Abstract The overgrazing of natural grasslands has determined the decrease of native species of high forage value, as is the case of Bromus auleticus Trin. ex Nees in the Campos biome. The reintroduction of native species of high forage value overseeded into natural grasslands appears as a promising technology for the recovery of these environments. However, has not been sufficiently developed due to the consequence of the absence of commercial seed of the species and the lack of information to guide the establishment management. In this sense, it is necessary to know the sowing rate (kg ha-1) of Bromus auleticus necessary to achieve the reintroduction of the species. Two field experiments are installed to assess the effect of the sowing density of Bromus auleticus sown into the natural grasslands in 2013 and in 2014, in the Basaltic region of Uruguay. The treatments consisted of different sowing rates: 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg ha-1. With sowing rates up to 40 kg ha-1, achievement coefficients of 17 and 26% were reached at 120 days post-sowing and summer survival percentages of 60 and 33% in the 2013 and 2014 experiments, respectively, obtaining the year of sown 107 and 56 plants per m-2 of Bromus auleticus, for 2013 and 2014 experiments, respectively. Seeding densities greater than 40 kg ha-1 allowed to achieve a greater amount of Bromus auleticus plants achieved in the establishment period, compensating with lower percentages of survive during the summer.

Resumen El sobrepastoreo de los campos naturales ha determinado la disminución de especies nativas de alto valor forrajero, como es el caso de Bromus auleticus Trin. ex Nees en el bioma Campos. La reintroducción de especies nativas de alto valor forrajero sembradas sobre el campo natural aparece como una tecnología promisoria para la recuperación de dichos ambientes. No obstante, no ha sido suficientemente desarrollada principalmente por la falta de semilla comercial de la especie y por falta de información que oriente el manejo de la implantación. En ese sentido, se hace necesario conocer cuál es la densidad de siembra de Bromus auleticus más adecuada para lograr la reintroducción de la especie. Se instalan dos experimentos de campo para evaluar el efecto de la densidad de siembra de Bromus auleticus sembrado al voleo sobre campo natural en el año 2013 y en el año 2014, en la región de Basalto de Uruguay. Los tratamientos consistieron en diferentes densidades de siembra: 20, 40, 60 y 80 kg ha-1. Con densidades de siembra de hasta 40 kg ha-1 se alcanzaron coeficientes de logro de 17 y 26% a los 120 días postsiembra y niveles de sobrevivencia estival de 60 y 33% en los experimentos 2013 y 2014, respectivamente, obteniéndose al año de siembra 107 y 56 plantas por m-2 de Bromus auleticus, para las siembras 2013 y 2014, respectivamente. Densidades de siembra superiores a 40 kg ha-1 permitieron lograr una mayor cantidad de plantas de Bromus auleticus en el período de establecimiento de la pastura, compensando con menores porcentajes de sobrevivencia en el verano.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade antioxidante, a concentração de glicose e insulina e o comportamento reprodutivo de ovelhas suplementadas com resíduo de laranja antes da inseminação. Cinquenta e cinco ovelhas multíparas foram divididas em dois currais e 15 ovelhas sem raça foram mantidas individualmente para se medir o consumo de ração. Duas dietas integrais foram administradas; T0: tratamento controle e T1: dieta com 20% de resíduo de laranja seco. Dias após o início da suplementação, as ovelhas foram sincronizadas. A suplementação foi finalizada antes da inseminação artificial e, em seguida, foi coletada uma amostra de sangue para medir a capacidade antioxidante e a concentração de glicose e insulina. Uma análise de variância foi feita para avaliar o efeito do tratamento sobre a capacidade antioxidante, a glicose e a insulina, e um teste do ji quadrado foi realizado para analisar a resposta ao estro, a porcentagem de gestação e de prolificidade. Dos nove compostos antioxidantes encontrados no resíduo laranja, a hesperidina (7,44%), o ácido clorogênico (0,50%) e o ácido protocatecuico foram os de maior concentração. O consumo alimentar, a resposta ao estro, a porcentagem de gestação, a capacidade antioxidante, a concentração de glicose e a insulina não foram afetados pelo tratamento. Conclui-se que é possível a inclusão de 20% de resíduos de laranja na dieta antes da inseminação em ovelhas.

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity, glucose and insulin concentration and reproductive performance of ewes supplemented with orange residue prior to insemination. Fifty-five multiparous ewes were divided into two corrals, and 15 unbred ewes were kept individually to measure feed consumption. Two integral diets were administered; T0: control treatment and T1: with 20% of dry matter of orange residue. Ten days after the start of supplementation, the ewes were synchronized. Supplementation was finalized prior to artificial insemination, then, a blood sample was taken to measure the antioxidant capacity and glucose and insulin concentration. An analysis of variance was made to evaluate the effect of treatment on the antioxidant capacity, glucose and insulin; and to analyze the response to estrus, percentage of gestation and prolificity a ji squared test was performed. Of 9 antioxidant compounds found in the orange residue, hesperidin (7.44%), chlorogenic acid (0.50%) and protocatechuic acid had the highest concentration. Feed intake, estrus response, percentage of gestation, antioxidant capacity, and glucose and insulin concentration were not affected by the treatment. It is concluded that inclusion of 20% of orange residue in the diet prior to insemination in ewes is possible.

RESUMO Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos modelos matemáticos que permitem simular a produção de mel de uma determinada região. Esses modelos são baseados em equações diferenciais ordinárias e tiveram como ponto de partida o modelo neoclássico de Lucas 23 para o crescimento macroeconômico. Na determinação dos parâmetros dos modelos foram utilizados métodos numéricos de otimização não linear. Como resultado da solução numérica do modelo, foram simuladas a produção de mel de quatro municípios. Obteve-se, ainda, o índice de tecnologia aplicado a produção de mel de cada localidade, por um período de onze anos. Por meio desse índice é possível ordenar as municipalidades em termos de aplicação de tecnologia. Essa é uma das razões desse índice ser um indicador de vital importância para a gestão do agronegócio.

ABSTRACT In this work, mathematical models were developed which allow the simulation of the honey production at a certain municipality. These models are based in ordinary differential equations and were based on the neoclassical macroeconomic model by Lucas 23 for macroeconomic growth. In the models’ parameters determination, nonlinear numeric optimization methods were employed. As a result of the numerical solution of the model, honey production from four municipalities was simulated. It was also obtained the technology level attained by the honey production of a certain place, by a period of eleven years. Through this index it is possible to order the municipalities in terms of technology application. This is one of the reasons why this index is an indicator of vital importance for agribusiness management.

The aim of this cross sectional observational study was to standardize a multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of mecA and pvl genes in Staphylococcus spp. S. aureus strains ATCC 25923 and S.aureus ATCC 43300 were used as controls as well as an isolate of S. aureus carrying mecA and pvl genes. The boiling method was performed for DNA extraction and the detection limit was established by serial dilutions of DNA. We determined the applicability of the multiplex PCR by testing 41 isolates of S. aureus and 51 coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) previously characterized by phenotypic methods in november 2009. The PCR products were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis in 2% after ethidium bromide staining. The size of the amplified products of the multiplex PCR corresponded to those expected, 433bp for mecA and 533bp for pvl, with detection limits up to 0.5 ng/µL. The mecA gene was detected in 13 (31.7%) isolates of S. aureus and 29 (56.7%) CNS. The pvl gene was detected in 2 (4.9%) isolates of S. aureus and was not detected in CNS. A 100% concordance was obtained between the presence of mecA and phenotypic methods. This technique is a useful tool in the confirmation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus strains and identification of the pvl gene, in addition to being relatively simple, with the advantage of detecting both genes in a single reaction.

Este estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transverso tuvo por objetivo estandarizar una PCR múltiple para la detección simultánea de los genes mecA y pvl en Staphylococcus spp. Se emplearon como cepas control: S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 43300 y un aislado de S. aureus portador de los genes mecA y pvl. La extracción de ADN se realizó por el método de ebullición. El límite de detección se estableció por medio de diluciones seriadas de ADN. Se determinó la aplicabilidad de la PCR múltiple testando 41 aislados de S. aureus y 51 Estafilococos coagulasa negativo (ECN) previamente caracterizados por métodos fenotípicos en noviembre del año 2009. Los productos de PCR fueron visualizados por electroforesis en gel de agarosa al 2% previa tinción con bromuro de etidio. Los productos de amplificación de la PCR múltiple presentaron tamaño esperado de 533pb y 433pb para los genes mecA y pvl respectivamente, con límites de detección de hasta 0,5 ng/µL. El gen mecA se detectó en 13 (31,7%) aislados de S. aureus y en 29 (56,7%) ECN. El gen pvl se detectó en 2 (4,9%) S. aureus y no fue detectado en ECN. La presencia del gen mecA tuvo 100% de concordancia con los métodos fenotípicos. Esta técnica es una herramienta útil en la confirmación de cepas de Estafilococos meticilino resistentes e identificación del gen pvl, además de ser relativamente sencilla con la ventaja de detectar ambos genes en una sola reacción.

Clinically significant chromosomal abnormalities occur in about 1% of children born alive. The objective of this work was to offer the patients and the families in the community for the service of the Integrated Clinic of Uniara Health (Araraquara and region), the examination of cariotype (cytogenetic study) for confirmation or exclusion of the diagnostic suspicion of chromosomal abnormalities as well as information (genetic counseling) for the prevention of occurrence and/or recurrence of these anomalies. In the period of one year and four months these were carried out in the Integrated Clinic of Uniara Health and directed for the Laboratory of Cytogenetic Human of the same institution in 66 cytogenetic studies. In 44 patients (66.6%) the results were normal. In 22 (33.3%) examinations, alterations were found, meaning that the respective clinical pictures are decurrent of chromosomic alterations. The first cause within alterations noted was Down syndrome with a total of 15 examinations or 68.1%, the second cause of chromosomal anomaly was the Turner syndrome where the most important factor is 45, X, where 2 karyotypes of this type or 9.1% were found, syndromes as (Eduards syndrome, Patau syndrome, 3p- syndrome, 4p- syndrome and 6p-syndrome) diagnosed in our laboratory appeared less frequently corresponding to 22.7% of the studied anomalies. The work carried out constitutes a necessary diagnosis of the main chromosomal abnormalities through a low cost technique; it can be carried out easily and is reliable, making the cytogenetic examination available to the community and contributing significantly to the quality of life of patients.

Las anormalidades cromosómicas, clínicamente significativas, se presentan en aproximadamente 1% de los niños nacidos vivos. Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de ofrecer a los pacientes y / o a sus familiares el servicio de la Clínica Integrada de la Salud de Uniara (Araraquara y Región), el examen de cariotipo (estudio citogenético) para la confirmación o la exclusión de sospecha de anomalías cromosomales diagnosticadas, así como otorgar información (consejo genético) para la prevención de las posibles anomalías y / o la repetición de éstas. En un año y cuatro meses fueron realizados 66 estudios de citogenética en la Clínica Integrada de Uniara, dirigida por el Laboratorio de Citogenética Humana de la misma institución. En 44 pacientes (66,6%) los resultados fueron normales. En 22 (33,3%) de los exámenes, se encontraron alteraciones, compatibles con alteraciones cromosómicas. La primera causa de anomalías cromosómica fue el síndrome de Down, totalizando 15 exámenes (68,1%), la segunda causa fue el síndrome de Turner, con dos cariotipos (9,1%) en la forma más importante 45, X. Por otra parte, se encontró que los síndromes de Eduards, de Patau, 3p-síndrome de Down, síndrome 4p-6p, diagnosticados en nuestro laboratorio, presentaban baja frecuencia de aparición, representando el 22,7% de las anomalías estudiadas. Este trabajo permitió realizar un diagnóstico preciso de las anomalías cromosomales, principalmente a través de una técnica de bajo costo, fácil ejecución y buena confiabilidad, técnicas que están disponibles para el examen citogenético para la comunidad y así contribuir de manera significativa en la calidad de vida de los pacientes.

We report on experimental observations of self-assemblies in colloidal dispersions of clay nanoplatelets and magnetic nanoparticles. Visual observations have been combined with small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) in the study of several composites at a fixed clay concentration in the dilute regime, and varying ferrofluid concentrations. Our visual observations which encompass macroscopic separation in gravitational- and magnetic field, indicate that all samples present a concentrated phase and a diluted one. SAXS data obtained from each phase are consistent with the interpretation that the scattering contribution from the clay nano-platelets in the samples can be neglected in comparison with the magnetic particle contribution. The analysis of the scattered intensity is performed combining two models, one based on the global scattering function and the other allowing the extraction of the structure factor of the mixtures. The parameters of the size distribution of magnetic nanoparticles determined by both methods are in good agreement. The structure factor of the mixtures shows that on a local scale, the mixtures behave like a gas of isolated magnetic nanoparticles. It also indicates the presence of interactions between magnetic nanoparticles mediated by the presence of Laponite platelets. Such interactions could be attributed with a progressive partial phase separation between spheres and discs rather than to the formation of dense aggregates.

We analyze potentiometric and conductimetric measurements, simultaneously performed in several complex systems (Brönsted acid-base-type). The results show an excellent agreement between reported and obtained values of the dissociation constants of the involved equilibria. A similar analysis is proposed to account, in electric double layered magnetic fluids (EDL-MF), for the charging of the particle surface based on a proton transfer proccess at the interface with the bulk dispersion. This model allows to relate the pH dependence of the phase diagram to the variations of the nanoparticle surface charge density, which leads to a useful method to monitor the colloidal stability of EDL-MF.