Marek's disease (MD) is an infectious, lymphoproliferative disorder caused by the alpha herpesvirus genus, Mardivirus, serotype 1 (Gallid Herpesvirus 2, or GaHV-2). There is no current information on Marek's disease virus (MDV) pathotypes and serotypes circulating in backyard poultry in Pakistan. This study aimed to characterize GaHV-2 in the backyard poultry of Rawalpindi division based on glycoprotein C and to investigate the correlation of a viral oncogene (meq) with the histological, lymphoproliferative infiltration in the visceral organs of naturally-infected birds. The study was performed from May 2019 to April 2020 in the Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Chakwal, and Attock districts of the Rawalpindi division. An overall 13.96% prevalence of MDV infection based on gross morphology and 18.43% using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was recorded. The Pakistani GaHV-2 isolates could be divided into two clades, based on sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the gC gene, closely related to the US virulent isolates and mildly virulent vaccine strain, CVI988, respectively. Of total PCR-positive cases, 25 (75.76%) samples revealed gross tumours. Median histopathological scores of lymphoproliferative infiltrations in the spleen and liver tissues were recorded as moderate (++), whereas in the heart and gonads, mild (+) changes were observed. The mean viral load quantified using real-time PCR of 14.72 copies of meq gene/ß-actin revealed a strong (R² = 0.88) correlation with histopathology scores of spleen tissues. Differences in the meq gene/ß-actin ratio were observed between non-tumorous and tumorous birds, which is indicative of pathological changes in individuals of the present study.

RESUMO: A prática do plantio direto tem papel significativo na erradicação das plantas daninhas e na conservação da água do solo na produção agrícola. Na agricultura semiárida, as chuvas de monção (65%) são a principal fonte de água em Potohar, no Paquistão, que pode ser efetivamente usada sobretudo para produção de culturas de inverno. A fim de avaliar o impacto de diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo nos sistemas de cultivo predominantes e na biomassa de suas plantas daninhas em condições semiáridas, foi realizado um experimento de campo na Fazenda de Pesquisa da Universidade Árida de Koont Rawalpindi (Paquistão) durante as safras 2013-14 e 2014-15. Os sistemas de preparo do solo, como tratamentos, foram: (a) três cultivos com cultivador, como tratamento controle; (b) placa de molde com dois cultivos; (c) arado de cinzel com dois cultivos; e (d) preparo mínimo (somente o plantio realizado no momento da semeadura) com glifosato. A semeadura foi feita com broca para todos os sistemas de cultivo, ou seja, a, b e c, exceto c, que foi plantada no canteiro (feita pelo plantador de canteiros). Além dos tratamentos de lavra, diferentes sistemas de cultivo [(a) trigo - pousio, (b) trigo e brássica - pousio, (c) trigo e grão-de-bico - pousio e (d) trigo-feijoeiro (cultura de adubo verde)] também foram utilizados para rotações de dois anos. Em média, nos dois anos de estudo, o efeito interativo dos tratamentos (placa de mofo com dois cultivos) para a rotação trigo e brássica - pousio mostrou redução na biomassa seca de plantas daninhas de Anagallis arvensis (pimpernel-azul, 55,6%), Asphodelus tenuifolius (cebola-da-selva, 42,3%), Chenopodium album (arrepio-comum, 40,8%), Circium arvense (cardo-rastejante, 53,1%), Convolvulus arvensis (planta daninha, 56,6%) e Cynodon dactylon (Vilfa stellata, 45,8%) dentro de 60 dias após a semeadura ( DAS), em comparação com o tratamento controle (três cultivos em sistema de cultivo de trigo e pousio). Tendências semelhantes foram observadas no estágio de maturidade da cultura. Os resultados do experimento mostraram que uma melhor supressão de biomassa de plantas daninhas pode ser alcançada usando o arado de aiveca para o cultivo, seguido pelo sistema de cultivo de trigo-brássica e/ou consórcio de trigo/grão-de-bico para condições de solo semiárido no Paquistão.

ABSTRACT: Tillage practice has a significant role on weeds eradication and soil water conservation in crop production. Under semiarid agriculture, the monsoon rains (65%) are major source of water in Potohar, Pakistan, which can effectively be used mostly for winter crops production. To evaluate the impact of different tillage system for prevailing cropping systems and their weeds biomass under semiarid conditions, field experiment was conducted at the Arid University Research Farm Koont Rawalpindi (Pakistan) during crop growth seasons 2013-14 and 2014-15. Tillage systems as treatments were (a) three cultivations with a cultivator, as control treatment, (b) mold-board with two cultivations, (c) chisel-plough with two cultivations and (d) minimum tillage (only tillage performed at sowing time) with glyphosate. Sowing was made using drill for all cropping systems i.e. a, b, and d except c which was planted on bed (made by bed planter). In addition to ploughing treatments, different cropping systems (a) wheat - fallow (b) wheat and brassica - fallow, (c) wheat and chickpea - fallow and (d) wheat - cluster bean (green manure crop) were also used for minimum two years rotations. On average in both study years, interactive effect of treatments (mold board with 2 cultivations) for the rotation wheat and brassica - fallow showed a reduction in weeds dry biomass of Anagallis arvensis (blue pimpernel, 55.6%), Asphodelus tenuifolius (jungle onion, 42.3%), Chenopodium album (common goosefoot, 40.8%), Circium arvense (creeping thistle, 53.1%), Convolvulus arvensis (field bind weed, 56.6%) and Cynodon dactylon (vilfa stellata, 45.8%) within 60 days after sowing (DAS) as compared with the control treatment (three cultivations on a wheat - fallow cropping system). Similar trends were observed at the crop maturity stage. Results of the experiment showed that better weed biomass suppression can be achieved by using moldboard plough for cultivation with followed by wheat- brassica cropping system and/or wheat - chickpea intercropping for semiarid soil condition in Pakistan.