After the failure of the Kyoto Protocol, a new architecture of international climate governance gradually emerged in the Paris Agreement establishing a division of roles for climate governance: states, which are formal members of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), set goals and incentives, while non-party actors’ action conditioned implementation. As the UNFCCC framework remained state-based, less attention has been given to how non-party actors interact with national governments to enable multilevel governance arrangements for implementing climate policies. This work contributes to filling this gap by investigating the unsuccessful Brazilian initiative to implement a monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) system, part of the UNFCCC framework, led by the Federal Climate Articulation Group (NAFC, in Portuguese). The NAFC was a venue for subnational participation within the governance structures of federal climate policy, whereas non-state actors provided technical knowledge. We consider the MRV system to be a public policy instrument and non-party actors to be border agents supporting capacity building through the translation of technical issues into policy options. Based on qualitative analysis of documents and interviews, we found that such influence did not enable capacity building due to the limited decision-making power of federal agents, which led to the non-implementation of an MRV system. Protocol states UNFCCC, , (UNFCCC) incentives nonparty non party implementation statebased, statebased state based, based state-based policies monitoring reporting (MRV NAFC, (NAFC Portuguese. Portuguese . Portuguese) nonstate knowledge options interviews decisionmaking decision making nonimplementation (UNFCCC

Resumen Hogar del Amazonas y de países con largas costas, la mayor parte de América Latina enfrenta una variedad de desafíos ambientales duraderos. Sin embargo, la producción académica de la región sobre política ambiental internacional está fragmentada y dispersa. El propósito de este estudio es analizar sistemáticamente la literatura sobre gobernanza ambiental en América Latina (2004-2023), con especial enfoque en teorías, métodos y problemáticas. Nuestra muestra incluye artículos publicados en revistas académicas indexadas, escritos en inglés, portugués o español, con el fin de responder a las siguientes preguntas. ¿Cómo puede la política ambiental latinoamericana contribuir a la comprensión de la gobernanza ambiental en la región y a nivel global? ¿Qué temas se han priorizado? ¿Qué teorías y métodos se han utilizado? ¿Qué vacíos quedan? Sugerimos una futura agenda de investigación y esperamos ayudar a fortalecer la literatura sobre gobernanza ambiental de las RI proporcionando insumos para mejorar la investigación en la región.

Abstract Home to the Amazon and other important biomes and to countries with long coastlines, most of Latin America faces a variety of enduring environmental challenges. Nonetheless, the region's academic production on international environmental policy is fragmented and dispersed. This study aims to systematically analyze the literature on environmental governance in Latin America (2004-2023), with a special focus on theoretical approaches, methods, and issues. Our sample includes papers published in indexed academic journals written in English, Portuguese, or Spanish to answer the following question: How can Latin American literature on environmental policy help us understand environmental governance in the region and globally? Complementarily, we ask the following: What topics have been prioritized? What theories and methods have been used? What gaps remain? We suggest a future research agenda and hope to help strengthen the international relations (IR) environmental governance literature by providing subsidies to improve research in the region.

Abstract Professors may start teaching either out of love or out of convenience, with limited resources. This article provides a brief manual for planning, designing and implementing PS&IR courses. We discuss syllabi, from the basics to the inclusion of transversal topics, then present eight active learning strategies plus traditional lectures, and debate assessments. Although we consider the context of new teachers within Brazilian universities, we believe this is useful for professors from all countries and levels of experience. Thereby, we provide practical advice for teachers to live happily ever after in their pedagogical love story (even if it did not start that way).

Resumo Qual é o status das mulheres na Academia Brasileira de Relações Internacionais? Essa pesquisa traça um mapa sem precedentes de questões de gênero enfrentadas por pesquisadores brasileiros de relações internacionais com foco em questões de desigualdade, discriminação e assédio. O artigo oferece uma revisão da literature sobre o tema e os resultados obtidos através de dois conjuntos de dados auto-compilados. O primeiro foi consolidado a partir de uma pesquisa aplicada entre Junho e Julho de 2017 com foco em questões pessoais e profissionais enfrentadas por acadêmicos brasileiros de estudos internacionais e o segundo foi compilado mapeando a composição do corpo docente em RI e departamentos relacionados no Brasil. Nossas descobertas indicam que, apesar das espeficidades do sistema de ensino superior brasileiro, acadêmicos brasileiros de RI seguem as tendências internacionais, enfrentando as desigualdades monetárias e/ou familiares e discriminação de gênero em suas carreiras. Os resultados também mostram que 25% das mulheres enfrentaram contato sexual indesejado pelo menos uma vez, e que existe uma lacuna entre entendimentos de homens e mulheres sobre o que constitui assédio sexual.

Abstract What is the status of women in the discipline of International Relations (IR) in Brazil? This study provides a pioneering map of gender issues in Brazilian IR, focusing on inequality, discrimination and harassment. It includes a literature review as well as the findings of two sets of research: the first a survey of personal and professional issues faced by academic staff in Brazilian IR, and the second a report on the staffing of IR and related departments at private and public academic institutions in Brazil. Our research shows that despite the specificities of the Brazilian higher education system, Brazilian IR academics conform to international trends in respect of gender issues, facing monetary and/or familial inequalities and gender discrimination in their careers. It also shows that 25% of female academics have experienced undesired sexual contact at least once, and that there is a gap between male and female understandings of what constitutes sexual harassment.

Resumo: Este artigo se insere na temática mais ampla do processo de integração da América do Sul, a partir da segunda metade da década de 2000. O objeto de estudo é o Banco do Sul, que, lançado como um mecanismo de cooperação financeira, passou por longo processo de criação até iniciar suas operações, em junho de 2013. Especificamente, busca-se, de um lado, destacar os esforços em direção ao fortalecimento e à criação de mecanismos de cooperação financeira, no bojo de um novo caráter do processo de integração na América do Sul, contrapondo-se aos projetos integracionistas anteriores, predominantemente liberais. Por outro lado, ressaltam-se as dificuldades desse processo, relacionadas a diferentes conteúdos estratégicos de política externa para a região, encabeçados por Venezuela e Brasil. Mostra-se como isso se refletiu na conformação de divergentes projetos financeiros regionais, resultando em um longo e complexo processo de negociação para a criação do Banco do Sul.

Abstract: This article is part of the broader theme of regional integration in South America, from the second half of the 2000s onwards. The object of study is the Bank of the South, which was launched as an important financial cooperation mechanism and went through a long process of creation before finally starting its operations in June 2013. Specifically, on one hand, we detach the efforts made towards the strengthening and creation of financial cooperation mechanisms, in the wake of a new trait in the process of integration between the countries of South America, opposing the integrationist projects at previous periods, predominantly liberal in nature. On the other hand, we emphasize the difficulties inherent in this process, related to different strategic perspectives of external policy for South America, led by Venezuela and Brazil. This resulted in divergent regional financial projects for South America, ending in a long and complex negotiation process for the creation of the Bank of the South.