This article analyses the institutionalization and implementation of Historical-Critical Pedagogy in Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil, based on a literature review. Using the method of historical-dialectical materialism for analysis and interpretation, the study highlights the need to transform the school into a historical institution. It emphasizes the importance of collaboration and a critical understanding of society, history, and knowledge. The study emphasizes a collaborative approach and an authentic commitment to a truly transformative education. It is evident that this transformation is essential to enable educators to effectively implement these principles in practice, guaranteeing an emancipatory education for future generations, contributing to the continuous improvement of the educational system, and promoting a fairer and more equal society.

Este artículo tiene como propósito presentar un análisis de la institucionalización e implementación de la Pedagogía Histórico-Crítica (PCH) en Cascavel, Paraná, Brasil, a partir de una revisión bibliográfica. Utilizando el método del materialismo histórico-dialéctico para el análisis y la interpretación, el estudio destaca la necesidad de transformar la escuela en una institución histórica. Destaca la importancia de la colaboración y de la comprensión crítica de la sociedad, la historia y el conocimiento. El estudio hace hincapié en un enfoque colaborativo y en un auténtico compromiso con una educación verdaderamente transformadora. Está claro que esta transformación es esencial para que los educadores puedan aplicar eficazmente estos principios en la práctica, garantizando una educación emancipadora para las generaciones futuras, contribuyendo a la mejora continua del sistema educativo y promoviendo una sociedad más justa e igualitaria.

Este artigo busca apresentar uma análise da institucionalização e da implementação da Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica (PHC) em Cascavel, Paraná, Brasil, a partir de uma revisão de literatura. Utilizando o método do materialismo histórico-dialético para análise e interpretação, o estudo destaca a necessidade de transformar a escola em uma instituição histórica. Ressalta-se se a importância da colaboração e a compreensão crítica da sociedade, da história e conhecimento. O estudo enfatiza uma abordagem colaborativa e um compromisso autêntico com uma educação verdadeiramente transformadora. Evidencia-se que essa transformação é essencial para capacitar os educadores a implementar efetivamente esses princípios, na prática, garantindo uma educação emancipatória as futuras gerações, contribuindo para o aprimoramento contínuo do sistema educacional, promovendo, uma sociedade mais justa e igualitária.

Abstract The gold-standard procedure for anal canal examination is anoscopy. Nonetheless, patients are referred for a colonoscopy for many reasons, and a routine exam might provide an opportunity to diagnose anal pathologies, such as hemorrhoids, anal fissures, anal polyps, condylomas, and anal squamous cell carcinoma. It is important to know the main features of these conditions and relevant information to report in order to help guide patient treatment and follow-up. goldstandard gold standard anoscopy Nonetheless reasons pathologies hemorrhoids fissures polyps condylomas carcinoma followup. followup follow up. up follow-up

Background: Patency capsule was developed to avoid small bowel video capsule endoscopy retention, namely in patients with Crohn's disease. Aims: To evaluate the predictive factors of small bowel patency in Crohn's disease patients. Patients and methods: Retrospective analysis including 151 Crohn's disease patients submitted to patency capsule (Agile® Patency Capsule) from 2011 to 2012. Patients that excreted the intact patency capsule were classified as having a patent small bowel (without patency capsule retention), other patients were considered to have negative patency of the small bowel (patency capsule retention). Results: Patients had a mean age of 41±14 years, 54% were female and 25% had been previously submitted to surgery. Stricturing disease was seen in 20% of cases and penetrating disease in 16% of cases. Left-sided colonic lesions and ileal strictures were observed at colonoscopy in 13% and 9% of patients, respectively. In our sample, 28% of patients had negative patency of the small bowel (patency capsule retention). In multivariate analysis, independent factors that were associated with negative patency of the small bowel in Crohn's disease patients were stricturing (OR 10.16, p < 0.001) and penetrating phenotypes (OR 11.73, p = 0.001), left-sided colonic lesions (OR 3.77, p = 0.038), ileal stricture (OR 9.76, p = 0.003); previous intestinal surgery was found to be protective (OR 0.16, p = 0.006). Conclusions: Stricturing or penetrating disease, ileal strictures, no previous surgery and left-sided colonic lesions were the factors associated with negative small bowel patency in Crohn's disease patients.

Homem de 41 anos, com tuberculose disseminada sob terapêutica antibacilar há 3 meses, foi submetido a endoscopia digestiva alta que revelou fistula esofagomediastínica secundária a tuberculose. Foi feito o encerramento com sucesso utilizando endoclips. Está descrita a utilizac¸ão de endoclips em perfurações esofágicas e encerramento de fístulas após complicações cirúrgicas mas, até à data, não foram descritos casos de fístulas sofagomediastinicas secundárias a tuberculose encerradas com endoclips. Esta terapêutica teve um papel adjuvante importante na abordagem deste doente, possibilitando o rápido encerramento e controlo sintomático.

A 41-year-old man, on tuberculostatic treatment for three months for disseminated tuberculosis, developed a tuberculous esophagomediastinal fistula, which was successfully closed with endoscopic clips. Use of endoscopic clips in esophageal perforations and closure of fistulas following surgical complications has been described, but to our knowledge there are no previous reported cases of tuberculous esophagomediastinal fistulas managed with clipping. In this case, endoscopic clips associated with tuberculostatic treatment were crucial allowing fistula closure in a symptomatic patient.