Abstract: This article analyzes the development of the notion “non-religious” as a census category and its incorporation into academic literature. We begin with a historical review through the Censuses, presenting the emergence and the refinement of the category “non-religious”. We then address the critique by researchers of religion on the census data and on the ways in which the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) developed the category. Furthermore, we problematize the framework given by academic literature to the growth of “non-religion” in recent decades in Brazil as a result of a series of dynamics concerning the Brazilian religious field. We intend to demonstrate that being “non-religious” in Brazil is perceived by scholars of religion as a religious perspective among the multiple options of the increasingly plural Brazilian religious field. Finally, we present some problems arising from such a framework for religious studies.

Resumo: O presente artigo analisa o desenvolvimento da categoria “sem religião” como instrumento censitário e sua incorporação pela produção acadêmica. Iniciamos com um recuo histórico através dos Censos, apresentando o surgimento e, em seguida, o refinamento da nomenclatura “sem religião”. Abordamos, então, a crítica dos pesquisadores da religião acerca dos dados censitários e sobre os modos pelos quais o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) desenvolveu a categoria. Posteriormente, problematizamos o enquadramento dado pela produção acadêmica para o crescimento dos “sem religião” nas últimas décadas no Brasil em decorrência de uma série de dinâmicas concernentes ao campo religioso brasileiro. Pretende-se demonstrar que ser “sem religião” no Brasil é apreendido pelos acadêmicos como mais uma perspectiva religiosa dentre as múltiplas opções do campo religioso brasileiro, cada vez mais plural. Por fim, apresentamos alguns problemas decorrentes de tal enquadramento para os estudos de religião.

RESUMO Este artigo centra-se nas disputas legais entre o governo federal dos Estados Unidos e o Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal (UDV), bem como na regulamentação do uso religioso da ayahuasca naquele país. O nosso objetivo é apresentar as principais questões que estiveram em jogo durante as disputas, especialmente a relação entre os limites do princípio de liberdade religiosa quando associado ao uso de substâncias controladas.

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the legal disputes between the u.s. government and the Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal (UDV), as well as on the regulation of the religious use of ayahuasca by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). Our aim is to present the main issues that were at stake throughout the dispute, especially the relationship between the limits of religious freedom when associated with the use of controlled substances.

Abstrac The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cyclic fatigue, torsional resistance and surface roughness of Reciproc R25 instruments in four different situations, namely as new instruments and as instruments tested after clinical preparation of one, two or three maxillary molars with four root canals. The total time required to perform each root canal preparation was recorded. Cyclic fatigue resistance was determined by the time to fracture using a customized testing device (n = 10 per group). The torsional test evaluated the torque and angle of rotation to failure according to ISO 3630-1 (n = 10 per group). The roughness of the working parts of new and used instruments was evaluated with a profilometer (n = 5 per group). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. The level of significance was set at 5%. No fractures or deformations were observed after clinical use. Higher preparation time was needed during the third use of the instruments for all root canals (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the groups in regard to either cyclic fatigue or torsional resistance (p > 0.05). Regarding the roughness measurements, groove depth was higher on new and one- versus two- or three-maxillary-molar-prepared instruments (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that the clinical use of Reciproc instruments increased preparation time and decreased surface roughness. However, clinical use did not affect the cyclic fatigue or torsional resistance of the Reciproc instruments.

ABSTRACT Review of the book 'Paraconsistent Logic: Consistency, Contradiction and Negation' (2016), by Walter Carnielli and Marcelo Coniglio

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a fadiga cíclica de dois instrumentos finalizadores anatômicos: XP-Endo Finisher e XP-Clean. O padrão de rugosidade e a micro dureza dos instrumentos também foram avaliados. Os instrumentos foram submetidos à resistência à fadiga cíclica, medindo o tempo de fratura em um canal artificial de aço inoxidável com um ângulo de 60 ° e um raio de curvatura de 5 mm. A superfície de fratura de todos os fragmentos foi examinada com um microscópio eletrônico de varredura. A rugosidade dos instrumentos foi quantificada usando um perfilômetro e o teste de micro dureza foi realizado usando um testador de dureza Vickers. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente usando o teste t de student em um nível de significância de p<0,05. A análise Weibull também foi realizada. XP-Endo Finisher apresentou vida de fadiga cíclica significativamente mais longa do que os instrumentos XP-Clean (p<0,05). XP-Endo Finisher foi capaz de suportar 1000% mais ciclos para fratura quando comparado aos instrumentos XP-Clean. A inspeção visual em microscópio eletrônico de varredura das superfícies de fratura revelou características fractográficas da fratura dúctil em todos os instrumentos testados. Não foi observada deformação plástica no eixo helicoidal dos instrumentos fraturados. Quando o tempo para a fratura foi comparado entre os instrumentos, o XP-Endo Finisher durou mais do que o XP-Clean com uma probabilidade de 99,9%. Os instrumentos XP-Endo Finisher também exibiram uma rugosidade significativamente menor do que os instrumentos XP-Clean (p<0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças na micro dureza entre os arquivos (p>0,05). Pode-se concluir que os instrumentos XP-Endo Finisher apresentaram desempenho melhorado em comparação com os instrumentos XP-Clean, demonstrando maior resistência à fadiga cíclica e menor rugosidade.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cyclic fatigue of two anatomic finishing files: XP-Endo Finisher and XP-Clean. Roughness pattern and the micro-hardness of the files were also assessed. Instruments were subjected to cyclic fatigue resistance measuring the time to fracture in an artificial stainless-steel canal with a 60° angle and a 5-mm radius of curvature. The fracture surface of all fragments was examined with a scanning electron microscope. The roughness of the working parts was quantified by using a profilometer and the micro-hardness test was carried out using a Vickers hardness tester. Results were statistically analyzed using a student´s t-test at a significance level of P < 0.05. Weibull analysis was also performed. XP-Endo Finisher presented significantly longer cyclic fatigue life than XP-Clean instruments (P<0.05). XP-Endo Finisher was able to withstand 1000% more cycles to fracture when compared to XP-Clean instruments. SEM visual inspection of the fracture surfaces revealed fractographic characteristics of ductile fracture in all tested instruments; wide-ranging forms of dimples were identified and no plastic deformation in the helical shaft of the fractured instruments was observed. When mean life was compared XP-Endo Finisher lasted longer than XP-Clean with a probability of 99.9%. XP-Endo Finisher instruments also exhibited significantly lower roughness than XP-Clean instruments (P<0.05). No differences in the micro-hardness was observed between the files (P>0.05). It can be concluded that XP-Endo Finisher instruments showed improved performance when compared with XP-Clean instruments, demonstrating higher cyclic fatigue resistance and lower roughness.

Abstract Objective: This study evaluated the expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and TGF-β) cytokines in apical periodontitis lesions. Correlations between these cytokines and clinical and cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) data were also assessed. Material and Methods: Apical periodontitis lesions’ data were obtained from 27 patients subjected to periradicular surgery. Specimens were processed for histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis. Sections were evaluated according to the amount of positive staining for each antibody. Expression levels of the target mediators were compared with clinical and CBCT data. Results: Twenty lesions were diagnosed as granuloma and 7 as cyst. In granulomas, IL-4 expression was significantly higher than IL-6 (p=0.001) and TNF-α (p=0.001). There was a significant relationship between high levels of TNF-α and lesions <5 mm (p=0.017). In cysts, IL-6 expression was significant lower than IL-4 (p=0.001) and IFN-γ (p=0.004). There was a significant relationship between high levels of TGF-β and endodontic treatment performed ≤4 years before (p=0.045). In general, IL-4 was the most expressed mediator in both cysts and granulomas. Conclusions: There was a balance between the expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines associated with the chronic periradicular inflammatory process. TNF-α and TGF-β were related to some clinical and CBCT data.

Resumo Neste ensaio, pretendo seguir uma linha de investigação sobre o secularismo e o secular aberta – de modos diferentes – pelos trabalhos pioneiros de William Connolly e Talal Asad: a saber, em que medida o desenvolvimento do secularismo tem implicado historicamente – dentre suas várias dimensões – uma configuração ímpar do sensório humano. Para ambos os autores, o secularismo não deve ser abordado simplesmente por meio da doutrina da separação entre Igreja e Estado, tampouco através da sociologia da diferenciação social e do declínio da religião, mas, alternativamente, em termos do cultivo de distintas sensibilidades, afetos, e disposições encorporadas que embasam formas seculares de julgamento e prática. Em minha discussão, levanto duas questões. Quais respostas encontramos na obra desses dois autores para a questão: O que é um corpo secular? E o que tais respostas – ou recusas em responder – poderiam nos dizer sobre os contornos práticos e conceituais do secular e do secularismo?