Abstract: Objective: To estimate the association between sweetened beverages (SB) consumption with adiposity indicators and metabolic status among young Chilean adults. Materials and methods: We analyzed food frequency consumption, body mass index (BMC), waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (BFP), glucose and triglycerides in 931 young adults randomly selected from Valparaiso Region using multivariate regression models controlling confusion and interactions factors. Results: The median age was 24.9 years; (95%CI: 92.3-95.3) reported SB consumption, 33.1% received more than two portions (≥500 ml) daily what was associated with an increase in glycemia (β=2.40; p=0.024) (both sexes), with BMI (β=1.48, p=0.04), WC (β= 4.50; p=0.009) and BFP (β=3.02, p< 0.001) only in women. Conclusion: High consumption of SB increases glycemia in young adults and only in women, indicators of adiposity, relevant antecedents to formulate policies that decrease SB consumption and its consequences.

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre consumo de bebidas endulzadas (BE) con indicadores de adiposidad y riesgo metabólico en adultos jóvenes. Material y métodos: Se analizó la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia de cintura (CC), grasa corporal (PGC), glicemia y triglicéridos de 931 participantes seleccionados aleatoriamente (Región de Valparaíso, Chile), mediante modelos de regresión múltiple, controlando factores de confusión. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue 24.9 años; 94% (IC95% :92.3-95.3) de los participantes consumía BE, 33.1% de ellos consumía más de dos porciones (≥500 ml) diarias, que se asoció con incremento en glicemia (ambos sexos) (β=2.17; p=0.007) y con IMC (β=1.48, p=0.04), CC (β=4.50; p=0.009) y PGC (β=3.02; p<0.001) sólo en mujeres. Conclusión: La alta ingesta de BE incrementa la glicemia en adultos jóvenes y los indicadores de adiposidad en mujeres, antecedentes relevantes para formular políticas que disminuyan el consumo de BE y sus consecuencias.

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the association between sweetened beverages (SB) consumption with adiposity indicators and metabolic status among young Chilean adults. Materials and methods: We analyzed food frequency consumption, body mass index (BMC), waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (BFP), glucose and triglycerides in 931 young adults randomly selected from Valparaiso Region using multivariate regression models controlling confusion and interactions factors. Results: The median age was 24.9 years; (95%CI: 92.3-95.3) reported SB consumption, 33.1% received more than two portions (≥500 ml) daily what was associated with an increase in glycemia (β=2.40; p=0.024) (both sexes), with BMI (β=1.48, p=0.04), WC (β= 4.50; p=0.009) and BFP (β=3.02, p< 0.001) only in women. Conclusion: High consumption of SB increases glycemia in young adults and only in women, indicators of adiposity, relevant antecedents to formulate policies that decrease SB consumption and its consequences.

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre consumo de bebidas endulzadas (BE) con indicadores de adiposidad y riesgo metabólico en adultos jóvenes. Material y métodos: Se analizó la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia de cintura (CC), grasa corporal (PGC), glicemia y triglicéridos de 931 participantes seleccionados aleatoriamente (Región de Valparaíso, Chile), mediante modelos de regresión múltiple, controlando factores de confusión. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue 24.9 años; 94% (IC95% :92.3-95.3) de los participantes consumía BE, 33.1% de ellos consumía más de dos porciones (≥500 ml) diarias, que se asoció con incremento en glicemia (ambos sexos) (β=2.17; p=0.007) y con IMC (β=1.48, p=0.04), CC (β=4.50; p=0.009) y PGC (β=3.02; p<0.001) sólo en mujeres. Conclusión: La alta ingesta de BE incrementa la glicemia en adultos jóvenes y los indicadores de adiposidad en mujeres, antecedentes relevantes para formular políticas que disminuyan el consumo de BE y sus consecuencias.

The aim of this study was to conduct a review of the health and nutritional status of Chilean indigenous children, specifically Mapuche children, as published in the literature and specific population-based studies. The searches were conducted in PubMed and LILACS in the last 15 years. From 2006 to 2015, the poverty rate was higher in the indigenous population, with a decrease in the gap from 16% in 2006 to 7.7% in 2015 (p < 0.001). In the first decade of this century, infant mortality in indigenous children was 17.1/1,000 live births, while in non-indigenous children it was 8.8/1,000, and the gap was maintained in the five-year follow-up (p < 0.001). Newborns with birthweight < 2,500g in the year 2000 did not reach 6% (5.6% in non-indigenous and 5.2% in indigenous children). Low height at first school enrollment was 8.4% in indigenous schoolchildren and 3.1% in non-indigenous children, decreasing to 3.7% in indigenous children and 2.6% in non-indigenous children in 2004, while obesity increased more in indigenous children, reaching 24.2% in indigenous and 25.3% in non-indigenous children (p < 0.001). Menarche appeared four months later on average in indigenous girls (12.7 years), and body mass index, waist circumference, and fat mass were significantly greater in indigenous girls at the time of thelarche, as was the overweight rate (55%, vs. 42% in non-indigenous). Mapuche children show favorable health and nutritional status compared to indigenous children elsewhere in Latin America, but there is still an adverse gap compared to non-indigenous Chilean children. This inequality affecting indigenous Chilean children should be acknowledged and corrected.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión de la situación de salud y nutrición del niño indígena chileno, específicamente del Mapuche, en lo publicado en las bases de datos de referencias bibliográficas y en investigaciones específicas que tienen base poblacional. Para este trabajo se buscó lo publicado en PubMed, LILACS, organismos nacionales e internacionales, durante los últimos 15 años. Desde el 2006 hasta el 2015 la proporción de pobres era mayor en los indígenas, con disminución de la brecha de 16% el 2006 a 7,7% el 2015 (p < 0,001). En la primera década de este siglo la mortalidad infantil en los niños indígenas tenía una tasa de 17,1/1.000 nacidos vivos, mientras en los no indígenas era de de 8,8/1.000 y, en el seguimiento de cinco años, la brecha se mantuvo (p < 0,001). Los recién nacidos con peso < 2,500g el año 2000 no superaban el 6% (5,6% en no indígenas y 5,2% en los indígenas). La talla baja al ingreso a la escuela era 8,4% en los escolares indígenas y 3,1% en los no indígenas, disminuyendo a 3,7 en los indígenas y 2,6% en los no indígenas el 2004, la obesidad en cambio aumentó más en los indígenas, llegando a 24,2 y 25,3% en los no indígenas (p < 0,001). La menarquia se presentó cuatro meses más tarde en las indígenas (12,7 años) y el índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura y el porcentaje de grasa, fueron significativamente mayores en las indígenas en el momento de la telarquia, así como la frecuencia de exceso de peso (55% vs. 42% en las no indígenas). Los niños Mapuche presentan una condición de salud y nutrición favorable, comparada con los indígenas de otros países del continente, sin embargo, aun existe una brecha adversa -comparada con los no indígenas-, en que la desigualdad desfavorece al niño indígena y esta debe ser reconocida y corregida.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar una revisão da situação da saúde e nutrição da criança indígena chilena, especificamente da Mapuche, nas publicações relacionadas em bases de dados de referências bibliográficas e em pesquisas específicas que têm base populacional. A pesquisa foi realizada em publicações relacionadas: PubMed, LILACS, organismos nacionais e internacionais, nos últimos 15 anos. Desde 2006 até 2015 a proporção de pobres era maior nos indígenas, com diminuição de uma diferença de 16% em 2006 a 7,7% em 2015 (p < 0.001). Na primeira década de este século a mortalidade infantil nas crianças indígenas teve una taxa de 17,1/1.000 nascidas vivas, enquanto nos não indígenas era de 8,8/1.000 e, em um acompanhamento de cinco anos, a diferença se manteve (p < 0,001). Os recém-nascidos com peso < 2.500g no ano de 2000 não superavam 6% (5,6% em não indígenas e 5,2% nos indígenas). A baixa estatura ao momento do ingresso na escola era 8,4% nos escolares indígenas e 3,1% nos não indígenas, diminuindo a 3,7 nos indígenas e 2,6% nos não indígenas em 2004, a obesidade pelo contrário teve um aumento maior nos indígenas, chegando a 24,2 e 25,3% nos não indígenas (p < 0,001). A menarca ocorreu quatro meses mais tarde nas indígenas (12,7 anos) e o índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura e a porcentagem da gordura, foram significativamente maiores nas indígenas no período da telarca, à semelhança da frequência do sobrepeso (55% vs. 42% nas não indígenas). As crianças Mapuche apresentam uma condição de saúde e nutrição favorável, comparada com os indígenas de outros países do continente, no entanto, ainda existe uma brecha adversa - comparada com os não indígenas - , onde a desigualdade desfavorece a criança indígena e por isso deve ser reconhecida e corrigida.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar una revisão da situação da saúde e nutrição da criança indígena chilena, especificamente da Mapuche, nas publicações relacionadas em bases de dados de referências bibliográficas e em pesquisas específicas que têm base populacional. A pesquisa foi realizada em publicações relacionadas: PubMed, LILACS, organismos nacionais e internacionais, nos últimos 15 anos. Desde 2006 até 2015 a proporção de pobres era maior nos indígenas, com diminuição de uma diferença de 16% em 2006 a 7,7% em 2015 (p < 0.001). Na primeira década de este século a mortalidade infantil nas crianças indígenas teve una taxa de 17,1/1.000 nascidas vivas, enquanto nos não indígenas era de 8,8/1.000 e, em um acompanhamento de cinco anos, a diferença se manteve (p < 0,001). Os recém-nascidos com peso < 2.500g no ano de 2000 não superavam 6% (5,6% em não indígenas e 5,2% nos indígenas). A baixa estatura ao momento do ingresso na escola era 8,4% nos escolares indígenas e 3,1% nos não indígenas, diminuindo a 3,7 nos indígenas e 2,6% nos não indígenas em 2004, a obesidade pelo contrário teve um aumento maior nos indígenas, chegando a 24,2 e 25,3% nos não indígenas (p < 0,001). A menarca ocorreu quatro meses mais tarde nas indígenas (12,7 anos) e o índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura e a porcentagem da gordura, foram significativamente maiores nas indígenas no período da telarca, à semelhança da frequência do sobrepeso (55% vs. 42% nas não indígenas). As crianças Mapuche apresentam uma condição de saúde e nutrição favorável, comparada com os indígenas de outros países do continente, no entanto, ainda existe uma brecha adversa - comparada com os não indígenas - , onde a desigualdade desfavorece a criança indígena e por isso deve ser reconhecida e corrigida.

The aim of this study was to conduct a review of the health and nutritional status of Chilean indigenous children, specifically Mapuche children, as published in the literature and specific population-based studies. The searches were conducted in PubMed and LILACS in the last 15 years. From 2006 to 2015, the poverty rate was higher in the indigenous population, with a decrease in the gap from 16% in 2006 to 7.7% in 2015 (p < 0.001). In the first decade of this century, infant mortality in indigenous children was 17.1/1,000 live births, while in non-indigenous children it was 8.8/1,000, and the gap was maintained in the five-year follow-up (p < 0.001). Newborns with birthweight < 2,500g in the year 2000 did not reach 6% (5.6% in non-indigenous and 5.2% in indigenous children). Low height at first school enrollment was 8.4% in indigenous schoolchildren and 3.1% in non-indigenous children, decreasing to 3.7% in indigenous children and 2.6% in non-indigenous children in 2004, while obesity increased more in indigenous children, reaching 24.2% in indigenous and 25.3% in non-indigenous children (p < 0.001). Menarche appeared four months later on average in indigenous girls (12.7 years), and body mass index, waist circumference, and fat mass were significantly greater in indigenous girls at the time of thelarche, as was the overweight rate (55%, vs. 42% in non-indigenous). Mapuche children show favorable health and nutritional status compared to indigenous children elsewhere in Latin America, but there is still an adverse gap compared to non-indigenous Chilean children. This inequality affecting indigenous Chilean children should be acknowledged and corrected.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión de la situación de salud y nutrición del niño indígena chileno, específicamente del Mapuche, en lo publicado en las bases de datos de referencias bibliográficas y en investigaciones específicas que tienen base poblacional. Para este trabajo se buscó lo publicado en PubMed, LILACS, organismos nacionales e internacionales, durante los últimos 15 años. Desde el 2006 hasta el 2015 la proporción de pobres era mayor en los indígenas, con disminución de la brecha de 16% el 2006 a 7,7% el 2015 (p < 0,001). En la primera década de este siglo la mortalidad infantil en los niños indígenas tenía una tasa de 17,1/1.000 nacidos vivos, mientras en los no indígenas era de de 8,8/1.000 y, en el seguimiento de cinco años, la brecha se mantuvo (p < 0,001). Los recién nacidos con peso < 2,500g el año 2000 no superaban el 6% (5,6% en no indígenas y 5,2% en los indígenas). La talla baja al ingreso a la escuela era 8,4% en los escolares indígenas y 3,1% en los no indígenas, disminuyendo a 3,7 en los indígenas y 2,6% en los no indígenas el 2004, la obesidad en cambio aumentó más en los indígenas, llegando a 24,2 y 25,3% en los no indígenas (p < 0,001). La menarquia se presentó cuatro meses más tarde en las indígenas (12,7 años) y el índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura y el porcentaje de grasa, fueron significativamente mayores en las indígenas en el momento de la telarquia, así como la frecuencia de exceso de peso (55% vs. 42% en las no indígenas). Los niños Mapuche presentan una condición de salud y nutrición favorable, comparada con los indígenas de otros países del continente, sin embargo, aun existe una brecha adversa -comparada con los no indígenas-, en que la desigualdad desfavorece al niño indígena y esta debe ser reconocida y corregida.

Background: One in five deaths that occur in Chile can be attributed to smoking whose prevalence remains high, despite interventions aimed at reducing it. Aim: To compare the prevalence of smoking and its intensity among young adults born 15 years apart and determine their association with socioeconomic status (SES). Material and Methods: Two cohorts of young adults living in the Valparaiso Region of Chile were evaluated in the third decade of life. Cohort 1 was evaluated between 2000 and 2002 (n = 1232) and cohort 2 between 2014 and 2017 (n = 1078). Results: In cohort 1, 57.5% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 54.6-58.7) of the subjects reported smoking, with a median of 3 (Interquartile range (ICR:1-6) cigarettes/day. This percentage fell to 40.2% (CI: 37.5-43.1) with a similar median in cohort 2. Analyzing cohort 2, the odds ratio (OR) for smoking was 2.24 (CI 1.48-3.38) in the medium SES, compared with the medium high SES. The figures for low medium and low SES were 2.72 (CI: 1.85-3.99) and 3.01 (1.85-4.88). Similarly, in this cohort there was a significantly higher risk of being a heavy smoker in lower SES. No associations between smoking or its intensity and SES were observed in cohort 1. Conclusions: Smoking behavior has decreased among young adults evaluated at the same age in two generational cohorts in the third decade of life. In the most recent cohort analyzed, smoking and its intensity increase along with a decrease in SES.

El Índice y Carga Glicémica (IG y CG) categorizan los alimentos según su capacidad de incrementar la glicemia, considerando cantidad y calidad de hidratos de carbono consumidos. Diferentes estudios han postulado que una dieta con IG y CG altos y bajo consumo de fibra incrementan la glicemia e insulinemia, aunque con resultados heterogéneos.El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la asociación entre IG, CG e ingesta de fibra y valores HOMA-IR en adultos jóvenes. En una muestra representativa de 738 personas que tenían entre 32 y 38 años, nacidos en el Hospital de Limache, Región de Valparaíso, Chile, se recogió información socioeconómica, de salud, se determinó estado nutricional, glicemia, insulina basal y HOMA, y con la encuesta de frecuencia de consumo se estimó IG, CG e ingesta de fibra. Se construyeron modelos de regresión múltiple, controlando efectos de confusión e interacción. En modelos ajustados, se observó que por cada 10 unidades que aumenta el IG y CG de la dieta en individuos con exceso de peso, aumenta el HOMA-IR en 0,31 (p=0,042) y 0,03 (p=0,012), respectivamente y por cada 10 gramos que aumenta la fibra total y soluble, disminuye el HOMA-IR en 0,10 (p=0,04) y 0,62 (p=0,034) respectivamente. En personas sin exceso de peso no hubo estos efectos. Existe una asociación directa entre el aumento de IG y CG de los alimentos y el incremento de HOMA-IR sólo en individuos con exceso de peso y una asociación inversa entre ingesta de fibra dietética total y soluble y HOMA-IR.

Glycemic index, glycemic load and dietary fiber of foods and its association with insulin resistance in Chilean adults. Glycemic index and glycemic load (GI and GL) categorize foods according to their ability to increase blood sugar levels, considering quantity and quality of carbohydrates consumed. Different studies have postulated that a high GI and GL diet and low fiber intake increased glycemia and insulinemia, although with heterogeneous results. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between GI, GL and fiber intake and HOMA-IR values in young adults. In a representative sample of 738 people aged between 32 and 38 years old, born in the Limache’s Hospital, Valparaiso, Chile, socioeconomic and health information, nutritional status, basal glycemia, insulin and HOMA were collected. With a food frequency questionnaire, GI, GL and fiber intake were estimated. Multiple regression models were constructed, controlling confounding and interaction effects. In adjusted models, it was found that for every 10 units that increases diet GI and GL in overweight individuals, HOMA- IR increases in 0.31 (p = 0.042) and 0.03 (p = 0.012) respectively, and for every 10 grams that increases total and soluble fiber intake, HOMA-IR reduces in 0.10 (p = 0.04) and 0.62 (p = 0.034) respectively. In people without overweight such effects were not observed. There was a direct association bet- ween increased GI and GL foods and increased HOMA-IR only in individuals with overweight and an inverse association between total and soluble fiber intake and HOMA-IR.

Background: Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent among adults in Chile and represents a health risk. Aim: To determine the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, with C reactive protein levels (CRP) as an inflammation marker. Material and Methods: The population studied consisted of 736 individuals born in a hospital from Valparaíso Region, aged between 32-38 years at the time of the study. MetS was identified according to the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III guidelines and inflammation was measured using ultra-sensitive CRP. This parameter was classified as normal for values from 0 to 3 mg/L, high for values from 3.01 to 10 mg/L and very high for values > 10 mg/L. Results: Median CRP was in the normal range (1.9 mg/L, interquartile range 0.7-5.2) and was higher among women than men (2.2 and 1.4 mg/L respectively, p < 0.01). Twenty seven percent of participants had MetS. One-fourth had high blood glucose values, one-third had high triglyceride levels and 28% had blood pressure values over those established as normal in MetS. Elevated waist circumference (WC) and low HDL cholesterol were found among almost 50% of participants. A relationship between MetS and high CRP was only found among men with an Odds ratio (OR) of 2.04 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.11-3.73). The same association was observed for high triglyceride levels with an OR of 2.02 (CI: 1.17-3.49) and high WC with an OR of 3.89 (CI: 2.06-7.36). Among women, the only relationship observed was between abdominal obesity and very high CRP with an OR of 2. 65 (CI: 1.20-5.84). Conclusions: Metabolic syndrome, high triglyceride levels, and abdominal obesity were associated with inflammation only in men.

Objective: To analyse the outcomes of births and anthropometric measurements at birth of children born between 1974 and 2011 at Limache Hospital (Valparaíso, Chile). Patients and method: Times series were constructed of births, weight and length at birth, and low weight and length at birth. The trend was modelled with linear and logistical regressions using splines to represent breaks in the trend by decade. Results: The series includes 17,574 births. There was an increase in births per year in the 1970s (30/year) and declines in them to 17 and 22 births/year in the 1980s and 1990s, respectively (P < .001), with no significant trend thereafter. Newborns from 2000 to 2011 weighed 266 grams more than those in the 1970s (P < .001), and have now reached a mean weight of 3,530 g. Low birthweight fell from 8% in the 1970s to 1.1% after 2000. Birth length increased by 1 cm in the 37 years studied, with a reduction of low birth length from 7.6% to 2.1% during the period. Conclusion: Live births in the Limache Hospital declined, and anthropometric measurements at birth improved in the years analysed. This information is useful in developing interventions, taking into account the possible selection biases that could distort these estimates and their interpretation.

Objetivo: Analizar la evolución de los nacimientos y medidas antropométricas al nacer entre 1974-2011 en el Hospital de Limache, Región de Valparaíso, Chile. Pacientes y métodos: Se construyeron series de tiempo de nacimientos, peso y longitud al nacer, peso y talla baja al nacer. Se modelaron las tendencias con regresiones multivariadas usándose splines para representar los cambios de tendencia por década. Resultados: La serie comprende 17.574 nacimientos. Hubo un aumento de los nacimientos/año en los 70 (30/año) y disminución de 17 y 22 nacimientos/año en los 80 y 90 (p < 0,001); después, sin tendencia significativa. Los recién nacidos entre 2000-2011 registran 266 g más que los de la década de los 70 (p < 0,001), alcanzando actualmente en promedio 3.530 g. El bajo peso al nacer disminuyó de 8% en los 70 a 1,1% después de 2000. La longitud al nacer incrementó 1 cm en 37 años, con disminución de la talla baja de 7,6% a 2,1% en el periodo estudiado. Conclusión: Los nacimientos en el Hospital de Limache disminuyeron y las medidas antropométricas al nacer mejoraron; sin embargo, hay que considerar los posibles sesgos que distorsionan estas estimaciones.

Objective. To estimate the association between the intake of sugar-sweetened non-alcoholic beverages and body mass index (BMI) in Chilean school children. Materials and methods. Food consumption frequency data were analyzed for school children aged 6 to 18. The association between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and BMI was estimated by multivariate lineal regression models. Results. Sugar-sweetened beverages are consumed on a daily basis by 92% (95%CI:90-94) of subjects with daily intake medians of 424 mL (p25-p75:212-707). Every extra daily portion of sugar-sweetened beverages consumed by school children aged 6 to 13 is associated with 0.13 BMI z-scores (95%CI:0.04-0.2;p=0.01). Conclusions. School children consume sugar-sweetened beverages daily with intake medians close to 0.5L. There is an association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and higher BMI in Chilean school children.

Objetivo. Estimar la asociación entre la ingesta de bebidas azucaradas analcohólicas y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en escolares chilenos. Material y métodos. Se analizaron datos de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos en escolares de entre 6 y 18 años de edad. Se estimó la asociación entre el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y el IMC a través de modelos de regresión lineal multivariada. Resultados. El 92% (IC95%:90-94) consume bebidas azucaradas diariamente, con medianas de ingesta de 424 ml (p25-p75:212-707). En los escolares de 6 a 13 años, cada incremento de una porción diaria de gaseosas y refrescos con azúcar se asocia con 0.13 puntajes z más de IMC (IC95%:0.04-0.2;p=0.01). Conclusiones. El consumo de bebidas azucaradas en escolares chilenos es diario y alcanza medianas de ingesta cercanas a medio litro. Existe asociación entre el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y mayor IMC.

Objective. To estimate the association between the intake of sugar-sweetened non-alcoholic beverages and body mass index (BMI) in Chilean school children. Materials and methods. Food consumption frequency data were analyzed for school children aged 6 to 18. The association between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and BMI was estimated by multivariate lineal regression models. Results. Sugar-sweetened beverages are consumed on a daily basis by 92% (95%CI:90-94) of subjects with daily intake medians of 424 mL (p25-p75:212-707). Every extra daily portion of sugar-sweetened beverages consumed by school children aged 6 to 13 is associated with 0.13 BMI z-scores (95%CI:0.04-0.2;p=0.01). Conclusions. School children consume sugar-sweetened beverages daily with intake medians close to 0.5L. There is an association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and higher BMI in Chilean school children.

Objetivo. Estimar la asociación entre la ingesta de bebidas azucaradas analcohólicas y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en escolares chilenos. Material y métodos. Se analizaron datos de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos en escolares de entre 6 y 18 años de edad. Se estimó la asociación entre el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y el IMC a través de modelos de regresión lineal multivariada. Resultados. El 92% (IC95%:90-94) consume bebidas azucaradas diariamente, con medianas de ingesta de 424 ml (p25-p75:212-707). En los escolares de 6 a 13 años, cada incremento de una porción diaria de gaseosas y refrescos con azúcar se asocia con 0.13 puntajes z más de IMC (IC95%:0.04-0.2;p=0.01). Conclusiones. El consumo de bebidas azucaradas en escolares chilenos es diario y alcanza medianas de ingesta cercanas a medio litro. Existe asociación entre el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y mayor IMC.

Se ha descrito que consumir frutas y verduras disminuye la presión arterial. Sin embargo, no está clara la magnitud del efecto según la cantidad consumida. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la asociación entre consumo de frutas y verduras, y presión arterial. Se realizó un estudio transversal en una muestra aleatoria de 777 adultos entre 32 y 38 años de la Región de Valparaíso, Chile. Se midió presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD), y se aplicó una encuesta de tendencia de consumo cuantificada del último mes. La ingesta de frutas y verduras se dividió en tres grupos: menor a 200 g, 200 a 400 g, mayor a 400 g. Para el análisis se utilizaron modelos de regresión lineal múltiple ajustados por sexo, IMC, actividad física, nivel socioeconómico, tabaquismo e ingesta de sodio. Se observó que a medida que aumenta la ingesta de frutas y verduras disminuye la presión arterial sistólica(β=-3,37; IC 95%: -6,45 a -0,29; en consumo entre 200 y 400 g) (β=- 4,02; IC 95%: -7,06 a -0,98; en consumo mayor a 400 g), mientras que en la presión diastólica solamente se ve el efecto en los que cumplen la recomendación de la OMS de consumir más de 400 g al día (β-2,87; IC=-5,17 a -0,57). Se concluye que consumir frutas y verduras en cantidades mayores a 400 g, tiene un efecto protector en el aumento de la presión arterial tanto sistólica como diastólica.

Consuming fruits and vegetables is known to lower blood pressure. However, it is unclear how much should be consumed in order to achieve this effect. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and blood pressure. A cross-sectional study was conducted among a random sample of 777 adults between the ages of 32 and 38 from the Region of Valparaiso, Chile. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured, and a survey was carried out to quantify consumption trends over the past month. The fruit and vegetable intake was divided into three groups: less than 200 g, 200-400 g, and more than 400 g. In the analysis, multiple linear regression models were used and were adjusted for sex, BMI, physical activity, socioeconomic status, smoking, and sodium intake. It was observed that increasing intake of fruits and vegetables lowers the systolic blood pressure (β = -3.37 , 95% CI : -6.45 to -0.29; for consumption between 200 and 400 g ) (β =-4.02 , 95% CI: -7.06 to -0.98; for consumption great than 400 g), while an effect on diastolic pressure is only seen in those who meet the WHO recommendation of consuming more than 400 g per day (β -2,87, CI = -5.17 to -0.57). In conclusion, consuming fruits and vegetables in amounts larger than 400 g per day, provides a protective effect against increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

The welfare of research participants must be guaranteed by international ethical standards. This article communicates the procedures of the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Medicine, University of Chile (CEISH). The new Chilean legislation on research in human beings is also discussed. Law 20.120: "On scientific research in human beings, its genome and forbidding human cloning" establishes the ethical principles that must be accomplished in every research involving human beings. Article 28 of the Law 20.584 "Regulation of the rights and duties of health care users", forbids the participation of handicapped people who cannot express their will in scientific research. Article 13 states that people not related directly with patient care cannot have access to his clinical records (with the exception of people with notarial authorization by the patient). CEISH proposes that, in case of people with intellectual deficiency, the decision to approve a scientific research should be analyzed on an individual basis. If the person is capable of expressing his or her will or has stated his or her consent beforehand, the research can be authorized. If the person cannot express his or her will, the scientific research cannot take place. In prospective studies, a consent from the patient and an authorization of the health authority should be required to access clinical records. In retrospective studies, consent should be obtained from the patient when personal information is going to be used. If the information is nameless, the consent can be disregarded.

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Its frequency is increasing steadily Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components in a 10-year tracking study of young adults. Material and Methods: Concurrent cohort study of subjects born between 1974 and 1978. They were evaluated between 2000 and 2002 and between 2010 and 2012 to determine the frequency of MS and its components (high blood glucose, waist circumference [WC], triglycerides, blood pressure and low HDL cholesterol), according to ATP III criteria. Attrition was handled using the reciprocal of the probability of remaining in the study. Result: During the first evaluation, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 9.3%, confidence interval (CI): 7.5-11.1), with no gender differences. Ten years later, the prevalence of MS increased significantly to 27.6% (CI: 24.7-29.9) and was more common in women than men (30.4 and 23.8% respectively, p < 0.014). The components of MS also increased from one period to another: hyperglycemia, from 5.2% (CI: 4-7) to 24.4% (CI: 22-27); high triglyceride levels from 17.6% (CI: 15-20) to 35.3% (CI: 32-38); high blood pressure from 14.7 (CI: 13-18) to 30.2% (IC: 28-33) and high WC: 16.9% (CI: 15-19) to 41.5% (CI: 39-45). In both evaluations, there was a greater frequency of high triglycerides and high blood pressure among men, and greater frequency of low HDL and high WC among women. Hyperglycemia only showed differences by gender in the second measurement, and was greater among men. Conclusions: There was a marked increase in metabolic syndrome and its components in a 10-year interval, which is a warning sign of future cardiovascular risk.