Soil mictobiota catties out important functions in ecosystems, since it influences growth, mineral nutrition and plant health. Phosphorus (P) is the most limiting nutrient in tropical soils and P-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are the most important groups of the soil microbial community. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of inoculating PSMs and AMF on the development of cashew trees (Anacardium othonianum Rizzini) from the Brazilian Cerrado growing on different substrates. An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse and the experimental design was completely randomized with a factorial 4 × 2 arrangement of treatments: PSMs, AMF, PSMs + AMF and the control. In addition, two substrates were used: a pure one with a sandy loam texture and a mixture of clay loam and clayish textures. Twelve replicates were performed. Data were subjected to an analysis of variance, and means were compared with the Tukey test (p<0.05). The co-inoculation with PSMs and AMF resulted in greater height and shoot dry matter of seedlings compared to isolated inoculations with these organisms. Seedlings increased height and shoot fresh and dry matter when grown in a mixture of substrates (soil with clay loam and clay textures). The use of a mixture of substrates also resulted in a greater symbiotic efficiency of Glomus etunicatum.

La microbiota del suelo desarrolla importantes funciones en los ecosistemas, ya que influye en el crecimiento, la nutrición mineral y la salud de las plantas. El fósforo (P) es el nutrimento más limitante en los suelos tropicales, y los microorganismos solubilizadores de P (MSP) y los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) son los grupos más importantes de la comunidad microbiana del suelo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la inoculación de MSP y HMA en el desarrollo de árboles de anacardo (Anacardium othonianum Rizzini) de el Cerrado Brasileño con distintos sustratos. Se realizó un experimento en invernadero y el diseño experimental fue completamente aleatorio con un arreglo factorial de 4 × 2 de los tratamientos: MSP, HMA, MSP+HMA y el control. Además, se usaron dos sustratos: uno puro, con textura franco arenoso, y una mezcla de texturas franco arcillosa y arcillosa. Se realizaron 12 réplicas. Los datos se procesaron con un análisis de varianza y las medias se compararon con la prueba de Tukey (p<0.05). La coinoculación con MSP y HMA resultó en mayor altura y materia seca del vástago de las plántulas comparado con las inoculaciones aisladas con estos organismos. Las plántulas aumentaron su altura y materia húmeda y seca del vástago al cultivarse en una mezcla de sustratos (suelo con texturas franco arcillosa y arcillosa). El uso de una mezcla de sustratos también resultó en una eficiencia simbiótica mayor con Glomus etunicatum.

O Anacardium othonianum Rizz. é uma espécie frutífera e medicinal nativa do Cerrado brasileiro. As plantas adultas distinguem-se das demais espécies do gênero existente nesse bioma em função do seu porte arbóreo. Sua exploração ocorre de forma extrativista e muitas vezes em caráter predatório. Sob esse contexto, a micropropagação tem dado significativas contribuições na propagação e preservação de caracteres de interesse em diversas espécies de plantas e, desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes concentrações de sais e volumes do meio de cultura no cultivo in vitro de A. othonianum Rizz. No ensaio (I), testou-se dois meios de cultura (MS e WPM) e três concentrações de sais (100, 50 e 25%) dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. No ensaio (II), testou-se dois meios de cultura MS (50%) e WPM (100%) e cinco volumes de meio (10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 mL por tubo de ensaio) utilizando delineamento inteiramente casualizado, conduzido em arranjo fatorial 2 x 5. Após 30 e 60 dias de cultivo avaliou-se: porcentagem de sobrevivência de plântulas, comprimento médio de plântulas e folhas e, número médio de folhas e gemas por explante. Concluiu-se que os meios MS (50 e 25%) e WPM (100 e 50%) foram os mais eficientes na regeneração de plântulas. Foram observadas as melhores respostas no meio MS (50%) com volumes de 15 e 25 mL, desta forma sugere-se a utilização do volume de 15 mL visando maior economia.

Anacardium othonianum Rizz. is a medicinal plant species that is native to the Brazilian savannah. Adult plants are different from other genus members in this ecosystem due to their size, and efforts to locate the plants may lead to their extraction from the savannah and, frequently, plant death. Micropropagation has played a significant role in the propagation and preservation of specimens of several plant species; therefore, this study evaluated the effect of various salt concentrations and culture medium volumes on the in vitro cultivation of A. othonianum Rizz. Trial (I) evaluated two culture media (MS and WPM) and three salt concentrations (100, 50 and 25%) in a completely randomized design. Trial (II) evaluated two culture media and salt concentrations, MS (50%) and WPM (100%), and five medium volumes (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mL per test tube) as a 2 x 5 factorial in a completely randomized design. After 30 and 60 days of growth, the percentage of plantlet survival, average plantlet and leaf lengths and the average number of leaves and buds per explant were evaluated. The MS (50 and 25%) media and WPM (100 and 50%) media were the most effective for plantlet regeneration. The best responses were observed in 15- and 25-mL volumes of the MS (50%) medium. Therefore, the use of a 15-mL volume is suggested for greater medium economy.

O experimento foi instalado no município de Aparecida do Rio Doce-GO, no sudoeste Goiano, durante os anos de 2007 e 2008, com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento fenológico, bem como o requerimento térmico em diferentes épocas de poda: (1) 09-07-07, (2) 28-09-07, (3) 03-03-08 e (4) 19-04-08. Avaliou-se a duração, em dias, dos estádios fenológicos: poda até gemas inchadas; gemas inchadas (gema algodão) a início de brotação (ponta verde); brotação a 5 - 6 folhas separadas; 5 - 6 folhas separadas ao início do florescimento; início do florescimento ao pleno florescimento, pleno florescimento a "chumbinho"; "chumbinho" a "ervilha"; "ervilha" a ½ baga; ½ baga à início da maturação e início da maturação até plena maturação. Os requerimentos térmicos foram obtidos em termos de graus-dia (GD) necessários para atingir os seguintes subperíodos: poda a brotação, brotação a floração e floração a colheita. A duração do ciclo foi de 127; 130; 163 e 161 dias para as épocas de podas 1; 2; 3 e 4, respectivamente, sendo que, nas épocas 1 e 2, a colheita foi antecipada em 32 dias em relação às demais. Os períodos compreendidos entre início e final de maturação, ½ baga a início da maturação; "ervilha" a ½ baga apresentaram a maior duração nas 4 épocas de poda. O maior e o menor requerimento térmico, considerando temperaturas-base de 10 e 12 °C, foram registrados para as podas de julho (menor ciclo) e de abril (segundo maior ciclo) com 2.214,5 e 1.911,5 GD e 1.960,3 e 1.638,3 GD, respectivamente.

The experiment was carried out at Aparecida do Rio Doce, located at the Southwestern part of Goias State, during the years of 2007 and 2008, aiming the characterization of the phenological stages and thermal requirements "Niagara Rosada" in different pruning times: (1) 7/9/07, (2) 9/28/07, (3) 3/3/08 and (4) 4/19/08. The number of days were evaluated for the following phenological phases: pruning times to bud swelling,_bud swelling to bud breaking, bud breaking to five to six leaves unfolded, five to six leaves unfolded to beginning of flowering, beginning of flowering to ending of flowering, ending of flowering to fruit set (pellet-like berries), fruit set to the pea-size berries, pea-size berries to beginning of bunch touch, beginning of bunch touch, beginning of bunch touch to veraison and veraison to berries ripe. Heat summation requirements were observed in degree-days (DG) necessary to start the following subperiods: pruning to budding, budding to flowering and flowering to harvest. It was evaluated the days duration of the following phenological stages: 127, 130, 163 and 161 days for pruning 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, taking into account that in pruning times 1 and 2 the harvest was anticipated 32 days as compared to the others. The periods between the beginning and ending of the maturation, beginning of bunch touch to beginning of maturation, pea-size berries to beginning of bunch touch presented the longest duration in the four pruning times. The highest and lowest thermal requirement, considering base temperature 10 °C and 12 °C, was recorded for pruning realized in July (lower cycle) and in April (second highest cycle) with 2.214.5 and 1.911.5 DG and 1.960.3 and 1.638 DG, respectively.