Abstract Pozner, R.; F. Cápula, G. Couso & G. Blanco. 2023. The historical building of Instituto de Botánica Darwinion in San Isidro: the silent message of Dr. Cristóbal M. Hicken’s legacy. Darwiniana, nueva serie 11(1): 180-245. The Instituto de Botánica Darwinion (CONICET and ANCEFyN) was founded by the end of 1910 in the San Martín district by Cristóbal María Hicken as his private botanical research laboratory. Its name honors Charles Darwin for his brilliant theory of biological evolution. In 1924, Cristóbal M. Hicken made public his desire to bequeath the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion to the National State, a fact that only materialized in 1934. But in the early ‘30s, he decided to move the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion to a new building located in the San Isidro district, built especially to contain the institute and also his retirement home. After 87 years of existence and five building extensions, the historic building of the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion of San Isidro maintains its integrity and attracts the attention of both the public and architecture and design professionals. Based on the study of building characteristics and the thought of Cristóbal M. Hicken, the main objective of this work is to evaluate whether the external and internal structure of the historic Darwinion building in San Isidro, together with the ornamentation and distribution of original functions of each room, respond only to an aesthetic and functional design or if, in addition, they have a symbolic meaning, a vision of the world, a silent message for those who want (and know how) to understand. With this central purpose as a guide, we carried out a multidisciplinary investigation to reconstruct Cristóbal M. Hicken’s vision in the design of the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion of San Isidro. We started from the analysis of the original building in the San Martín district in search of any possible design background, to then focus the attention entirely on the building in San Isidro. Plans, public documents, correspondence, historical photographs, academic and dissemination articles of the time, pre-Hispanic South American ethnographic information, Argentine historical information between 1860 and 1930, and interviews with relatives and historians were studied. In short, the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion in San Isidro was created as a museum and a laboratory plus a home. The design of the museum agrees with the concept of “temple of Botany” manifested by Cristóbal M. Hicken himself, and whose first sign is observed in the etymology of the name of the institute. Its ornamentation is eclectic, since it combines symbols of Andean pre-Hispanic cultures with symbols of Western civilization, and it is structured according to each room (portal, front rooms, herbarium, library) and orientation (towards the street or towards the inner garden). This ornamentation works like a discourse in symbolic key with multiple messages for the visitor: it reflects an original, foundational, and ancient Argentine identity, which in turn communicates that the Darwinion is a place where a silent and fertile unveiling of the knowledge, of the secrets of evolution, takes place protected from evils and misfortunes by Nature itself. The design plan of the institute, the portal, the access terrace, and the internal garden convey desirable masonic values through the symbolic language, typical and traditional of Freemasonry. Likewise, we show evidence of Dr. Cristóbal M. Hicken’s great interest in Andean pre-Hispanic cultures, of his refined knowledge of Greco-Roman mythology, his belonging to Argentine Freemasonry and consequent ability to symbolic language, and his knowledge of construction, cosmology, and analytic geometry. For these reasons, and considering his participation in the supervision of the building work declared by the newspapers of his time, the probable direct intervention of Cristóbal M. Hicken is proposed both in the design of the building of the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion of San Isidro, as well as in the design of its ornamentation. In addition, evidence is provided of the possible intervention of Arturo Prins and Fernando de Estrada in the project of the building.

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Abstract Several human disturbances contribute to the decrease of vertebrate species’ richness and abundance, altering the processes of an ecosystem. We evaluate richness, diversity and relative abundance of species for lizard assemblages at sites with different degrees of perturbation in the center-west of the Arid Chaco region in Argentina. Between 2015 and 2018, six lizard assemblages were sampled monthly -using pitfall traps- in three areas of the Chaco, with a perturbed and an unperturbed (control) replica at each of the areas: (1) Chaco Mountain plain, (2) Chaco Mountain slope, and (3) Chaco Plains, and habitat characteristics of each study site were recorded. We captured 1446 lizards, belonging to 12 species. The perturbed area at the Chaco Mountain plain showed the greatest richness, diversity and abundance of species. In the perturbed Chaco Plains, species abundance decreased by about 50% with respect to the control site. Liolaemus chacoensis was the dominant species at all sites. Some species could be negatively affected by a total loss of arboreal strata, tree trunks and fallen leaves. Structural parameters of lizard assemblages were related to the habitat characteristics; therefore, these results provide information for the conservation and management of lands and lizard assemblages in the Arid Chaco.

En este trabajo se analizan los modos en los que se han relacionado la extracción de hidrocarburos y la producción del espacio en dos estudios de caso dentro de la provincia de Neuquén: Añelo y Rincón de los Sauces. Esto se realiza a partir de la caracterización de la modificación de las escalas de intervención como vinculada a la descentralización estatal y a la instalación de un modelo de explotación hidrocarburífera basado en la realización de concesiones territoriales a privados nacionales y extranjeros a partir de la década de 1990. Esta instauración supuso la suma de una cuarta escala de intervención en la producción del espacio (a la nacional, la provincial y la local se adicionó la de empresas internacionales) y la reconfiguración de los alcances y límites de las tres preexistentes. El análisis se realizará a partir de la documentación oficial de instituciones nacionales, agencias provinciales y organismos municipales. Esto se tensionará con información proveniente de entrevistas -propias y periodísticas- a informantes clave (funcionarios estatales, pobladores de las localidades e integrantes de organizaciones sociales). Se ofrecen conclusiones que señalan que el proceso de apropiación de la renta petrolera está relacionado con la producción del espacio, al tiempo que esta se vincula con la (re)producción de las desigualdades en el sistema urbano y con la emergencia de conflictos territoriales

This paper analyzes the production of space in the context of the re escalation of state intervention. It focuses on how hydrocarbon extraction and the production of space have been intertwined in two case studies within the province of Neuquén: Añelo and Rincón de los Sauces. The reescalation of intervention is linked to state decentralization and the development of a hydrocarbon exploitation model based on land concessions to national and foreign actors since the 1990s. This meant the creation of a fourth scale of intervention in the production of space (the one related to international companies, which was added to the national, provincial, and local ones) and the reconfiguration of the scopes and boundaries of the preexisting ones. The sources of this investigation are official national, provincial, and local documents, which are triangulated with information extracted from personal and journalistic interviews with key informants (state agents, local citizens, and members of organizations). The conclusions point out that the process of appropriation of oil profits is linked to the production of space, as well as how the latter relates to the (re)production of urban inequalities and the emergence of territorial conflicts

RESUMEN La abundancia como parámetro demográfico es un elemento importante de la dinámica poblacional, permitiendo hacer comparaciones espaciotemporales y evaluar el estado de salud de las especies. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron conocer la estructura temporal de un ensamble de anuros del Chaco Serrano en el centro-oeste de Argentina e identificar la influencia de factores climáticos sobre esos parámetros. Se realizaron catorce muestreos desde octubre de 2012 a febrero de 2015, agrupándose en estaciones seca y lluviosa. La abundancia de especies se analizó mediante: 1) abundancias medias, con análisis de varianza factorial y 2) proporciones, como frecuencias de ocurrencia, a partir de pruebas Chi cuadrado. Se realizó un análisis de redundancia relacionando la abundancia, estaciones, y variables ambientales. En ambas estaciones Rhinella arenarum arenarum fue la especie más abundante, seguida por Pleurodema tucumanum y Leptodactylus luctator. Se hallaron diferencias significativas en la abundancia, entre estaciones y sexos, existiendo interacciones significativas entre estos factores. En la estación seca R. arenarum arenarum y L. luctator presentaron diferencias en las proporciones de sexos, mientras que en la estación lluviosa solo P. tucumanum exhibió diferentes frecuencias de ocurrencia entre machos y hembras. La temperatura mínima y las precipitaciones influyeron significativamente en la abundancia de P. tucumanum. No se encontraron influencias climáticas para las otras especies. Los resultados de esta investigación contribuyen a entender la estructura de ensamblajes de anuros del Chaco, sugiriendo que las poblaciones son fluctuantes en el tiempo y que pueden depender, en algunas especies, de factores abióticos como temperatura y precipitaciones.

ABSTRACT Abundance as a demographic parameter is an important part of population dynamics, allowing space-time comparisons and evaluating the health status of species. This work aimed to know the temporal structure of an anuran assembly from Chaco Serrano in central-western Argentina and to identify the influence of climatic factors on those parameters. 14 samplings were carried out from October 2012 to February 2015. Samplings were grouped into dry and rainy seasons. The abundance of each species was analyzed by: 1) mean abundances, with factorial analysis of variance and 2) proportions, as frequencies of occurrence, from Chisquare tests. Redundancy analysis was performed to relate abundance, seasons, and environmental variables. In both seasons Rhinella arenarum arenarum was the most abundant species, followed by Pleurodema tucumanum and Leptodactylus luctator. Significant differences were found in species abundance, between seasons, and between sexes, with significant interactions between these factors. In the dry season, R. arenarum arenarum and L. luctator showed differences in sex ratios, whereas in the rainy season only P. tucumanum exhibited different frequencies between males and females. The minimum temperature and the rainfall proved to be significant variables in P. tucumanum abundance. No climatic influences were found for the other species. The results of this research contribute to understanding the Chaco anuran assemblage structure, suggesting that populations fluctuate over time and it may depend, in some species, on abiotic factors such as temperature and rainfall.

Abstract Reproductive biology is fundamental to understanding the ecology and evolution of lizards which, in turn, is essential for the definition of the species´ conservation status. We studied life-history traits related to the reproduction of the Phymaturus extrilidus lizard, including the male and female reproductive cycles, litter size, mean annual reproductive output, reproductive effort, sexual maturity size and sexual dimorphism, body condition, and fat body cycles. We found sexual dimorphism in size and shape, supporting the hypotheses of sexual and fecundity selection. Females exhibited biennial reproductive cycles synchronous with the annual prenuptial male cycle, adjusted for the maturation of the vitellogenic follicles of females. Females of P. extrilidus have the highest mean annual reproductive output (MARO=1.14) recorded in Phymaturus, and this is accompanied by the highest reproductive effort (C=0.28, C energetic =0.31). Births occur from late summer to early autumn. The female reproductive cycle, strictly biennial, like all species of the P. palluma group, and the vitellogenesis in particular, appear to be limited by body condition and the amount of fat body stored. This study presents the fundamental reproductive traits of P. extrilidus that can provide valuable information to be used in the evaluation of the conservation status of this species.

Resumen Introducción: El estudio de las estrategias de uso y partición del recurso espacial resulta importante para entender los mecanismos de coexistencia de especies de anfibios simpátricas, más aún cuando existen variaciones temporales en la disponibilidad de hábitats. Objetivo: Conocer los patrones de uso de microhábitat, sus variaciones estacionales y la posible influencia de la filogenia en un ensamble de anuros del Chaco Serrano de Argentina. Métodos: Los muestreos se realizaron en el área protegida Parque Natural Valle Fértil, Departamento Valle Fértil, San Juan, entre el 2012 y 2017. En campo, se registró el microhábitat donde se encontró cada ejemplar y se midieron variables del sitio. Además, se determinó la disponibilidad de microhábitats. Los datos se analizaron mediante el índice de selectividad de Manly. Para evaluar variaciones temporales en el uso de microhábitats se utilizaron modelos lineales generalizados (GLM). Resultados: Las especies evaluadas fueron: Rhinella arenarum arenarum, Leptodactylus latrans, Pleurodema tucumanum y Odontophrynus occidentalis. Todas las especies mostraron diferencias en las frecuencias de uso: R. a. arenarum mostró preferencias hacia los sitios rocosos y acuáticos, P. tucumanum exhibió preferencias hacia los sitios con suelo desnudo y rocas, L. latrans y O. occidentalis presentaron mayores preferencias hacia los sitios rocosos y acuáticos. Todas las especies excepto Odontophrynus exhibieron variaciones estacionales en la selección y uso de los microhábitats. Odontophrynus occidentalis presentó diferencias en las proporciones de uso entre microhábitats. Conclusiones: Este estudio muestra la plasticidad en el uso de microhábitats como un determinante importante en la distribución espacial de anuros, sin restricciones aparentes impuestas por la competencia, el espacio ni la filogenia. Cuando la actividad de las especies es coincidente, el recurso espacial puede distribuirse de manera que se reduzca el solapamiento entre especies.

Abstract Introduction: Research on spatial resource usage and partition strategies is important to understand the mechanisms of coexistence in sympatric amphibian species, even more when there are temporal variations in habitat availability. Objective: To learn about the patterns of microhabitat use, its seasonal variations and the possible influence of phylogeny on an anuran assembly of the Chaco Serrano in Argentina. Methods: Samplings were carried out in the Valle Fértil Natural Park protected area, Valle Fértil Department, San Juan, between 2012 and 2017. In the field, we recorded the microhabitat where each specimen was found, and we also measured site variables. In addition, microhabitats availability was determined. Data were analyzed using Manly’s selectivity index. Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to assess temporal variations in microhabitat use. Results: The species evaluated were: Rhinella arenarum arenarum, Leptodactylus latrans, Pleurodema tucumanum and Odontophrynus occidentalis. All species showed differences in usage frequencies: R. a. arenarum showed preferences for rocky and aquatic sites, P. tucumanum showed preferences towards bare soil and rocky sites, L. latrans and O. occidentalis showed greater preferences for rocky and aquatic sites. All species but Odontophrynus exhibited seasonal variations in microhabitat selection and usage. Odontophrynusoccidentalis showed differences in usage proportions among microhabitats. Conclusions: This study shows plasticity in microhabitat usage as an important determinant of anuran spatial distribution, without apparent restrictions imposed by space competition or phylogeny. When species activity is coincident, the space resource may be distributed in a way that species overlap is reduced.

ABSTRACT Larvivorous fish have been studied as potential biocontrol agents of mosquito larvae and pupae through their trophic interactions. The use of native fish for mosquito control may have benefits for both aquatic biodiversity and human health. Evaluating the effect of vegetation on the predatory efficacy is fundamental to determine if this species can be used as a biocontrol agent. With the aim of evaluating Jenynsia multidentata (Jenyns, 1842) as a biocontrol agent of Culex pipiens Linnaeus, 1758, we tested its predatory capacity in the presence or absence of aquatic vegetation under laboratory conditions. Two independent experiments were conducted. Larval consumption at a density of 60 larvae (6 larvae/l) was significantly reduced with the vegetation increased. On the other hand, when the larval density was 120 (12 larvae/l), the predatory capacity of J. multidentata did not vary in the presence or absence of vegetation. This result indicated that vegetation effect on consumption could be related to prey density, since at the higher density of prey the probability of predator-prey encounter might be increased. Jenynsia multidentata is a good consumer in presence of vegetation and could be used as a potential biocontrol agent of mosquito larvae in natural environments with similar characteristics to the ones tested in these experiments.

RESUMEN Los peces larvívoros han sido estudiados como posibles agentes de control biológico de larvas y pupas de mosquitos a través de sus interacciones tróficas. El uso de peces nativos para el control de mosquitos puede tener beneficios tanto para la biodiversidad acuática como para la salud humana. La evaluación del efecto de la vegetación sobre la eficacia depredadora es fundamental para determinar si esta especie puede usarse como un agente de control biológico. Con el objetivo de evaluar a Jenynsia multidentata (Jenyns, 1842) como agente de biocontrol de Culex pipiens Linnaeus, 1758, probamos su capacidad depredadora en presencia o ausencia de vegetación acuática en condiciones de laboratorio. Se llevaron a cabo dos experimentos independientes. El consumo de larvas a una densidad de 60 larvas (6 larvas / l) se redujo significativamente con el aumento de la vegetación. Por otro lado, cuando la densidad larval fue de 120 (12 larvas / l), la capacidad depredadora de J. multidentata no varía en la presencia o ausencia de vegetación. Este resultado indicó que el efecto de la vegetación en el consumo podría estar relacionado con la densidad de presas, ya que a mayor densidad de presas se podría incrementar la probabilidad de encuentro entre depredador y presa. Jenynsia multidentata es un buen consumidor en presencia de vegetación y podría ser usado como un potencial agente de control biológico de larvas de mosquitos en ambientes naturales con características similares a las probadas en estos experimentos.

Abstract: We report a 42-year-old cocaine addicted female patient referred for evaluation of hard palate ulceration resulting in oro-sinus communication with difficulties in swallowing and phonation, an rhino-sinusitis. Acrylic and removable silicone prosthesis was prescribed to relieve severe functional disorders. It is essential that the patient permanently abandons cocaine use to perform surgical reconstruction.

ResumenEn las regiones subtropicales, las precipitaciones tienen una marcada estacionalidad. El agua de inundaciones causadas por fuertes lluvias puede tener consecuencias importantes para los ecosistemas dependientes. Por el contrario, en periodos de sequía algunas especies de la fauna se encuentran limitadas a la oferta de los recursos disponibles en el hábitat, reflejando cambios en su diversidad y distribución. Entre los vertebrados, las aves son consideradas como excelentes indicadores ecológicos y facilitan evaluar los cambios de su hábitat. Sin embargo, en el Chaco Serrano Austral argentino poco se conoce sobre la avifauna. Nosotros estudiamos (1) el estado de residencia que presentan las especies de aves en el área austral del Chaco Serrano y (2) la relación de su riqueza y abundancia con la variación estacional y con los efectos de hidroperíodos mensuales y anuales. Realizamos 18 muestreos durante un período de dos años (marzo 2011 - febrero 2013) en el sector noreste del Parque Natural Valle Fértil en la provincia de San Juan, Argentina. Estos muestreos se llevaron a cabo durante los períodos no reproductivo (otoño-invierno), pre-reproductivo (primavera) y reproductivo (verano), con el fin de evaluar el estado de residencia de las aves. En cada muestreo se registraron las poblaciones de aves utilizando cinco transectas, con el fin de registrar su abundancia y riqueza específica. Con el fin de analizar las relaciones entre las variables se utilizó un modelo lineal generalizado mixto. Se registraron 98 especies de aves (44 especies residentes, 23 visitantes que llegan en primavera, seis visitantes de verano, dos visitantes de invierno y 23 con registros escasos), pertenecientes a 33 familias. Asimismo, registramos 68 especies en ambos hidroperíodos, 28 durante el hidroperíodo de lluvia y dos durante el hidroperíodo de sequía. Tanto la riqueza, como la abundancia de aves fueron mayores en el periodo prereproductivo y durante el hidroperíodo anual lluvioso, mientras que las lluvias mensuales aisladas no presentaron esta tendencia. La avifauna registrada en este artículo es similar a la encontrada en las regiones del Chaco Serrano, que fue identificado como una región clave para la preservación de la biodiversidad. Por lo tanto, recomendamos tomar esta área como prioritaria para la conservación. Los cambios en la abundancia de aves se asociaron con la llegada de las especies migratorias, sobre todo con las visitantes estivales tempranas, y probablemente en relación con su actividad reproductiva y la evolución estacional de los recursos alimentarios. El Chaco Serrano Austral subtropical semiárido parece ser un importante lugar de cría para muchas especies migratorias que además promueven los cambios estacionales en la densidad y diversidad de especies, sobre todo en los años lluviosos. La creciente comprensión en las causas de variación de la riqueza y abundancia de aves del Chaco Serrano Austral observadas en este trabajo, contribuirán con las tareas manejo y conservación de este importante grupo faunístico.

AbstractIn subtropical regions like the Chaco Serrano (33° S), rainfall has a marked seasonality, and water flood, caused by heavy rains, may have important consequences for dependent ecosystems. Conversely, the high pressure on available resources during dry periods can also affect the fauna diversity and distribution. Even though birds have shown to be excellent ecological indicators of these shifts in the environment, currently little is known about the avifauna of the Argentine Chaco Serrano phytogeographic district. Our aim was to study the resident bird population status in the Southern Chaco Serrano, its fluctuations in richness and abundance, and its relationship to seasonal variations, in monthly and annual hydroperiods. In order to assess the resident bird status over a two year period (2011 Mar.-2013 Feb.) we carried out 18 sampling surveys during pre-breeding (spring), breeding (summer) and non breeding periods (autumn-winter), in the Northeastern part of the Valle Fértil Natural Park, San Juan province, Argentina. During each site survey, we recorded bird assemblages found in six transects, and obtained bird abundance and species diversity. A mixed general linear model was employed to evaluate relationships between the studied variables. We found a total of 98 species of birds belonging to 33 families (44 resident species, 23 spring visitors, six summer visitors, two winter visitors and 23 with scarce registers). We also registered 68 of these species in both hydroperiods, 28 only during rainy periods and only two during the dry period. Both richness and abundance showed the highest values during the pre-breeding and rainy seasons, while different tendencies were detected during the isolated monthly rainfalls. These changes in bird densities were associated with the arrival of migratory species, mainly spring visitors, and probably in relationship with their reproductive activity, and to seasonal fluctuations in food resources. The Southern Chaco Serrano is a subtropical semiarid place that seems to be an important breeding habitat for many migrant bird species, which in turn promoted seasonal changes in species density and diversity, mainly during rainy years. This work contributed to our understanding on the causes of richness and abundance variations on birds, and will contribute to this important group management and conservation in this area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 953-961. Epub 2017 September 01.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the diet of the gecko Homonota fasciata (Duméril & Bibron, 1836) in a population from Monte of San Juan Province, Argentina, and to analyze possible temporal, sexual, and ontogenetic variations in feeding behavior. We determined the total volume, number, and occurrence frequency of each prey item and calculated the relative importance indexes. We also assessed trophic diversity and trophic equity. Homonota fasciata had a generalist and diverse diet based on arthropods, including insects and arachnids. Individuals adopted a passive 'sit and wait' foraging strategy. There were seasonal-, sex-, and age-related variations in the trophic spectra. The results of this study provide a valuable contribution to our understanding of the biology of this species, with implications for the establishment of management guidelines both for the species and its habitat.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer y describir la dieta de Homonota fasciata (Duméril & Bibron, 1836) en una población del Monte de la provincia de San Juan Argentina, analizando posibles variaciones temporales, sexuales y ontogenéticas en la alimentación. Para examinar la dieta, se determinó volumen, numerosidad y frecuencia de ocurrencia para cada ítem-presa, y se calculó el Índice de Importancia Relativa (IRI). Se evaluaron diversidad y equidad trófica, además de variaciones estacionales, sexuales y etarias del espectro trófico. La dieta de H. fasciata es generalista, diversa, basada en artrópodos, incluyendo insectos y arácnidos. La estrategia de forrajeo exhibida fue pasiva ("sit and wait"). Se encontraron variaciones estacionales, sexuales y ontogénicas en la alimentación. Este estudio permite una valiosa contribución al conocimiento de la biología de esta especie, útil a la hora de fijar pautas de manejo para la misma, como así también para los ambientes que habita.

The objective of this paper is to describe some antecedents of psychology related to health in Cuba. The heuristics, hermeneutic and critical history methods were used in addition to consulting primary and secondary data sources and authors´ testimonies. Bibliography found in public and private libraries, newspaper and periodical archives, information centers and Internet was reviewed. There was obtained documented critical description of the origins of psychology and its relationship with health in Cuba in the 1900-1958 period, the formative settings, some outstanding professionals in the scientific and the political fields as well as theories and explanations about the role of the psychological elements in determination of health, about the affiliation to paradigms of sciences; publications, the first points of meeting of psychology and of psychologists related to health in Cuba, and the beginning of psychology teaching in Cuba until the foundation of the first schools. It was concluded that there was certain level of development of clinical and psychopedagogic psychology in the studied period when positivism prevailed as a theoretical concept, although there were some people who criticized this trend and health mercantilism as a result of the US influence before 1959. The outstanding personalities described in this paper made the subsequent massive formation of psychologists possible, which represent antecedents of the emergence of health psychology in Cuba in the 60´s of the 20th century.

El objetivo de este trabajo es describir algunos antecedentes de la psicología en Cuba relacionados con la salud. Se utilizaron los métodos heurístico, hermenéutico y de la historia crítica; la consulta de fuentes primarias y secundarias de información así como testimonios de los autores. Se consultó bibliografía en bibliotecas públicas y privadas, hemerotecas, centros de información y en Internet. Se obtuvo una descripción documentada y crítica de los orígenes de la psicología y su relación con la salud en Cuba durante el periodo de 1900-1958, los escenarios de formación, algunos profesionales destacados en lo científico y lo político así como las teorías y explicaciones del papel de lo psicológico en la determinación de la salud, la afiliación a paradigmas de las ciencias, publicaciones, los primeros puntos de encuentro de la psicología o de los psicólogos relacionados con la salud en Cuba así como los inicios de la enseñanza de la psicología hasta la fundación de las primeras escuelas. Se concluye que existió un determinado nivel de desarrollo de la psicología clínica y psicopedagógica en el periodo estudiado, que predominó el positivismo como concepción teórica aunque existieron algunos críticos a esta corriente y al mercantilismo en la salud, proveniente de la influencia norteamericana durante la república mediatizada. Las personalidades relevantes descritas posibilitaron la posterior formación masiva de psicólogos que constituyen antecedentes del surgimiento de la psicología de la salud en Cuba en la década de los 60 del siglo XX.