ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate collagen fibers during the bone repair process in critical defects created in the tibias of rats, treated with zoledronic acid (AZ) associated with low-level laser therapy (LLLT). Methods: Ten rats were distributed according to treatment: group 1) saline solution; group 2) LLLT; group 3) AZ; group 4) AZ and LLLT. AZ was administered at the dose of 0.035 mg/kg at fortnightly intervals over eight weeks. Next, 2-mm bone defects were created in the tibias of all animals. The bone defects in groups 2 and 4 were irradiated LLLT in the immediate postoperative period. After periods 14 and 28 of application, the animals were euthanized, and birefringence analysis was performed. Results: Approximately 90% of the total area was occupied by collagen fibers within the red color spectrum, this area being statistically larger in relation to the area occupied by collagen fibers within the green and yellow spectrum, in the four groups. Over the 14-day period, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. In the 28-day period, group 2 (14.02 ± 15.9%) was superior in quantifying green birefringent fibers compared to group 1 (3.06 ± 3.24%), with p = 0.009. Conclusions: LLLT associated with ZA is effective in stimulating the neoformation of collagen fibers. The LLLT group without the association with ZA showed a greater amount of immature and less organized matrix over a period of 28 days. Purpose (AZ lowlevel low level . (LLLT) Methods treatment solution 3 0035 0 035 0.03 mgkg mg kg weeks Next 2mm mm application euthanized performed Results 90 spectrum 14day day 28day 14.02 1402 02 (14.0 15.9% 159 15 9 3.06 306 06 (3.0 3.24%, 324 3.24% , 24 3.24%) 0009 009 0.009 Conclusions days (LLLT 003 03 0.0 14.0 140 (14. 15.9 3.0 30 (3. 32 3.24 000 00 0.00 0. 14. (14 15. 3. (3 3.2 (1 (

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las características de la práctica neuropsicológica en México, incluyendo la formación profesional, la situación laboral actual, el proceso de evaluación y diagnóstico, rehabilitación, docencia e investigación. Participaron 171 profesionales en México, quienes respondieron una encuesta electrónica entre el 1 de julio del 2013 y el 1 de enero del 2014. El 76% indicó haber obtenido su entrenamiento en neuropsicología durante el postgrado y, aunque indicaron estar muy satisfechos con su labor, su satisfacción con el salario fue menor. La mayoría trabajan con personas con problemas de aprendizaje (78%) y trastornos de atención e hiperactividad (74%). El 91% se dedica a evaluación y diagnóstico, 61% a rehabilitación, 67% a docencia y 60% a investigación. Los problemas más comunes fueron la falta de datos normativos (63%) y el alto coste de los test (58%). Las barreras más observadas en el desarrollo de la neuropsicología fueron la falta de colaboración entre los profesionales y la falta de programas de formación clínica. Durante las últimas décadas se han logrado importantes avances a nivel profesional en el campo de la neuropsicología en México. Sin embargo, aún quedan aspectos por mejorar como el establecimiento de criterios para la regulación de la práctica neuropsicológica en el país.

The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics of the profession of neuropsychology in Mexico, including the background, professional training, current work situation, evaluation and diagnosis procedures, rehabilitation, teaching, and research. 171 professionals from Mexico completed an online survey between July 1, 2013 and January 1 of 2014. 76% indicated having obtained their training in neuropsychology in a postgraduate program, also to be very satisfied with their jobs, but less satisfied with their salary. The majority works with individuals with learning difficulties (78%) and attention and hyperactivity disorder (74%). 91% works in evaluation and diagnosis, 61% in rehabilitation, 67% in teaching, and 60% in research. Some of the most common problems with the instruments were the lack of normative data (63%) and their high cost (58%). The most common barriers for the development of neuropsychology in Mexico were the lack of collaboration between professionals and the lack of clinical training programs. Even though there have been important progresses in the field of professional neuropsychological practice during the last past decades in Mexico, there are still some aspects to improve, like the establishment of standards for the regulation in the country.

Introducción. En la actualidad existe la tendencia a utilizar los subproductos en el desarrollo de ingredientes funcionales tales como antioxidantes, polifenoles y carotenoides. Objetivo. Evaluar el contenido de carotenoides en el residuo proveniente de la transformación agroindustrial de frutas tropicales. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron cinco muestras de residuos de naranja, papaya, guayaba y piña como muestra de estudio; a cada una se les evaluaron el pH, la acidez, y la materia seca, de acuerdo con la metodología de la AOAC, 2005; también se determinaron los parámetros de color CIELab y el contenido de carotenoides totales por método espectrofotométrico, donde se empleó una solución extractora de 2:1:1 hexano/acetona/etanol. Resultados. El residuo de papaya presentó el contenido de carotenoides más alto, siendo este de 5,881±0,35 mg β-caroteno/100g, seguido por la guayaba 4,20±2,33 µg β-caroteno/100g. Conclusión. Los residuos de papaya y guayaba son fuentes promisorias de pigmentos carotenoides que pueden ser utilizados en la industria farmacéutica y de alimentos.

Introduction. Nowadays, there is a trend to use by-products to develop functional ingredients, such as antioxidants, polyphenols and carotenoids. Objective. Evaluate the content of carotenoids in waste materials from the agricultural transformation of tropical fruits. Materials and methods. Five samples of orange, papaya, guava and pineapple waste materials were used as study samples. Each one had its pH, acidity and dry matter evaluated according to the AOAC, 2005, methodology. The CIELab color parameters and the total content of carotenoids were also evaluated, by the use of the spectrophotometric method, using an extraction solution of 2:1:1 hexane/acetone/ethanol. Results. The papaya waste had the highest carotenoid content -5,881±0,35 mg β-carotene/100g- followed by the guava -4,20±2,33 µg β-carotene/100g-. Conclusion. Papaya and guava wastes are promising sources of carotenoid pigments that can be used in pharmaceutical and food industries.

Introdução. Na atualidade existe a tendência a utilizar os subprodutos no desenvolvimento de ingredientes funcionais tais como antioxidantes, polifenóis e carotenoides. Objetivo. Avaliar o conteúdo de carotenoides no resíduo proveniente da transformação agroindustrial de frutas tropicais. Materiais e métodos. Utilizaram-se cinco mostras de resíduos de laranja, mamão papaia, goiaba e pinha como mostra de estudo; a cada uma se lhes avaliaram o PH, a acidez, e a matéria seca, de acordo com a metodologia da AOAC, 2005; também se determinaram os parâmetros de cor CIELab e o conteúdo de carotenoides totais por método espectrofotométrico, onde se empregou uma solução extratora de 2:1:1 hexano/acetona/etanol. Resultados. O resíduo de mamão papaia apresentou o conteúdo de carotenoides mais alto, sendo este de 5,881±0,35 mg β-caroteno/100g, seguido pela goiaba 4,20±2,33 µg β-caroteno/100g. Conclusão. Os resíduos de mamão papaia e goiaba são fontes promissórias de pigmentos carotenoides que podem ser utilizados na indústria farmacêutica e de alimentos.