Abstract Proximal composition, dietary minerals, total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC) were quantified in Black Borgoña (BBGP) and Quebranta grapes pomace (QGP) from Chincha and Ica (Peru). TPC and AC of grapes seeds and oil were also investigated, as quality and fatty acids of the oil. The highest amount of protein was for QGP (Chincha) (13.29 ± 0.01 g/100 g dw) and lipids in BBGP (Ica) (13.67 ± 0.01 g/100 g dw). Fe in QGP (Chincha) (61.46 ± 2.76 mg/100 g dw) and Ca in BBGP (Ica) (424.24 ± 13.35 mg/100 g dw) were higher than in the other samples. The most abundant fatty acid was linoleic with 71.70 ± 0.01% in Black Borgoña grape seed oil (BBGSO) (Chincha). Highest TPC corresponded to Quebranta grape seeds (QGS) (Ica) (14.43 ± 0.75 mg GAE/100 g dw). The highest AC by DPPH and FRAP was achieved by QGS (Chincha) (1255.39 ± 61.45 µmol TE/g dw) and QGS (Ica) (960.77 ± 56.68 µmol TE/g dw), respectively. Differences in AC by ABTS for grape seed oil were not significant (p > 0.05). In conclusion, BBGP and QGP, seeds and oil showed an enormous potential for their application as functional additives in the food industry.

Abstract Grape pomace and seeds, good source of functional compounds such as polyphenols, are waste by-products generated during wine making. Extraction is a very important step for later use of polyphenols. Herein we investigated the effects of conventional (CSE) and non-conventional extraction methods (subcritical water extraction (SWE) and pressurized ethanol extraction (PEE) on extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC) of Black Borgoña (Vitis labrusca L.) grape, pomace and seeds. Chemical composition showed the greatest amount of protein and lipids in pomace and seeds. Calcium was present in a high concentration in seeds (137.24 mg/100 g DM). PEE samples retained the highest TPC among all the extraction methods for grape, pomace and seeds with 21.42 ± 0.43, 54.36 ± 3.37 and 56.5 ± 3.81 mg GAE/g DM, respectively. The highest AC was determined by FRAP in seeds, 431.16 ± 37.71 µmol TE/g DM, followed by 329.04 ± 13.3 µmol TE/g DM in pomace when PEE was used. Significant correlations between antioxidant capacity and total phenolics were observed for all samples. This study demonstrated that non-conventional green method PEE is an efficient method to achieve the highest TPC and AC of Black Borgoña grape, pomace and seeds.

Abstract The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of the grape cultivar geographical location and extraction technique on the total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant capacity (AC), oil yield and quality of Quebranta (Vitis vinifera) grape seeds. Seeds were defatted with supercritical CO2 and the bioactive compounds were extracted with subcritical water and macerations with methanol, ethanol, and acetone. The differences in grape seed oil yield were not significant (p > 0.05). The most abundant fatty acid determined was linoleic (66.37-67.37%). The highest TPC corresponded to the extracts from zones A and B obtained with subcritical water, 167.56 ± 10.40 and 161.83 ± 4.95 mg GAE/g dw, respectively. The highest AC by DPPH was also achieved by the extracts from zones A and B (1,479.90 ± 12.86 and 1,628.15 ± 80.32 µmol TE/g dw, respectively) with subcritical water extraction. The highest AC by FRAP was observed in the subcritical water extracts from zones B and C, 1,429.29 ± 29.75 and 1,389.54 ± 7.46 µmol TE/g dw, respectively. Grape seed is a valuable source of nutritionally oil and bioactive compounds, which can be obtained from by-products of pisco production for potential use in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Resumen El aceite de semilla de uva que generalmente se extrae con disolventes orgánicos altamente tóxicos y perjudiciales para la salud humana, se produce a partir de toneladas de residuos de orujo de uva, generados durante la elaboración del vino. A veces, estos residuos se utilizan para hacer compost o se queman, lo que provoca la contaminación del medio ambiente. Se evaluaron las cualidades funcionales, la capacidad antioxidante (AC), el contenido de a-tocoferol y los compuestos fenólicos totales (TPC) del aceite de semilla de uva Borgoña Negra (Vitis labrusca), extraído mediante CO2 supercrítico. El alto contenido de ácido linoleico (ω-6) y de ácidos grasos monoinsaturados contribuyó al efecto beneficioso sobre los índices de calidad funcional que fueron de 0.20, 0.23, ''.80 para IA, IT y H:H, respectivamente. Además, un POV de 6.23 ± 0.08 miliequivalentes de peróxido/ kg de aceite y un índice de anisidina de 2.70 ± 0.05 indicaban una buena calidad del aceite. También se obtuvo una alta concentración de α-tocoferol (9.82 ± 0.02 mg/100 g de aceite) y un alto TPC ("4.14 ± 3.24 mg de GAE/ kg de aceite). Este estudio demostró que la extracción con CO2 supercrítico es un método adecuado para obtener un aceite de semilla de uva de alta calidad.

Abstract Grape seed oil, which is usually extracted with highly toxic organic solvents that are harmful to human health, is produced from tons of grape pomace waste, generated during winemaking. Sometimes, this waste is used to make compost or is burnt, which causes environmental contamination. The functional qualities, antioxidant capacity (AC), α-tocopherol and total phenolic compounds content (TPC) of Black Borgoña (Vitis labrusca) grape seed oil, extracted by supercritical CO2, were evaluated. The high content of linoleic acid (ω-6) and monounsaturated fatty acids contributed to the beneficial effect on the functional quality indices, which were 0.20, 0.23, 11.80 for IA, IT and H:H, respectively. In addition, a POV of 6.23 ± 0.08 milliequivalents of peroxide/kg oil and an anisidine index of 2.70 ± 0.05 indicated a good quality oil. Also, a high concentration of a-tocopherol (9.82 ± 0.02 mg/100 g oil) and a high TPC ("4.14 ± 3.24 mg GAE/kg oil) were obtained. This study demonstrated that supercritical CO2 extraction is a suitable method for the delivery of a high-quality grape seed oil.

Resumo O óleo de semente de uva é geralmente extraído com solventes orgânicos altamente tóxicos que são prejudiciais à saúde humana, é produzido a partir de toneladas de resíduos de bagaço de uva, gerados durante a vinificação. Às vezes, esses resíduos são usados para fazer adubo ou são queimados, o que causa contaminação ambiental. Foram avaliadas as qualidades funcionais, capacidade antioxidante (AC), a-tocoferol e o teor total de compostos fenólicos (TPC) do óleo de semente de uva Borgoña Negra (Vitis labrusca), extraído por CO2 supercrítico. O alto teor de ácido linoleico (ω-6) e ácidos graxos monoinsaturados contribuiu para o efeito benéfico sobre os índices de qualidade funcional que foram 0.20, 0.23, 11.80 para IA, IT e H:H, respectivamente. Além disso, um POV de 6.23 ± 0.08 miliequivalentes de peróxido/ kg de óleo e um índice de anisidina de 2.70 ± 0.05 indicava uma boa qualidade de óleo. Também foi obtida uma alta concentração de α-tocoferol (9.82 ± 0.02 mg/100 g de óleo) e um alto TPC ("4.14 ± 3.24 mg de óleo GAE/ kg). Este estudo mostrou que a extração de CO2 supercrítico é um método adequado para a entrega de um óleo de semente de uva de alta qualidade.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el extracto oleoso de la munida Pleuroncodes monodon en el alimento balanceado sobre la pigmentación del músculo de la trucha arcoíris (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Los tratamientos fueron T1: alimento formulado sin pigmento, T2 y T3: alimento con 70 y 90 mg de astaxantina natural/kg de alimento, respectivamente y, T4 alimento con pigmento sintético (70 mg de astaxantina/kg de ali- mento). Se registraron cada 15 días y durante 90 días los valores de color utilizando la regla colorimétrica de Roche SalmoFanR y los valores de L*, a*, b*, C* y H* de la zona dorsal y caudal de la trucha. Los resultados de las lecturas de color indicaron que los tratamientos T2, T3 y T4 obtenidos con la regla SalmoFanR no presentaron diferencias significativas entre ellas; no obstante, la medición obtenida con el colorímetro muestra diferencias de color del T4 con respecto al T2 y T3. Se concluye, que la adición de 70 mg de astaxantina natural por kilogramo de alimento logra la pigmentación similar a lo obte- nido con la astaxantina sintética.

ABSTRACT The IM of this study to evaluate the oily extract of the squat lobster Pleuroncodes monodon in the balanced feed on the pigmentation of the muscle of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The treatments were T1: feed formulated without pigment, T2 and T3: feed with 70 and 90 mg of natural astaxanthin/kg of feed, respectively, and T4 feed with synthetic pigment (70 mg of astaxanthin/kg of feed). The color values were recorded every 15 days and for 90 days using the Roche SalmoFan colorimetric rule and the L*, a*, b*, C* and H* values of the dorsal and caudal zone of the trout. The results of the color readings indicated that the treatments T2, T3 and T4 obtained with the SalmoFan rule did not show significant differences between them; however, the measurement obtained with the colorimeter showed differences in the color of T4 with respect to T2 and T3. It is concluded that the addition of 70 mg of natural astaxanthin per kilogram of feed achieves pigmentation similar to that obtained with synthetic astaxanthin.

Resumen Después de la cosecha del fruto chirimoya, los árboles liberan enormes cantidades de hojas, las cuales son quemadas por los agricultores. Este trabajo muestra que las hojas pueden ser usadas para nuestro beneficio como antioxidante. Se determinaron los compuestos fenólicos (CF) y la actividad antioxidante (AA) de los extractos de la hoja seca de Annona cherimola Mill en etanol al 70% v/v, agua a 80 °C, y agua subcrítica (AS) a 110, 120 y 130 °C, siguiendo un diseño factorial con el programa Minitab. Los CF se cuantificaron con la metodología de Folin Ciocalteu y la AA con el 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo (DPPH) y con el poder antioxidante reductor del hierro (FRAP). Los resultados indicaron que el tipo de solvente y el tiempo de extracción presentaron un efecto significativo en el contenido de CF y AA de los extractos. Se concluyó que el extracto de hoja de chirimoya es un potencial antioxidante. El extracto de AS a 130 °C presentó el mayor contenido de CF (5,6 g EAG/100 g de hoja seca) y el extracto etanólico presentó mayor AA (0,86 mg equivalente trolox/mg extracto seco; IC50=0,020 mg de extracto seco/mL de extracto de hoja seca y FRAP de 1710,14 μmol equivalente trolox /g de hoja seca) y los extractos obtenidos con AS a menor temperatura presentaron mayores valores de AA.

Abstract After harvesting cherimoya fruit, the trees release huge amounts of leaves, which are burned by farmers. This work shows that the leaves can be used as a source of antioxidants. Total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) of extracts of the dry leaf of Annona cherimola Mill in 70% v/v ethanol, water at 80 °C, subcritical water (SW) at 110 °C, 120 °C and 130 °C were determined, following a factorial design with the Minitab program. The TPC was quantified with the Folin Ciocalteu methodology, and the AA with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). Results indicate that the type of solvent and the extraction time had a significant effect on the TPC and AA of the extracts. Extracts of cherimoya leaves were found to be a potential antioxidant. The extract of SW at 130 °C presented the highest content of TPC (5.6 g EAG/100 g dry leaves) and the ethanolic extract had the highest AA (0.86 mg trolox equivalent/mg dry extract, IC50 = 0.020 mg dry extract/mL extract of dry leaves and FRAP of 1710.14 μmol ET/g dry leaves) and the extracts obtained with SW at a lower temperature presented a higher AA value.

Resumo Depois da colheita da fruta Cherimoya, as árvores liberam grandes quantidades de folhas, que são queimadas pelos agricultores. Este trabalho mostra que as folhas podem ser usadas para nosso benefício como um antioxidante. Compostos fenólicos (FC) e a actividade antioxidante (AA) de extractos de folha seca Annona cherimola Mill em etanol a 70% v/v água a 80 °C, água subcrítica (AS) 110, 120, 130 °C, foram determinados seguindo um planejamento fatorial com o programa Minitab. Os FC foram quantificados com a metodologia Folin Ciocalteu; e a capacidade antioxidante (AA) com 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e poder antioxidante redutor de ferro (FRAP). Os resultados indicaram que o tipo de solvente e o tempo de extração tiveram um efeito significativo no conteúdo deCFeAA dos extratos. Conclui-se que o extracto de folha de cherimoya é um potencial antioxidante, o extracto de AS 130 °C tinha o maior conteúdo de CF (5,6 g EAG/100 g folha seca) e o extracto etanólico mostraram maior AA (0,86 mg equivalente Trolox/mg extrato seco, IC50 = 0,020 mg extrato seco/mL extracto de folha seca e FRAP de 1710,14 μmol ET/g folha seca). Os extratos obtido com AS a uma temperatura mais baixa apresentaram um maior valor de AA.

The objective of this work was to elaborate biological silage using raw trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)) wastes under Puno´s environmental conditions; using koji as a culture of Aspergillus oryzae. First, optimal incubation conditions for A. oryzae (koji) were determined using two local carbohydrate sources: potato and barley as well as rice, under temperatures and times suggested by the experimental statistical design of the surface response method. The response variable was the counting of molds as colony forming units per gram (CFU/g). Next different treatments were postulated with koji inocula under optimal temperatures and times with ground raw trout waste and molasses. pH, acidity, histamine and odor measurements of each treatments were carried out. The results were: temperature and optimum incubation time of A. oryzae at 25 °C and 60 hours in barley, 26 °C and 62 hours in potatoes, 25 °C and 60 hrs in rice. The best treatment was the one with the proportion of raw waste of trout : molasses : koji in rice (10 : 1.5 : 1), pH of 4.5, the score of "5" for odor, and lower values of histamine (83.7 mg/kg) up to 90 days of storage at room temperature. This work offers an alternative for the use of trout wastes in the elaboration of biological silage for swine and sheep feed. It also contributes to the decreasing of organic environmental pollution in Puno, Peru).

El objetivo de este trabajo fue elaborar ensilado biológico utilizando residuos crudos de trucha (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)) en las condiciones ambientales de Puno, Perú, utilizando koji como cultivo de Aspergillus oryzae. Primero, las condiciones de incubación óptimas para A. oryzae se determinaron utilizando dos fuentes de carbohidratos de la zona: papa y cebada; también se utilizó arroz, a las temperaturas y tiempos sugeridos por el diseño estadístico del método de superficie de respuesta. La variable de respuesta fue el conteo de mohos en unidades formadoras de colonia por gramo (UFC/g). Luego, se plantearon tratamientos con los inóculos de koji a temperaturas y tiempos óptimos, con melaza y residuos triturados crudos de trucha. Se realizaron las mediciones de pH, acidez, histamina y olor de cada uno de los tratamientos de ensilado. Los resultados fueron: temperaturas y tiempos óptimos de incubación de A. oryzae a 25 °C y 60 horas en cebada, 26 °C y 62 horas en papa, 25 °C y 60 horas en arroz. El mejor tratamiento de ensilado fue el que tenía la proporción de residuo crudo de trucha : melazam : koji en arroz de 10 : 1.5 : 1, pH de 4.5, puntaje de "5" en el olor, y menores valores de histamina (83.7 mg/kg) hasta los 90 días de almacenamiento a temperatura ambiente. Este trabajo brinda una alternativa de uso de los residuos de la industria truchícola para la elaboración de ensilado biológico como insumo de alimento para cerdos y ovejas, contribuyendo a disminuir la contaminación ambiental orgánica en Puno, Perú.

The aim of the study was to determinate the level of lead, cadmium and mercury on the edible part of Peruvian scallop (Argopecten purpuratus Lamarck, 1819) and mussel (Aulacomya ater Molina, 1782) from 2009 to 2012 in the major production areas of Peru and to compare the results with the maximum levels set by the European Union (EU) and consequently evaluate any health risks for consumers. Peruvian scallop samples from suspended culture were extracted from growing areas of Sechura, Samanco and Paracas. Mussel samples were extracted from natural banks from Marcona and Atico. THQ (target hazard quontient) values for Pb, Cd, Hg in Peruvian scallops, plus Pb and Hg in mussels were less than 1 (even less than 0.25), unlike Cd in mussels from Marcona and Atico which exceeded the maximum level allowed and presented THQ values greater than 1, representing a possible health risk. A maximum weekly consumption rate was estimated.

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los niveles de plomo, cadmio y mercurio en la parte comestible de la concha de abanico (Argopecten purpuratus Lamarck, 1819) y el choro (Aulacomya ater Molina, 1782) en el periodo 2009 al 2012 en las principales áreas de producción del Perú y comparar los resultados con los niveles máximos establecidos por la Union Europea y en consecuencia, evaluar los riesgos para la salud de los consumidores. Las muestras de concha de abanico fueron extraídas de cultivos suspendidos ubicados en Sechura, Samanco y Paracas. Las muestras de choro fueron extraídas de bancos naturales ubicados en Marcona y Atico. Los valores de THQ (cociente de riesgo) para Pb, Cd, Hg en concha de abanico, asi como el Pb y Hg en choro fueron menores que 1 (incluso menos de 0.25), a diferencia del Cd en choro de Marcona y Atico que excedieron el nivel máximo permitido y presentaron valores de THQ mayores a 1, lo que representa un posible riesgo para la salud. Una tasa máxima de consumo semanal fue estimada para estos recursos.

The extraction yield of Quebranta grape seed oil was optimized with the response surface method. Three factors were considered: pressure (Pbar), temperature (T) and CO2 flow (F). The response variables were the oil yield, peroxide value (POV) and anisidine. The seed was characterized, and the particle size was established for the oil extraction. The extractions were executed according to the RSM design and the oil yield, POV and anisidine were calculated. The composition of fatty acids was determined by gas chromatography and the antioxidant activity by reduction of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydro-radical (DPPH) of the optimized oil obtained with CO2 and that extracted with hexane (control). The Pbar, T and F had significant effect on the oil yield, but did not have significant effect on the POV and anisidine. These results were promising to increase added value of the seed and pisco production residue because the oil contained 66.4 % of linoleic acid, 20.05 % of oleic acid and a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of 7.8 mM.

Se optimizó el rendimiento de la extracción de aceite de la semilla de uva, variedad Quebranta, con el método superficie respuesta (MSR), se consideraron tres factores: presión (Pbar), temperatura (T) y flujo de CO2 (F), las variables respuesta fueron el rendimiento de aceite, el valor peróxido (POV) y anisidina. Se caracterizó la semilla y estableció el tamaño de partícula de la semilla para la extracción de aceite. Se realizaron las extracciones según el diseño MSR y se calcularon los rendimientos de aceite, POV y anisidina. Se determinó la composición de ácidos grasos por cromatografía de gases y la actividad antioxidante por reducción del radical 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) del aceite optimizado obtenido con CO2 y del extraído con hexano (testigo). La Pbar, T y F ejercieron efecto significativo sobre el rendimiento, pero no ejercieron efecto sobre el POV y anisidina. Los resultados son prometedores para añadir valor agregado a la semilla, residuo de la elaboración de pisco ya que el aceite contenía 66,45 % de ácido linoléico; 20,05 % de ácido oleico y una capacidad antioxidante de 7,80 mM equivalente a Trolox.

The effect of the level of inclusion of trout residues silage (ERT) on lamb ration on daily feed intake (CMD), daily gain (GMD), feed efficiency (ICA) and the taste of lamb meat was evaluated. Thirty lambs were distributed in three treatments (0, 4 and 8% ERT) considering 5 replicates per treatment. At the end of the experiment (84 days) the lambs were slaughtered, and a taste panel evaluation was performed. The results showed that the highest level of ERT in the ration reduced CMD (2.08, 2.01 vs. 1.65 kg/day for 0, 4 and 8% for ERT, respectively, p<0.001) and GMD (0.25, 0.28 vs 0.23 kg/day, p<0.03), while the ICA improved (8.49 vs. 7.28, 7.07 kg:kg, p<0.001). In addition, the inclusion of ERT in the ration did not affect the taste of lamb meat. It is concluded that the ERT in the fattening rations of sheep improves the productive yield without affecting the taste of the meat

Se determinó el efecto del nivel de inclusión de ensilado de residuos de trucha (ERT) en la ración de ovinos sobre el consumo medio diario (CMD), la ganancia media diaria (GMD), el índice de conversión alimenticia (ICA) y el sabor de la carne de ovinos. Se distribuyeron 30 ovinos en tres tratamientos (0, 4 y 8% de ERT), considerando 5 réplicas por tratamiento. Al final del experimento (84 días) los ovinos fueron beneficiados y se realizó la prueba de degustación de la carne. Los resultados indicaron que el nivel más alto de ERT en la ración redujo el CMD (2.08, 2.01 vs. 1.65 kg/día para 0, 4 y 8% de ERT, respectivamente, p<0.001) y la GMD (0.25, 0.28 vs 0.23 kg/día, p<0.03), mientras que el ICA mejoró (8.49 vs 7.28, 7.07 kg:kg, p<0.001). Además, la inclusión de ERT no afectó el sabor de la carne de ovino. Se concluye que el ERT en las raciones de engorde de ovinos mejora el rendimiento productivo sin afectar el sabor de la carne

The study aimed to determine the effect of the level of inclusion of silage from trout residues (ERT) in concentrate feed on body weight, feed intake, feed conversion of pigs and taste of pig meat. Three treatments were applied: a control (T1, 0%) and two treated groups with 5% (T2) and 10% (T3) of ERT in the ration, with five replicates per treatment. Thirty non-castrated male pigs (York-Duroc-Landrace) of 45 days of age were used. Feeds for the growing and finishing phase were formulated to be similar in protein (CP) and energy (ME) content (growing: 16.0% CP and 3.20 Mcal ME/kg and finishing: 13.0% CP and 3.20 Mcal ME/kg) and were administered ad libitum during 98 days. Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion rate were determined at 56 and 98 days. In addition, a sensory test of meat was carried out at the end of the study to evaluate the taste of the meat. The results at day 98 showed no differences between treatments on body weight (69.8, 81.3 and 86.4 kg for T1, T2 and T3 respectively) and feed intake (1.30, 1.50 and 1.54 kg/day for T1, T2 and T3 respectively). However, feed conversion improved when ERT was added to the ration (2.25, 2.15 and 2.04 for T1, T2 and T3 respectively, p=0.012). The sensorial evaluation indicated that ERT inclusion in feed did not affect the taste of the meat. In conclusion, the inclusion up to 10% of ERT in pig feed improves feed conversion and do not affect the taste of meat.

Con la finalidad de determinar el efecto del nivel de inclusión de ensilado de residuos de trucha (ERT) en el alimento sobre el peso vivo, consumo de alimento y conversión alimenticia en cerdos, así como en el sabor de su carne, se plantearon tres tratamientos: un testigo (T1, 0%) y dos con niveles de 5% (T2) y 10% (T3) de inclusión de ERT en la ración, donde cada tratamiento se hizo con cinco réplicas. Se utilizaron 30 cerdos machos enteros de 45 días de edad (York-Duroc-Landrace). Los alimentos de crecimiento y engorde fueron similares en proteína (PB) y energía metabolizable (EM) (crecimiento: 16.0% PB y 3.20 Mcal/kg EM y engorde: 13.0% PB y 3.20 Mcal/kg EM) y fueron administrados ad libitum durante 98 días. Se determinó el peso vivo, el consumo de alimento y la conversión alimenticia a los 56 y 98 días. Al final se realizó una prueba sensorial para evaluar el sabor de la carne. A los 98 días, los resultados indicaron que los tratamientos T1, T2 y T3 no afectaron el peso vivo (69.8, 81.3 y 86.4 kg, respectivamente), ni el consumo de alimento (1.30, 1.50 y 1.54 kg/día, respectivamente). Sin embargo, la conversión alimenticia fue mejor con el incremento del ERT en la ración (2.25, 2.15 y 2.04 para T1, T2 y T3, respectivamente, p=0.012). Las calificaciones de la prueba sensorial indicaron que la inclusión de ERT en el alimento no afectó el sabor de la carne. Se concluye que hasta 10% de inclusión de ERT en el alimento mejora la conversión alimenticia y no afecta el sabor de la carne de los cerdos.