This study was designed to evaluate the nutrient intake, digestibility, degradability, and ruminal characteristics of Sindhi heifers fed diets that contained a combined total of 75% oldman saltbush hay (hereafter saltbush hay) and prickly pear cactus. Eight 12-month old intact male red Sindhi calves (four fistulated and four non-fistulated) with an initial mean weight of 170 ± 5 kg were assigned to 4 * 4 Latin squares, where factors consisted of four diets, namely 15% hay and 60% cactus; 30% hay and 45% cactus; 45% hay and 30% cactus; and 60% hay and 15% cactus, and four times at which rumen fluid was collected. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) intakes in kg/day and NDF in percentage live weight (LW), water intake, salinity, and conductivity increased with hay level. Intake and digestibility of non-fibrous carbohydrates were curvilinear with higher values in diets containing 30% saltbush hay. The apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) and organic matter decreased linearly as the concentration of saltbush hay increased in the diet. The pH of the rumen fluid was within the acceptable range for favourable microbial growth. The low temperature and high salinity and conductivity indices in the diets should be viewed with caution at higher concentrations of saltbush hay, because of a possible decrease in nutrient absorption and the development of health problems in the animals. Apparent degradability coefficients of DM and NDF were affected significantly by inclusion of prickly pear and saltbush hay in the diets.

RESUMO A grande variabilidade de superfícies usadas na construção civil, quer por sua estrutura, porosidade ou densidade, pode interferir na ação e no efeito residual dos inseticidas para o controle da Blattellla germanica. Foram avaliadas 3 tipos de formulações de Lambda-Cyhalothrin: concentrado emulsionável-CE (ICON 5CE®), solução concentrada-CS (Demand 2,5CS®) e pó molhávelPM; (ICON 10PM®) nas superfícies: ardósia, piso cerâmico e parede rebocada com pintura látex. A aplicação (40 mL/m2) foi realizada com pulverizador de compressão prévia, sob pressão de 50 libras, ponta de pulverização TT 11003 VP (Spraying Systems Co®). As formulações CS e PM apresentaram eficiência imediata superior a 93,00% em ardósia e piso cerâmico; e em parede pintada com látex apresentaram eficiência abaixo de 35,00%; a formulação CE apresentou eficiência inferior a 27,00% nas diferentes superfícies. Com 30 dias as formulações PM e SC apresentam 88,00% e 86,00% em piso cerâmico e em ardósia apresentaram 78,00% e 44,00%, respectivamente. Com 60 dias as formulações PM e CS apresentam 78,00% e 88,00% de eficiência no tratamento piso cerâmico; em ardósia apresentaram 26,00% e 30,00% de eficiência, respectivamente. Aos 90 dias a formulação CS em ardósia apresentou 62,00% de eficiência e os demais tratamentos inferiores a 27,00%. A análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura revelaram que a porosidade em parede pintada com látex foi muito acentuada, onde os poros maiores medem 0,032 mm e os menores 0,005 mm. A ardósia apresenta superfície irregular com camadas sobrepostas de placas sedimentadas, sem porosidade. O piso cerâmico quando ampliado 1.000 vezes não apresentou porosidade. Os diferentes tipos de superfícies interferiram na eficiência das diferentes formulações de lambda-cyhalothrin. civil estrutura densidade germanica LambdaCyhalothrin Lambda Cyhalothrin Lambda-Cyhalothrin emulsionávelCE emulsionável ICON 5CE®, 5CE 5CE® , 5CE®) concentradaCS concentrada Demand 2,5CS® 25CS 2 5CS molhávelPM 10PM® 10PM 40 (4 mL/m2 mLm2 mLm mL m2 m prévia 5 libras 1100 Spraying Co®. Co Co® . Co®) 9300 93 00 93,00 35,00% 3500 35 2700 27 27,00 8800 88 88,00 8600 86 86,00 7800 78 78,00 4400 44 44,00% respectivamente 6 2600 26 26,00 3000 30,00 9 6200 62 62,00 acentuada 0032 0 032 0,03 0005 005 0,00 sedimentadas 1000 1 000 1.00 lambdacyhalothrin. lambdacyhalothrin lambda cyhalothrin. cyhalothrin lambda-cyhalothrin 2,5CS 4 ( mL/m 110 930 93,0 35,00 350 270 27,0 880 8 88,0 860 86,0 780 7 78,0 440 44,00 260 26,0 300 30,0 620 62,0 003 03 0,0 100 1.0 11 93, 35,0 27, 88, 86, 78, 44,0 26, 30, 62, 0, 10 1. 35, 44,

ABSTRACT The great variability of surfaces used in civil construction according to structure porosity or density can interfere in the action and in the residual effect of insecticides for the control of Blattella germanica. An evaluated was made of three types of lambda-cyhalothrin formulations: emulsifiable concentrate - CE (ICON 5CE®), microencapsulated - CS (DEMAND 2,5CS®) and wettable powders - PM (ICON 10PM®) on the surfaces: green slate polished, ceramic tile and walls with paint latex. The application (40 mL/m2) was made with previous spray-set compression under pressure of 50 pounds, apray tip TT11003VP (Spraying System Co®). The formulations CS and PM showed immediate efficiency of over 93.0% on green slate polished, ceramic tile and walls with paint latex showed efficiency less than 35.0%; the formulation CE showed efficiency less than 27.0%. With 30 days the formulations PM and CS presented 88.0 and 86.0% on ceramic tile and on polished green slate displayed efficiency of 78.0 and 44.0% respectively. With 60 days the formulations PM and CS displayed 78.0 and 88.0% efficiency in treatment on ceramic tile; on polished green slate presented 26.0 and 30.0% efficiency, respectively. In 90 days the formulation CS on polished green slate showed 62.0% efficiency and the other treatments lower than 27.0%. Scanning electron microscopy showed that porosity on walls with paint latex was very pronounced, where the biggest pores measure 0.032mm and the smallest 0.005mm. The polished green slate shows irregular surface with superimposed layers sediment plates, within porosity. The ceramic tile, at 1000 x magnification did not show porosity. The different surface types interfered with the efficiency of different formulations of lambda-cyhalothrin. germanica lambdacyhalothrin lambda cyhalothrin ICON 5CE®, 5CE 5CE® , 5CE®) DEMAND 2,5CS® 25CS 2 5CS 10PM® 10PM 40 (4 mL/m2 mLm2 mLm mL m2 m sprayset spray set 5 pounds TTVP TT VP Spraying Co®. Co Co® . Co®) 930 93 0 93.0 35.0% 350 35 270 27 27.0% 3 880 88 88. 860 86 86.0 780 78 78. 440 44 44.0 respectively 6 260 26 26. 300 30.0 9 620 62 62.0 pronounced 0032mm mm 032mm 0005mm 005mm 0.005mm plates 100 lambdacyhalothrin. cyhalothrin. 2,5CS 4 ( mL/m 93. 35.0 27.0 8 86. 7 44. 30. 62. 10 35. 27. 1

RESUMO A barata Blattella germanica é uma das espécies mais conhecidas, encontrada em residências, restaurantes, depósitos, hospitais, supermercados e indústrias alimentícias. O controle tradicionalmente tem sido realizado por meio de diversos métodos, destacando-se as pulverizações com inseticidas. A tecnologia de aplicação de defensivos tem fornecido subsídios para a melhoria das aplicações e obtenção do melhor rendimento da pulverização, um processo mecânico de geração de um grande número de pequenas gotas por meio da aplicação de um inseticida sobre um alvo definido. O bico de pulverização é um dos componentes de grande influência para o sucesso na aplicação de um inseticida. Este conjunto é composto de várias partes e a ponta de pulverização é a mais importante, pois regula a vazão, o diâmetro e deposição das gotas. Empregou-se as pontas de pulverização TT11001-VP, DG110015, TXA8001 VK (Spraying Systems Co®) e K9717 (Guarany®). Foram utilizados os inseticidas clorpirifós (Dursban 4E®), lambdacialotrina (Demand CS 2,5®) e betaciflutrina (Responsar 1,5®) nas dosagens recomendadas sob uma pressão de 50 lb/pol2 (333 kPa) e volume de aplicação de 40 mL/m2. O tipo de ponta de pulverização interferiu na eficiência residual de inseticidas no controle de Blattella germanica. As pontas de pulverização TT11001 VP, DG110015, TXVS4 foram superiores ao K9717. conhecidas residências restaurantes depósitos hospitais alimentícias métodos destacandose destacando se definido importante vazão Empregouse Empregou TT11001VP, TT11001VP TTVP VP TT TT11001-VP DG110015 DG TXA TXA800 Spraying Co® Co K K971 Guarany®. Guarany Guarany® . (Guarany®) Dursban 4E®, 4E E 4E® , 4E®) Demand 2,5® 25 2 5 Responsar 1,5® 15 1 lbpol2 lbpol lb pol2 pol lb/pol 333 (33 kPa 4 mLm2 mLm mL m2 m mL/m2 TT1100 TXVS DG11001 TXA80 K97 (Guarany® 2,5 1,5 33 (3 mL/m TT110 DG1100 TXA8 K9 (Guarany 2, 1, 3 ( TT11 DG110 TT1 DG11 DG1

ABSTRACT The cockroach Blattella germanica is one of the most known species. They are found in houses, restaurants, storehouses, hospitals, supermarket and food industries. The traditional control have been made through different methods; the most used is insecticide pulverization. The technology of insecticides application have given conditions to improve the application and to obtain better efficiency the spraying process. The spray nozzle is one the components that most influences the success of insecticide application, which is composed by different parts, the spray tip being the most important one because it regularizes the flowing out, the size of the drops and the shape of the drops imitted. The spray tip used in this study were TT11001-VP, DG110015, TXA8001 VK (Spraying Systems Co®) and K9717 (Guarany®). The insecticides used were the chlorpyrifos (Dursban 4E®), lambdacyhalothrin (Demand CS 2,5®) and betacyfluthrin (Responsar 1,5®) in doses recommended under pressure of 50 lb/pol2 and volume of application of 40mL/L. The type of spray tip interfered on the residual efficiency of insecticides for Blattella germanica control while the spray tips TT11001 VP, DG110015, TXA 8001 VK were superior to K9717. species houses restaurants storehouses hospitals industries methods pulverization process parts out imitted TT11001VP, TT11001VP TTVP VP TT TT11001-VP DG110015 DG TXA800 Spraying Co® Co K K971 Guarany®. Guarany Guarany® . (Guarany®) Dursban 4E®, 4E E 4E® , 4E®) Demand 2,5® 25 2 5 Responsar 1,5® 15 1 lbpol2 lbpol lb pol2 pol lb/pol 40mLL mLL 40mL L mL 40mL/L TT1100 800 DG11001 TXA80 K97 (Guarany® 2,5 1,5 TT110 80 DG1100 TXA8 K9 (Guarany 2, 1, TT11 8 DG110 TT1 DG11 DG1