolivia in the sense that could bring us important approaches in the required construction in order to study models with a communitarian transversal vision in the education systems. The principal contributions of these experiences are oral history, the academic training of the indigenous scholars, the construction of southern epistemic models, and the community management of knowledge.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es reflexionar y cuestionar las metodologías coloniales de investigación a partir de la visión de los pueblos indígenas y realizar un pequeño aporte al campo de la educación intra-, intercultural y plurilingüe en Bolivia mediante una revisión bibliográfica de las propuestas de investigación de cuatro experiencias: Taller de Historia Oral Andina, Programa de Formación en Educación Intercultural Bilingüe para los Países Andinos, Agroecología Universidad Cochabamba y Consejos Educativos de Pueblos Originarios, las cuales poco a poco se desmarcan de las metodologías coloniales provenientes de la ciencia moderna; entre sus planteamientos se encuentra el diálogo con los milenarios sistemas de conocimientos indígenas. Estas experiencias se visualizan de manera crítica en el marco del nuevo Modelo Educativo Sociocomunitario Productivo en Bolivia, ya que pueden brindar importantes aportaciones a la necesaria construcción de modelos de investigación sociocomunitaria transversales a todo el sistema educativo, como la historia oral, la especialización de indígenas profesionales, la construcción de modelos epistémicos del sur, y la gestión comunitaria de saberes y conocimientos.

RESUMO As síndromes de Vernet, Collet-Sicard e Villaret são pouco frequentes que acometem os espaços por onde passam alguns dos pares de nervos cranianos que podem ocasionar o comprometimento das funções motoras da língua. A etiologia dessas patologias podem ser oriundas de tumores benignos ou malignos, metástases, infecções, ou serem consideradas Idiopáticas. Pacientes que apresentam a doença, podem relatar alterações de mobilidade e função da língua, disfonia, disfagia e disartria. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar um caso sobre a síndrome de Collet-Sicard, ratificando a importância do cirurgião-dentista no diagnóstico de doenças que se manifestam na cavidade oral. O tratamento adequado deve ser instituído o mais rápido possível e o paciente deve ser acompanhado por uma equipe multiprofissional para possibilitar a remissão completa dos sintomas.

ABSTRACT The Vernet, Collet-Sicard and Villaret Syndromes are uncommon; they affect the spaces through which some of the cranial nerves pass and can lead to the impairment of motor functions of the tongue. The etiology is variable, including benign or malignant tumors, metastasis, infections, or Idiopathic causes. Patients with the disease may report changes in the mobility and function of the tongue, dysphonia, dysarthria and dysphagia. The purpose of this article was present a case report of Collet-Sicard syndrome, and to highlight the importance of proper diagnosis by dentists. Appropriate treatment must be instituted as soon as possible and the patient should be treated by a multidisciplinary team until the complete remission of symptoms.

The main objective of this work was to study the dynamics of litterfall and litter decomposition in Pinus sylvestris and Pinus halepensis plantations in Castilla y León Region (Spain) as well as the effect of local density on these parameters. Four stands of each species were selected and eight plots were established on each stand. A littertrap and 15 litterbags were set on each plot. Litterfall was collected monthly and a litterbag was removed every three months. The dry weight of litterfall was determined separately for each fraction. The loss of weight over time of needles in the litterbags was also determined. Finally, the relationship between local basal area in the plots and the studied parameters was assessed. The obtained results show significant and positive effects of basal area on litterfall and significant and negative effects on decay rate of needles in the litterbags.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar las dinámicas de desfronde y descomposición de acículas en plantaciones de Pinus halepensis y Pinus sylvestris de Castilla y León (España) así como el efecto de la densidad de las masas sobre dichos parámetros. Para ello se seleccionaron cuatro rodales de cada una de las especies estudiadas y en cada uno de ellos se establecieron ocho parcelas considerando un gradiente de áreas basimétricas, estudiándose un total de 32 parcelas. En el centro de cada parcela se situó una trampa de desfronde y 15 bolsas de descomposición. El desfronde contenido en las trampas se recogió mensualmente. Trimestralmente se retiró una bolsa de descomposición de cada parcela. Se determinó el peso seco de desfronde separado en las distintas fracciones así como la pérdida de peso de las bolsas de descomposición a lo largo del tiempo. Finalmente se estudió la relación existente entre el área basimétrica local de las parcelas y los parámetros antes descritos. Se constató la existencia de diferencias significativas en las cantidades de desfronde y en la tasa de descomposición de las acículas contenidas en las bolsas en función del área basimétrica de la parcela.

A simple and rapid analytical method is developed and validated for the determination of antiepileptic and antipsychotic drugs in human whole blood using a solid-phase extraction and quantification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Prazepam was used as internal standard (IS). The specificity, linearity, intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy, and extraction recovery were fully evaluated. The limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.52 - 0.98 μg/mL and 1.56 - 2.97 μg/mL for antiepileptic drugs (pentobarbital, phenobarbital and carbamazepine) and 1.31 - 2.94 ng/mL and 3.98 - 8.89 ng/mL for antipsychotic drugs (chlorpromazine and thioridazine), respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 7.07%, while the intra-day accuracy was < 3.21% and the inter-day was < 8.80%, referred to RSD. The developed methodology was applied in forensic cases of death caused by phenothiazines in the North of Chile during 2010-2012.

Carbon isotope ratios, recorded as 13C/12C variations in tree rings of woody species, are the result of physiological changes related to environmental conditions. The objective of this work was to analyze the association among carbon thirteen variability (δ13C), climate variables and tree-ring growth of Pinus pinaster and Pinus sylvestris in central Spain. Pulverized woody material from the period 1975-1999 from four trees for each pine species was analyzed. To detect common patterns in δ13C within each species and between δ13C and growth indices, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. δ13C of trees and the residual tree-ring chronologies were used at the PCA. Multilevel mixed linear models were applied between intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) and climate variables. Our results show an inverse significant correlation between δ13C and tree-ring growth of both species. Winter and spring air moisture was negatively correlated with iWUE of Pinus pinaster. July maximum temperature was positively correlated with iWUE of Pinus sylvestris. As δ13C is significantly related to climate and growth and it may be recommended as a valuable tool for tree growth dynamic analysis to withstand increasingly stressful climate conditions.

La relación entre los isótopos de carbono, almacenada como la variación de 13C/12C en los anillos de crecimiento de las especies leñosas, es el resultado de cambios fisiológicos relacionados con las condiciones ambientales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la asociación entre la variabilidad del isótopo de carbono trece (δ13C), las variables climáticas y el ancho de los anillos de crecimiento de Pinus pinaster y Pinus sylvestris que crecen en el centro de España. Se analizó polvo de madera obtenido a partir de los anillos de crecimiento del período 1975-1999 de cuatro árboles de cada especie. Para determinar patrones de variabilidad comunes de δ13C y la asociación entre δ13C con el crecimiento se aplicó un análisis de componentes principales (ACP) entre la δ13C de todos los árboles y las cronologías residuales para cada especie. Se aplicaron modelos lineares mixtos entre la eficiencia intrínseca del uso de agua (EIUA) y las variables climáticas. Los resultados muestran una correlación inversa altamente significativa entre δ13C y el ancho de los anillos de crecimiento de ambas especies. La humedad del invierno y de la primavera se correlacionan negativamente con la EIUA de Pinus pinaster. La temperatura media máxima de Julio se correlaciona positivamente con EIUA de Pinus sylvestris. Debido a que la δ13C está significativamente relacionada con el clima y el crecimiento se puede recomendar como una herramienta de valor para el análisis de la dinámica forestal ante las condiciones climáticas cada vez más estresantes.

The consumption of antidepressant drugs has increased in these last years, leading to severe and lethal poisonings. In this work, analytical tools, namely GC/MSD and GC/NPD µECD, were used to identify and quantify several antidepressant drugs including amitriptyline, imipramine, sertraline, fluoxetine, and citalopram in forensic cases in the North of Chile during 2008-2011. Drugs were analyzed in biological arrays like blood. A solid phase extraction by Bond Elut Certify columns was applied in all these processes. Fluoxetine and sertraline were derivatized with pentafluoropropionic anhydride. Prazepam was used as internal standard (IS). The limit of detection (LOD) in blood were 0.5 - 20.07 ng/mL. The average extraction rate was 89.39% in blood. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 3.6%, while the intra-day accuracy was < 5.5% and the inter-day was < 2.4%, referred to RSD. The procedures we have developed allow the quantification of drugs even at low therapeutic doses, a very important issue taking into account the nature of the analyzed arrays.

Nowadays, Diabetic Neuropathy (DN) is considered the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy in clinical practice. It can affect sensitive, motor or autonomic nerve fibers, with symmetric, asymmetric, acute or chronic presentations. Due to this variability, with multiple physiopathologic mechanisms involved, a complex clinical classification has been used until recently. The aim of this review is to present a new classification of diabetic neuropathy, based on its physiopathology. It is divided in metabolic microvascular and hypoxic, autoimmune and inflammatory, compressive, secondary to complications ofdiabetes and related to treatment. It must be understood that DN is notjust a functional disease, but a complication of diabetes with molecular and pathological substrates caused by hyperglycemia. Therefore, normalization of blood glucose is a fundamental step towards the successful prevention and treatment of DN.

Background: changes in the normal function of the airway during the active process of facial growth can have a significant influence on facial development. Objective: to present the usefulness of the evaluation of airway Beam Computed Tomography Cone. Methods: images of 250 women and 128 men using the program Sidexis to Galilee were reviewed. The selection of areas to be measured was determined by the coordinates that pass through the canal in the sagittal plane nasopalatine and interproximal area of the upper central incisors in the coronal plane. Results:a moderate negative correlation, but statistically significant between patient age and area of the airway in both sexes was found. There was a moderate positive correlation, statistically significant between the length of the soft palate and age in both sexes. A correlation of cross-sectional area and length of the soft palate was also showed. Conclusions: the Beam Computed Tomography Cone provides a reliable three-dimensional image of the spatial relationship between the teeth and face and surrounding anatomical structures allowing adequate assessment of the tissues.

Fundamento: los cambios en la función normal de la vía aérea durante el proceso activo de crecimiento facial pueden tener una influencia significativa en el desarrollo facial. Objetivo: presentar la utilidad de la evaluación de la vía aérea mediante tomografía computarizada de haz de cono. Método: se revisaron las imágenes de 250 mujeres y 128 hombres a través del programa Sidexis para Galileos. La selección de las zonas a medir se determinó mediante las coordenadas que pasan por el conducto nasopalatino en el plano sagital y por la zona interproximal de los incisivos centrales superiores, en el plano coronal. Resultados: se observó una correlación negativa moderada pero estadísticamente significativa entre la edad del paciente y el área de la vía aérea en ambos sexos. Se encontró una correlación positiva moderada, estadísticamente significativa entre la longitud del velo del paladar y la edad en los dos sexos. Se presentó también una correlación del área de sección transversal y la longitud del paladar blando. Conclusiones: la Tomografía Computarizada de Haz de Cono proporciona una imagen tridimensional confiable de la relación espacial entre los dientes y la cara y sus estructuras anatómicas circundantes permitiendo una evaluación adecuada de los tejidos.

Se instalaron dos ensayos de procedencia en un bosque secundario abierto. Se evaluaron cinco procedencias de mara (Swietenia macrophylla King) pertenecientes a la ecoregión pre-andina amazónica (A y SC), transición chiquitano-amazónica (B y CH) y amazónica (C). Se utilizaron modelos mixtos con datos de medidas repetidas para analizar la tasa de sobrevivencia, crecimiento en altura y diámetro raíz de cuello de plántulas, como también el vigor de las plántulas. La supervivencia varió entre las procedencias y fue inferior en el sitio 1 que en el sitio 2, después de 12 meses de la plantación. El crecimiento en altura fue relativamente uniforme entre procedencias y sitios, variando desde 33-47 cm y desde 63-101 cm, respectivamente. Después de 19 meses en el sitio 2, la procedencia de la ecoregión de transición chiquitano-amazónica (B=84%, N=288) y pre-andina amazónica (SC=79.5%, N=288) mostraron altas tasas de supervivencia, mientras que las diferencias de crecimiento en altura variaron desde 150-216 cm, respectivamente. En general, el crecimiento del diámetro a la raíz del cuello fue menor en el sitio 1 que en el sitio 2. Entre procedencias, la procedencia B y CH fueron significativamente diferentes después de cuatro meses en el sitio 1; sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias entre el resto de las procedencias a los 12 meses. En el sitio 2, el crecimiento en diámetro fue mejor para las procedencias B y CH a los cuatro meses, mientras CH lo hizo a los 12 y B a los 19. En resumen, la procedencia B de la ecoregión de transición chiquitano-amazónica mostró mejores características que el resto de las procedencias ensayadas (sobrevivencia 84%, crecimiento en altura 135.1 cm/año y diámetro raíz de cuello 34.7 mm/año). Nuestros resultados proporcionan una información útil sobre la supervivencia y el crecimiento de las plantaciones de mara en un bosque secundario abierto.

The conservation of Bolivian big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King.) forests requires of provenance trials to identify potential seed sources. Survival and early growth of seedlings are regarded as key variables in provenance trials. Two provenance trials were installed in an open secondary forest. Five Bolivian mahogany provenances, which belong to the pre-Andean Amazon (A and SC), Chiquitano-Amazon transitional (B and CH) and the Amazon (C) ecoregions, were evaluated. Mixed models with repeated measurement data were used to analyze survival rate, height growth and root collar diameter of seedlings, as well as seedling vigour. After 12 months of plantation, survivorship of all provenances was much lower at site 1 than at site 2. Height growth was relatively uniform among provenances and sites, ranging from 33-47 cm and from 63-101 cm, respectively. After 19 months at site 2, the provenances from Chiquitano-Amazon transitional (B=84%, N=288) and pre-Andean Amazon (SC=79.5%, N=288) showed the highest survival rates, whereas differences in height growth varied from 150 to 216 cm. In general, root collar diameter growth was lower at site 1 than at site 2. Among provenances, B and CH were significantly different in diameter growth after 4 months at site 1, however, no differences were observed at 12 months among all provenances. At site 2, diameter growth showed that provenances B and CH did better after 4 months while CH did better after 12 and B after 19. In summary, the provenance B from Chiquitano-Amazon transitional showed better characteristics than the rest of tested provenances (84% survival, 135.1 cm/year height growth and 34.7 mm/year root-collar diameter). Our findings provide useful information on survival and growth performance of Bolivian mahogany in plantations on secondary forests.

The present paper describes a method for the simultaneous determination of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in human whole blood. The drugs were extracted with phosphate buffer at pH 6, followed by solid-phase extraction and quantification by GC/MS with electron impact ionization using helium as carrier gas. Quantification was performed using cocaine-d3 as internal standard in selected ion monitoring mode. The method is very simple, rapid and sensitive. The specificity, linearity, intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy, and extraction recovery were fully evaluated. The limits of detection were 3.6 ng/mL for cocaine and 6.8 ng/mL for benzoylecgonine. The method was applied to blood samples removed at autopsy from body packers and stuffers cases in the I - IV and XV regions of Chile during 2008-2010.

A rapid, selective, sensitive, and specific method is presented to simultaneously quantify morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), codeine, heroin, fentanyl, and methadone in human whole blood and plasma. The drugs were extracted with phosphate buffer at pH 6, followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and quantification by GC/MS with electron impact ionization using helium as carrier gas. Quantification was performed based on nalorphine as internal standard (IS). The specificity, linearity, intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy, and extraction recovery were fully evaluated. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.40 - 7.63 ng/mL for whole blood and 0.80 - 32.00 ng/mL for plasma. The method is fast, simple, and accurate, with the sensitivity and specificity required in forensic and clinical toxicology.