RESUMO A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar as representações sociais sobre inclusão de jovens com deficiência intelectual (DI) no segmento de ensino médio (EM), na perspectiva de Jovens Nativos na Pedagogia de Orientação Inclusiva (JNPOI), matriculados numa escola pública de ensino médio de Planaltina, Brasília-DF. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, descritivo-interpretativa. Os dados foram obtidos a partir da aplicação do questionário de Livre Associação de Palavras a 186 jovens, dentre os quais, sete tinham DI. Realizamos a análise prototípica desses dados com ajuda do software Iramuteq. Os resultados sugerem que subjacente a uma representação social plenamente favorável à inclusão de pessoas com DI, no segmento de EM, está a busca por afirmar uma identidade compatível com normas, princípios constitucionais e procedimentos jurídicos que condenam firmemente a expressão do preconceito e das atitudes discriminatórias.

ABSTRACT This research aimed to analyze social representations on the inclusion of young people with intellectual disabilities (ID) in the high school (HS) segment, from the perspective of Young Natives in Inclusion-Oriented Pedagogy (YNIOP) attending a public high school in Planaltina, Brasília-DF. It is a qualitative, descriptive-interpretative research. Data were obtained from the application of the Free Word Association Questionnaire to 186 young students, among which seven had ID. We prototyped this data with the help of the Iramuteq software. The results suggest that, underlying a social representation that is fully favorable to the inclusion of people with ID in the HS segment, there is the search for the affirmation of an identity compatible with norms, constitutional principles and legal procedures that strongly condemn expressions of prejudice and discriminatory attitudes.

RESUMEN En la presente investigación se tuvo por objetivo analizar las representaciones sociales sobre inclusión de jóvenes con deficiencia intelectual (DI) en el segmento de enseñanza secundaria (EM), en la perspectiva de Jóvenes Nativos en la Pedagogía de Orientación Inclusiva (JNPOI), ingresados en una escuela pública de enseñanza secundaria de Planaltina, Brasília-DF. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, descriptivo-interpretativa. Se obtuvo los datos a partir de la aplicación del cuestionario de Libre Asociación de Palabras a 186 jóvenes, entre los cuales, siete tenían DI. Realizamos el análisis prototípico de esos datos con ayuda del software Iramuteq. Los resultados sugieren que subyacente a una representación social plenamente favorable a la inclusión de personas con DI, en el segmento de EM, está la búsqueda por afirmar una identidad compatible con normas, principios constitucionales y procedimientos jurídicos que condenan firmemente la expresión del preconcepto y de las actitudes discriminatorias.

Abstract This study was conducted to provide information on the genetic diversity of human parvovirus B19 (B19V) circulating in the municipality of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil during 1996–2006, a period with two distinct outbreaks of B19V infection: 1999–2000 and 2004–2005. A total of 27 sera from patients with erythema infectiosum and five sera from HIV-infected patients that tested positive for B19V DNA during the study period were analyzed. To genotype B19V strains, a semi-nested PCR for partial amplification of the capsid gene was performed and sequence analysis revealed that 31 sequences belonged to subgenotype 1a (G1a) of the main genotype 1 and one sequence was characterized as subgenotype 3b (G3b). The phylogenetic tree supported the division of the G1a into two well-defined clades with 1.3% of divergence. The low diversity of the G1a strains may be explained by the fact that all patients had acute B19V infection and 30/32 sera were collected during two distinct outbreaks. The G3b strain was from an HIV-infected patient who seroconverted to anti-B19 IgG antibodies in September/2005. This is the first report of G3b in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

Objetivo: a taxa de detecção do vírus Epstein-Barr (EBV) é alta em pacientes vivendo com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana. Com o objetivo de contribuir para o entendimento epidemiológico e investigar a atividade do EBV na mucosa oral, foi realizado um estudo de coorte com pacientes HIV positivos. Métodos: esfregaços orais de 145 pacientes HIV positivos foram coletados entre março de 2010 e março de 2011. A reação de cadeia de polimerase (PCR) internalizada e a PCR reversa (RT-PCR) foram usadas para genotipar o EBV e detectar a expressão do EBNA-2, respectivamente. Resultados: o DNA do EBV foi detectado em 48,3% dos participantes, dos quais 32,85% eram portadores do EBV-1 e 45,71% de EBV-2. Adicionalmente, 14,28% eram co-infectados por ambos os tipos. O mRNA do gene EBNA-2 foi expresso em 45,7% das amostras positivas para EBV, incluindo 20% por EBV-1 somente, 20% por EBV-2 somente e 1,4% por ambos os genótipos. O estado imune afetou a infecção por EBV, e a positividade para EBV-2 foi significativamente correlacionada com o comportamento sexual dos participantes. A co-infecção por ambos os genótipos de EBV foi dependente da carga viral de HIV e da atividade do gene EBNA-2. Conclusão: registrou-se uma alta prevalência de EBV em atividade na mucosa oral de indivíduos assintomáticos soropositivos para HIV. O estudo focaliza a necessidade de monitoramento e tratamento de pacientes infectados por HIV com reativação pelo EBV.

Objective: the detection rate of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is higher in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In an attempt to contribute to our epidemiological understanding of this coinfection and to investigate the activity of EBV in normal oral mucosa, we performed a cross-sectional study with HIV-positive patients. Methods: oral smears from 145 HIV-positive patients were collected between March 2010 and March 2011. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) were used to genotype EBV and to detect EBNA-2 expression, respectively. Results: EBV DNA was detected in 48.3% of the study participants, of whom 32.85% were EBV-1 and 45.71% were EBV-2 carriers. Additionally, 14.28% were coinfected with both types. EBNA-2 mRNA was expressed in 45.7% of the EBV -positive samples, including 20.0% with EBV-1 only, 20.0% with EBV-2 only and 1.4% with both genotypes. Immune status affected the overall EBV infection, and EBV-2 positivity was significantly correlated with sexual lifestyle of the participants. EBV co-infection with both viral types was dependent upon HIV viral load and the activity of the EBNA-2 gene. Conclusion: we report a high prevalence of active EBV in the oral mucosa of asymptomatic HIV-seropositive individuals. This study addresses the need for monitoring and treatment of HIV-infected patients with EBV reactivation.

Immunocompromised patients may develop severe chronic anaemia when infected by human parvovirus B19 (B19V). However, this is not the case in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with good adherence to highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). In this study, we investigated the clinical evolution of five HIV-infected patients receiving HAART who had B19V infections confirmed by serum polymerase chain reaction. Four of the patients were infected with genotype 1a strains and the remaining patient was infected with a genotype 3b strain. Anaemia was detected in three of the patients, but all patients recovered without requiring immunoglobulin and/or blood transfusions. In all cases, the attending physicians did not suspect the B19V infections. There was no apparent relationship between the infecting genotype and the clinical course. In the HAART era, B19V infections in HIV-positive patients may be limited, subtle or unapparent.

Erythrovirus B19 (B19V) infection may cause red cell aplasia in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the immune function of these patients by modifying the course of B19V infection. The purpose of this study was to estimate the frequency of B19 seroconversion in a cohort of HIV-infected patients and evaluate the occurrence of B19V-related anaemia during the seroconversion period. Adult HIV-infected patients were studied at a public hospital in Niterói, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. IgG and IgM antibodies against B19V were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and B19 viraemia was assayed by polymerase chain reaction. Medical records were reviewed for any clinical evaluation of anaemia. Seroconversion was detected in 31.8% of the 88 individuals who began the study as anti-B19V IgG-negative. No clinical manifestations of B19V infection were detected during the period of seroconversion. Patients who seroconverted were 5.40 times more likely to have anaemia than those who did not [odds ratio 5.40 (95% confidence interval: 1.33-22.93)]. Anaemia was detected in eight patients. All patients recovered from anaemia by either beginning or continuing HAART, without requiring blood transfusions. In the HAART era, B19V infection may only be associated with a course of disease characterised by less severe chronic anaemia. This milder course of B19V-associated disease is likely due to the increased immune function of HAART-treated patients.

OBJECTIVE: Compare the anti-T. gondii IgG titer between HIV-1 infected and non HIV-1 infected pregnant women and report three cases of congenital toxoplasmosis resulting from reactivation of infection during pregnancy of HIV-1 infected women. METHODS: This study was conducted among 2,270 pregnant women with chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection (absence of IgM and presence of IgG), including 82 HIV-1 infected and 2,188 non-infected women. RESULTS: The average anti-T. gondii IgG titer was 127 for the 2,188 non-HIV-1 infected women, and 227 for the 82 HIV-1-infected women (p = 0,007). These results suggested that higher anti-T. gondii IgG titers in HIV-1-infected pregnant women may not be indicative of an elevated risk for fetal infection. In this study three cases of congenital toxoplasmosis that resulted from infection reactivation during pregnancy of HIV-1-infected women were manifested by fetal death, symptomatic infection, and infant without symptoms, respectively. In two of these women, a ten-fold increase in IgG levels above used cutoff was observed (2,320 UI/mL and 3,613 UI/mL, respectively). In the third pregnant women anti-T. gondii IgG titers during pregnancy did not rise despite the occurrence of congenital toxoplasmosis (204; 198; 172 UI/mL). CONCLUSIONS: Congenital toxoplasmosis resulting reactivation of infection during pregnancy in the studied group leads us to believe that it is a public health problem, especially in our population, in which seroprevalence of T. gondii infections is high. These findings also suggest that special attention is necessary during pregnancy, because the serologic diagnosis may not be indicative of toxoplasmosis reactivation.

We report the occurrence of congenital toxoplasmosis in three infants born to HIV infected women who had high anti-toxoplasma IgG and negative IgM during pregnancy. We briefly reviewed available literature and discussed the possible transmission mechanisms of congenital toxoplasmosis among HIV infected pregnant women. Serum samples were tested for Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG antibodies using commercial enzyme immunoassay and IgG-avidity tests. In the first case, fetal death occurred at 28th week of gestation. In the second case, congenital toxoplasmosis was diagnosis at 6th month of life; and in the third case, an HIV-infected newborn, congenital toxoplasmosis was asymptomatic. These cases point out to the possibility of enhanced maternal-fetal transmission of T. gondii infection by HIV-infected women chronically infected, which may have important public health consequences, considering that increasing frequency of HIV-infection has been observed among women of childbearing age around the world.

Parvovirus B19 (B-19) may cause chronic anaemia in immunosuppressed patients, including those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We studied single serum samples from 261 consecutive HIV-infected patients using an enzyme immunoassay to detect IgG antibodies to B-19. The seroprevalence of B-19-IgG was 62.8%. The differences in seroprevalence across gender, age, educational categories, year of collection of the serum samples, clinical and antiretroviral therapy characteristics, CD4+ count, CD4+ and CD8+ percentage and CD4+/CD8+ ratios were neither substantial nor statistically significant. There was a non-significant, inverse association between B-19 seropositivity and plasma HIV load and haemoglobin level. Our results indicated that 37.1% of patients might be susceptible to B-19 infection and remained at risk for being infected, mainly during epidemic periods. As B-19 infection can be treated with immune globulin preparations, it may be included in the diagnostic approach toward chronic anaemia in HIV-infected patients.

Este artigo é resultado de um estudo qualitativo, baseado na Epistemologia Qualitativa, que visou promover reflexões acerca da depressão pós-parto, enfatizando os fatores psicossociais envolvidos. Trata-se de um estudo de caso sobre uma das participantes do grupo de apoio e orientação a mães com depressão pós-parto, desenvolvido na Universidade Católica de Brasília. Este grupo visou proporcionar um espaço de escuta emocional e apoio às puérperas, e foi campo para coleta de dados. Utilizou-se da técnica de completamento de frases, de técnicas projetivas, e de relatos apresentados nas sessões individuais e grupais para levantamento e construção de indicadores sobre a vivência da maternagem e da depressão pós-parto. O estudo deste caso forneceu-nos elementos para compreendermos o quão prejudicial pode ser o ideal de maternidade apresentado como natural e instintivo para mulheres que buscam satisfação absoluta na maternidade, configurando-se como um dos responsáveis pela instalação e manutenção da depressão pós-parto.

This article is the result of a qualitative study, based on Qualitative Epistemology, aimed to promote reflections on postnatal depression, emphasizing the psychological and social factors involved. This is a case study about one of the participants of a support group for mothers with postnatal depression, developed at the Universidade Católica de Brasília. The aim of this group was to provide a space of emotional listening and support, and it was a field for collecting data. The technique of completing phrases, projective techniques, and accounts presented in individual and group sessions were used for the survey and construction of indicators about the experience of maternity and postnatal depression. The study of this case gave us elements to understand how an ideal of maternity presented as natural and instinctive can be harmful for women that try to obtain absolute satisfaction in their experience of maternity, configuring this ideal as one of the responsible elements for the installation and maintenance of postnatal depression.

Descreve-se um caso de neoplasia maligna cuja manifestação inicial foi distúrbio de comportamento e quadro de irritação meníngea, simulando uma meningite subaguda ou crônica. Na investigação clínica foram detectados o comprometimento de pares cranianos e a presença de massa tumoral pélvica. Houve piora progressiva, com evolução para o óbito em duas semanas. No exame post-mortem foram diagnosticados adenocarcinoma de vesícula biliar com componente mucinoso, carcinomatose meníngea e metástase ovariana sob a forma de um tumor de Krukenberg. Os autores mostram a importância da inclusão da carcinomatose meníngea no diagnóstico diferencial de quadros neurológicos incaracterísticos, e a necessidade de exames citológicos do liquor, às vezes repetidos, para a confirmação desta hipótese diagnóstica.

A case of malignant neoplasm is described in which the initial manifestations were mental dysfunction and meningeal irritation, mimicking chronic or subacute meningitis. Physical examination showed cranial nerve involvement and a pelvic tumor. There was progressive deterioration, and death occurred in 2 weeks. The autopsy revealed a gallbladder adenocarcinoma, meningeal carcinomatosis, and ovarian metastasis presenting as a Krukenberg tumor. The authors emphasize the importance of including meningeal carcinomatosis as a possibility in the differential diagnosis of non-characteristic clinical pictures, as well as the importance of the cerebrospinal fluid cytologic examination, repeated as needed, in order to confirm this diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE - To evaluate the cardiac abnormalities and their evolution during the course of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, as well as to correlate clinical and pathological data. METHODS - Twenty-one patients, admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, were prospectively studied and followed until their death. Age ranged from 19 to 42 years (17 males). ECG and echocardiogram were also obtained every six months. After death, macro- and microscopic examinations were also performed. RESULTS - The most frequent causes of referral to the hospital were: diarrhea or repeated pneumonias, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis or Kaposi sarcoma. The most frequent findings were acute or chronic pericarditis (42%) and dilated cardiomyopathy (19%). Four patients died of cardiac problems: infective endocarditis, pericarditis with pericardial effusion, bacterial myocarditis and infection by Toxoplasma gondii. CONCLUSION - Severe cardiac abnormalities were the cause of death in some patients. In the majority of the patients, a good correlation existed between clinical and anatomical-pathological data. Cardiac evaluation was important to detect early manifestations and treat them accordingly, even in asymptomatic patients.

No período de maio / 94 a novembro / 95, 24 casos de parvovirose humana foram atendidos no Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias do Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro, Niterói - RJ. Amostras sangüíneas para a detecção de IgM (ensaio imunoenzimático por captura) foram positivas do 1º ao 27º dia após o início do exantema. Os sinais e sintomas clássicos do eritema infeccioso foram observados em 8 (33,3%) dos casos e apenas em crianças. Oito pacientes (6 adultos e 2 crianças) apresentaram poliartropatia simétrica, vista mais freqüentemente em mulheres. Os resultados deste trabalho demonstram que o diagnóstico da parvovirose humana é difícil quando a doença não apresenta quadro clínico clássico e, devido ao freqüente envolvimento das articulações, tal infecção deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial da artrite reumatóide na sua fase inicial.

From March 1994 to November 1995 24 cases of human parvovirus B19 infection were seen at the Infectious Diseases Department of the Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Niterói - RJ. Serum samples for IgM detection (capture enzyme immunoassay) were positive from the 1st to the 27th day after the onset of the exathema. The classical features of erythema infectiosum (slapped cheecked syndrome) were observed in 8 (33.3%) cases all of them children. Eight patients (6 adults and 2 children) presented a symmetrical polyartropathy, seen more frequently in women. These results show that B19 infection diagnosis is difficult when the disease does not present the classical features and because of the frequent involvement of the joints this infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of early rheumatoid arthritis.