Resumo A abordagem de avaliação do ciclo de vida foi realizada para um conjunto de móveis de madeira convencional produzido na divisão Mardan da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa do Paquistão durante 2018-19. Os dados primários sobre entradas e saídas foram coletados por meio de pesquisas por questionário de 100 fabricantes de conjuntos de móveis de madeira convencionais, 50 no distrito de Mardan e 50 no distrito de Swabi. No presente estudo, a abordagem de avaliação do ciclo de vida do berço ao portão foi aplicada para uma unidade funcional de um conjunto de móveis de madeira convencional. Os dados da média ponderada da produção foram modelados no software de modelagem de impactos ambientais, isto é, SimaPro v.8.5. Os resultados mostraram que os têxteis usados no conjunto de sofás, o preservativo de madeira para polir e prevenir o ataque de insetos e a gasolina usada no gerador tiveram a maior contribuição em todas as categorias de impacto ambiental avaliadas. A demanda total acumulada de energia para o conjunto de móveis de madeira fabricado foi de 30.005 MJ, com a maior parte da energia adquirida de recursos de combustíveis fósseis não renováveis.

Abstract Life cycle assessment was carried out for a conventional wooden furniture set produced in Mardan division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan during 2018-19. Primary data regarding inputs and outputs were collected through questionnaire surveys from 100 conventional wooden furniture set manufacturers, 50 in district Mardan and 50 in district Swabi. In the present study, cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment approach was applied for a functional unit of one conventional wooden furniture set. Production weighted average data were modelled in the environmental impacts modelling software i.e., SimaPro v.8.5. The results showed that textile used in sofa set, wood preservative for polishing and preventing insects attack and petrol used in generator had the highest contribution to all the environmental impact categories evaluated. Total cumulative energy demand for wooden furniture set manufactured was 30,005 MJ with most of the energy acquired from non-renewable fossil fuel resources.

Resumo Devido à extensa aplicação de antibióticos como promotores de crescimento na alimentação animal, a resistência aos antimicrobianos aumentou. Para superar esse desafio, os microbiologistas do rúmen buscam novos probióticos para melhorar a produtividade do gado. O presente estudo teve como objetivo isolar e avaliar bactérias lácticas específicas de raças (BAL) como potenciais probióticos animais. 12 cepas foram isoladas de diferentes amostras, incluindo leite, rúmen e fezes de búfalos Nilli Ravi. Esses isolados foram avaliados quanto ao seu potencial antimicrobiano contra patógenos animais comuns (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). Todos os isolados foram identificados por meio do sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA e as análises filogenéticas inferiram que essas cepas apresentaram estreita relação com as espécies de vários gêneros; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis, Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis e Lactococcus lactis. O perfil probiótico dos isolados foi obtido usando critérios padrão, particularmente com propriedades probióticas animais.

Abstract Due to extensive application of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed, antimicrobial resistance has been increased. To overcome this challenge, rumen microbiologists search for new probiotics to improve the rate of livestock production. The present study was aimed to isolate and evaluate breed-specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as potential animal probiotics. The current study was conducted during 10 months from July 2020 to April 2021, in which a total of n=12 strains were isolated from different samples including milk, rumen, and feces of Nilli Ravi Buffaloes. These isolates were evaluated for their antimicrobial potential against common animal pathogens (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). All the isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the phylogenetic analyses inferred that these strains showed close relations to the species of various genera; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis, and Lactococcus lactis. NMCC-Ru2 has exhibited the enormous potential of antimicrobial activity, 28 mm, for Salmonella typhimurium;23 mm for Listeria monocytogenes 21 mm for E.coil. Highest resistance was seen in NMCC-Ru2 agasint test antbiotic, like 25.5 mm for Tetracycline. Overall results revesl that the probiotic profile of isolates was achieved using standard criteria, particularly with animal probiotic properties

Abstract Heart and blood vessel disorders, such as coronary heart disease, brain vessel disease, rheumatic heart disease, and others, are together referred to as cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study, we sought to determine how mitochondrial Leucine Transfer RNA genes and CVDs are related (MT-L1 and MT-L2). From CVD patients in Peshawar, a total of 27 saliva samples were taken. Leu-tRNA genes expressed by mitochondria were amplified using polymerase chain reaction after DNA was removed. Ten samples were sent for sequencing after PCR and gene cleaning. We obtained all of the sequenced results, which were subsequently aligned and evaluated against the mitochondrial revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS). However, in our sequenced samples, Leu-tRNA MT-L1 and MT-L2 genes were determined to be unaltered. Thus, it is suggested that a large population be taken into account while screening for mutations in the mitochondrial encoded Leu-tRNA MT-L1 and MT-L2 genes of cardiac patients in areas of Pakistan. Additionally, it is recommended that patients with cardiac problems should also have other mitochondrial encoded genes checked for potential mutations. This could result in the identification of genetic markers that could be used for early CVD screening in Pakistan.

Resumo Distúrbios do coração e dos vasos sanguíneos, como doença cardíaca coronária, doença dos vasos cerebrais, doença cardíaca reumática entre outros, são referidos juntos como doença cardiovascular (DCV). Neste estudo, procuramos determinar como os genes mitocondriais do RNA de transferência de leucina e as DCVs estão relacionados (MT-L1 e MT-L2). Foi coletado um total de 27 amostras de saliva de pacientes com DCV em Peshawar. Genes de Leu-tRNA expressos por mitocôndrias foram amplificados usando reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) após a remoção do DNA. Dez amostras foram enviadas para sequenciamento após PCR e limpeza gênica. Obtivemos todos os resultados sequenciados, que foram posteriormente alinhados e avaliados em comparação com a Sequência de Referência de Cambridge revisada (rCRS). No entanto, em nossas amostras sequenciadas, os genes Leu-tRNA MT-L1 e MT-L2 foram determinados como inalterados. Assim, sugere-se que uma grande população seja levada em consideração durante a triagem de mutações nos genes Leu-tRNA MT-L1 e MT-L2 mitocondriais codificados de pacientes cardíacos em áreas do Paquistão. Além disso, recomenda-se que outros genes mitocondriais codificados de pacientes com problemas cardíacos também sejam verificados quanto a possíveis mutações. Isso pode resultar na identificação de marcadores genéticos que podem ser usados para triagem precoce de DCV no Paquistão.

Abstract Most of the treatment strategies for tumors and other disorders is photodynamic therapy (PDT). For several years, increasing the efficiency of nanostructured treatment devices, including light therapy, has been considered in different treatment methods. Light Dynamics The use of nanomaterial in this method's production and progress. The use of nanoparticles as carriers is a promising accomplishment, since all the criteria for an ideal photodynamic therapy agent can be given with these nanomaterials. The kinds of nanoparticles that have recently been used in photodynamic therapy are mentioned in this article. Latest advancements are being explored in the use of inorganic nanoparticles and biodegradable polymer-based nanomaterial as carriers of photosynthetic agents. Photosynthetic nanoparticles, self-propagating nanoparticles, and conversion nanoparticles are among the successful photodynamic therapy nanoparticles addressed in this report.

Resumo A maioria das estratégias de tratamento para tumores e outros distúrbios consiste na terapia fotodinâmica (PDT). Por vários anos, observou-se o aumento da eficiência de dispositivos de tratamento nanoestruturados, incluindo terapia de luz, que tem sido considerada em diferentes métodos de tratamento. Desse modo, este trabalho visa analisar a utilização de nanomateriais na produção e evolução deste método. A utilização de nanopartículas como carreadores é uma conquista promissora, pois todos os critérios para um agente de terapia fotodinâmica ideal podem ser obtidos com esses nanomateriais. Os categorias de nanopartículas que têm sido utilizados recentemente na terapia fotodinâmica são mencionados neste artigo. Os últimos avanços estão sendo explorados na utilização de nanopartículas inorgânicas e nanomateriais à base de polímeros biodegradáveis como portadores de agentes fotossintéticos. Nanopartículas fotossintéticas, nanopartículas autopropagantes e nanopartículas de conversão estão entre as nanopartículas de terapia fotodinâmica bem-sucedidas abordadas neste trabalho.

Resumo Metais como cobre e prata podem ser extremamente tóxicos para bactérias em concentrações excepcionalmente baixas. Devido a esta atividade biocida, os metais têm sido amplamente utilizados como agentes antimicrobianos em uma infinidade de aplicações relacionadas à agricultura, saúde e indústria em geral. Muitos microrganismos vivem no ambiente humano e, se o equilíbrio dessas criaturas na natureza for alterado, a saúde dos indivíduos e da sociedade estará ameaçada devido à produção e emissão de odores desagradáveis e à redução dos padrões de saúde. A presença de microrganismos em têxteis pode causar efeitos adversos, como descoloração ou manchas, decomposição de materiais fibrosos, resistência reduzida e, eventualmente, deterioração. A maioria das fibras e polímeros não apresenta resistência aos efeitos dos micróbios e fornecem fatores de crescimento para os microrganismos, como temperatura e umidade adequadas, nutrientes do suor e gordura das glândulas da pele, células mortas da pele, bem como materiais usados na etapa de acabamento causando crescimento e disseminação de vários micróbios. Com o advento da nanotecnologia, diversas indústrias e o cotidiano humano passaram por mudanças. Nos últimos anos, o aumento da pesquisa em nanopartículas levou à produção de têxteis com maior eficiência e valor agregado. Esses têxteis modificados evitam a propagação de odores desagradáveis, a propagação e a transmissão de doenças. Este artigo analisa os fundamentos e princípios dos têxteis antimicrobianos, bem como uma breve visão geral dos materiais antimicrobianos e nanoestruturas com propriedades antimicrobianas. baixas biocida agricultura alterado adversos manchas fibrosos eventualmente deterioração adequadas pele nanotecnologia mudanças anos agregado doenças antimicrobianas

Abstract Metals, such as copper and silver, can be extremely toxic to bacteria at exceptionally low concentrations. Because of this biocidal activity, metals have been widely used as antimicrobial agents in a multitude of applications related with agriculture, healthcare, and the industry in general. A large number of microorganisms live in the human environment. if the balance of these creatures in nature is disturbed, the health of the individual and society will be threatened due to the production and emission of unpleasant odors and the reduction of health standards. The presence of microorganisms on textiles can cause adverse effects such as discoloration or staining on textiles, decomposition of fibrous materials, reduced strength, and eventually decay of textiles. Most fibers and polymers do not show resistance to the effects of microbes and by providing growth factors for microorganisms such as the right temperature and humidity, nutrients from sweat and fat from skin glands, dead skin cells as well as materials used in the stage of finishing the textiles causes the rapid growth and spread of various microbes. With the advent of nanotechnology, various industries and human daily life underwent changes. In recent years, increasing research on nanoparticles has led to the production of textiles with greater efficiency and added value. These modified textiles prevent the spread of unpleasant odors, the spread, and transmission of diseases. This article reviews the basics and principles of antimicrobial tetiles, as well as a brief overview of antimicrobial materials and nanostructures with antimicrobial properties. Metals silver concentrations activity agriculture healthcare general environment disturbed standards strength humidity glands nanotechnology changes years value diseases tetiles properties

Abstract Pyrethroid pesticides are commonly used for pest control in agriculture setup, veterinary and home garden. They are now posing increased risks to non-targeted organisms associated to human beings due to their considerable use. The present work deals with the isolation of bacteria with tolerance to high concentrations of bifenthrin and cypermethrin from contaminated soil. Enrichment culture technique (bifenthrin concentration = 50-800 mg/L) was used for bacterial isolation. Bacteria that showed growth on minimal media with bifenthrin were also sub-cultured on minimal media with cypermethrin. Bacteria showing luxurious growth on both the pyrethroid, were screened out based on their morphological, biochemical parameters and by API 20NE Kit. Phylogenetic studies revealed that, one bacterial isolate (MG04) belonging to Acinetobacter lwoffii and other five bacterial isolates (MG06, MG05, MG01, MG03 and MG02) cluster with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida respectively. Isolated members of genera Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter could be used for further detailed degradation studies by using FTIR, HPLC-MS or GC-MS analysis.

Resumo Os pesticidas piretróides são comumente usados para controle de pragas na agricultura, veterinária e hortas domésticas. Atualmente eles apresentam riscos aumentados para organismos não-alvo associados a seres humanos devido ao seu uso considerável. O presente trabalho analisou o isolamento de bactérias com tolerância a altas concentrações de bifentrina e cipermetrina de solo contaminado. A técnica de cultura de enriquecimento (concentração de bifentrina = 50-800 mg/L) foi utilizada para o isolamento bacteriano. Bactérias que apresentaram crescimento em meio mínimo com bifentrina também foram subcultivadas em meio mínimo com cipermetrina. Bactérias apresentando crescimento luxuoso em ambos os piretróides foram triadas com base em seus parâmetros morfológicos, bioquímicos e pelo Kit API 20NE. Estudos filogenéticos revelaram que, um isolado bacteriano (MG04) pertencente a Acinetobacter lwoffii e outros cinco isolados bacterianos (MG06, MG05, MG01, MG03 e MG02) agrupam-se com Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida respectivamente. Membros isolados dos gêneros Pseudomonas e Acinetobacter podem ser usados para estudos de degradação mais detalhados usando análises de FTIR, HPLC-MS ou GC-MS.

Resumo A síntese verde foi introduzida como uma alternativa à síntese química devido às graves consequências. As nanopartículas metálicas sintetizadas através da abordagem verde têm diferentes aplicações farmacêuticas, médicas e agrícolas. O presente estudo seguiu uma rota verde e simples para a preparação de nanopartículas de ouro potencialmente bioativas (Au NPs). As NPs de Au foram preparadas via abordagem de síntese verde usando a porção alcaloide básica bruta do tubérculo de Delphinium chitralense. As NPs de Au sintetizadas verdes foram caracterizadas por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), difração de raios X (DRX), infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e espectrofotômetro UV-Visível. A análise morfológica mostra que as NPs de Au possuem geometria cúbica com tamanhos diferentes. A análise espectroscópica UV-Vis confirmou a síntese de Au NPs enquanto a XRD provou sua fase cristalina pura. O Au NPs mostrou inibição dependente da dose promissora de AChE e BChE em comparação com a droga bruta e padrão.

Abstract Green synthesis has been introduced as an alternative to chemical synthesis due to the serious consequences. Metal nanoparticles synthesized through green approach have different pharmaceutical, medical and agricultural applications. The present study followed a green and simple route for the preparation of potentially bioactive gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). Au NPs were prepared via green synthesis approach using crude basic alkaloidal portion of the tuber of Delphinium chitralense. The green synthesized Au NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Morphological analysis shows that Au NPs have cubic geometry with different sizes. UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis confirmed the synthesis of Au NPs while XRD proved their pure crystalline phase. The Au NPs showed promising dose dependent inhibition of both AChE and BChE as compared to the crude as well as standard drug.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Bladder cancer (BC) may involve the ureteral orifice, and the resection of the orifice has oncological and functional consequences such as development of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), vesicoureteral reflux or ureteral stenosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the oncological and functional outcomes of the ureteral orifice resection in BC patients and determine the predictive factors for UTUC development. Materials and Methods: A total of 1359 patients diagnosed with BC, between 1992 and 2012, were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were grouped with respect to orifice resection and compared for development of UTUC, survival and functional outcomes. Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare survival outcomes. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of UTUC development. Results: Ureteral orifice involvement was detected in 138 (10.2%) patients. The rate of synchronous (10.1% vs. 0.7%, p=0.0001) and metachronous (5.3% vs. 0.9%, p=0.0001) UTUC development was found to be higher in patients with ureteral orifice involvement. Orifice involvement and tumor stage were found to be associated with development of UTUC in the regression analysis. Overall (p=0.963) and cancer specific survival rates (p=0.629) were found to be similar. Hydronephrosis was also significantly higher in patients with orifice involved BC, due to the orifice obstruction caused by the tumor (33.3% vs. 13.9%, p<0.05). Conclusions: BC with ureteral orifice involvement has significantly increased the risk of having synchronous or metachronous UTUC. However, orifice involvement was not found to be associated with survival outcomes. Development of stricture due to resection is a very rare complication.

Adsorptive stripping voltammetry was used to prospect the adsorption property of montelukast sodium (MKST) on the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). Through appointing the adsorptive stripping voltammetric (AdSV) process, a sensitive electroanalytical method for the quantitative analysis of MKST was accomplished. A well-developed voltammetric peak was obtained in pH 10 Britton-Robinson buffer (B-R buffer) at -1.080 V. The cyclic voltammetric studies indicated that the reduction process was irreversible and primarily controlled by adsorption phenomena. The studies of the variation of adsorptive voltammetric peak current with buffer electrolyte, pH, accumulation time (t acc), accumulation potential (Eacc), sweep rate, pulse amplitude, square wave frequency, working electrode area and convection rate have evaluated in the recognition of optimal experimental conditions for MKST analysis. The studied electroanalytical signal showed a linear response for MKST in the concentration range 5×10-8 - 1×10-6 mol L-1 (r = 0.994). A detection limit of 4×10-9 mol L-1 with relative standard deviation of 1.1 RSD% and mean recovery of 102±2.0% were obtained. The possible interferences by several compounds usually present in the pharmaceutical formulation were also evaluated. The analytical quantification of MKST drug in commercially available pharmaceutical formulation and biological samples was electrochemically studied.

Square-wave voltammetry was used to explore the adsorption property of cefadroxil complex with copper ions on the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). By employing the adsorptive stripping voltammetric approach, a sensitive electroanalytical method for the quantitative analysis of cefadroxil antibiotic was achieved. A well-developed voltammetric peak was obtained in pH 10 Britton-Robinson buffer (B-R buffer) at -650 mV. The cyclic voltammetric studies indicated that the reduction process was irreversible and primarily controlled by adsorption. An investigation of the variation of adsorptive voltammetric peak current with supporting electrolyte, pH, accumulation time, accumulation potential, scan rate, pulse amplitude, SW frequency, working electrode area and convection rate has resulted in the recognition of optimal experimental conditions for cefadroxil analysis. The studied electroanalytical signal showed a linear response for cefadroxil in the concentration range 6 10-7 - 2 10-9 mol L-1 with relative standard deviation of 2.783 RSD% and mean recovery of 99% was obtained. Possible interferences by several substances usually present in pharmaceutical formulation were also evaluated. The analytical quantification of cefadroxil in commercially available pharmaceutical formulation was performed and compared with data from HPLC technique.