Resumo O presente artigo discute, a partir da perspectiva da historiografia contemporânea e dos pressupostos da análise cultural, alguns dos embates ocorridos entre populares e policiais, na região central da cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, entre os anos de 1890-1920. Nesse sentido, o objetivo central deste estudo é mapear e analisar nos processos criminais selecionados os discursos e as representações construídas pelos populares neles envolvidos, particularmente, como narraram a si próprios e como foram narrados pelas autoridades policiais e judiciais. Além disso, pretende-se explorar de que forma esses populares resistiram às práticas moralizadoras implementadas durante o processo de modernização em curso na cidade de Porto Alegre. Ademais, parte-se do contexto de modernização implementado na cidade a fim de situarmos as medidas postas em prática pelas elites urbanas, pela polícia e pelo aparato judicial. Ao término deste estudo, pretende-se demonstrar que os processos criminais contribuem sobremaneira para o conhecimento dos valores, das atitudes e das experiências cotidianas dos grupos populares durante os processos de modernização urbana.

Absract This article discusses, from the perspective of contemporary historiography and the assumptions of cultural analysis, some of the clashes that occurred between popular groups and the police in the central region of the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, between the years 1890-1920. In this sense, the central objective of this study is to map and analyze in the selected criminal cases the discourses and representations constructed by the people involved in them, particularly, how they narrated themselves and how they were narrated by the police and judicial authorities. In addition, it is intended to explore how these people resisted the moralizing practices implemented during the modernization process underway in the city of Porto Alegre. Furthermore, we start with the context of modernization implemented in the city in order to situate the measures put in place by urban elites, the police and the judicial apparatus. At the closing of this study, it is intended to demonstrate that criminal processes contribute greatly to the knowledge of the values, attitudes and daily experiences of popular groups during the processes of urban modernization.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the clinical discriminative value and determinants of arterial stiffness in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 51 individuals (53.57±9.35 years) diagnosed with T2DM (stage glucose≥126 mg/dL; diagnostic time: 87.4±69.8 months). All participants underwent an initial evaluation of personal habits, medications, and history; arterial stiffness assessment by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) using SphygmoCor; and blood laboratory analysis. A statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, and values of p≤0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: A cut-off cfPWV value of 7.9 m/s was identified for T2DM [Sensitivity (SE): 90% and Specificity (SP): 80%]. A subgroup analysis revealed higher glycated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac) (p=0.006), obesity (p=0.036), and dyslipidemia (p=0.013) than those with cfPWV ≥7.9 m/s. Multivariate analysis identified higher stage glucose (p=0.04), Hb1Ac (p=0.04), hypertension (p=0.001), and dyslipidemia (p=0.01) as determinant factors of cfPWV; positive and significant correlation between cfPWV and glucose (r=0.62; p=0.0003) and Hb1Ac (r=0.55; p=0.0031). CONCLUSIONS: In T2DM, an indicator of the discriminative value of arterial stiffness was cfPWV of 7.9 m/s. Clinical findings and comorbidities, such as hypertension, glucose, poor glycemic control, and dyslipidemia, were associated with and were determinants of arterial stiffness in T2DM. Reinforcement of monitoring risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and glycemic control, seems to be essential to the process of arterial stiffening. Confirmation of this discriminative value in larger populations is recommended.

RESUMO A indústria extrativa é importante para Minas Gerais. Nos anos 2000, ela dobrou sua participação no valor adicionado estadual, contribuindo com 6,9% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) e 20% do PIB industrial, em 2010. No entanto, seus efeitos locais sobre o desenvolvimento regional são ambíguos e pouco estudados. Este artigo busca analisar os efeitos líquidos da mineração sobre a complexificação da estrutura produtiva municipal dos maiores mineradores do estado. Foi utilizado um conjunto de indicadores de economia regional e urbana, bem como a modelagem de painel espacial. As evidências empíricas indicam que, durante a década de 2000, houve perda relativa dos diferenciais regionais de especialização e concentração produtiva nos setores Indústria de Alta e Média Intensidade Tecnológica, Serviços Produtivos Tradicionais e Serviços Produtivos Modernos.

Abstract The Mining Industry is important for Minas Gerais. In the 2000s, it doubled its share of state added value, contributing 6.9% of GDP and 20% of industrial GDP in 2010. However, its local effects on regional development are ambiguous and poorly studied. This article aims to analyze the net effects of mining on the complexification of the municipal productive structure of the largest miners in the state. We used a set of regional and urban economics indicators as well as spatial panel modeling. Empirical evidence indicates that during the 2000s there was a relative loss of the regional specialization and concentration concentration differentials in the sectors of High and Medium Technological Intensity, Traditional Productive Services and Modern Productive Services.

The level of regional development is affected by the migration process, and the subsequent migration flows are affected by the growth rates of the localities in a process of circular and cumulative causation. The aim of this paper is to identify the contribution of urban hierarchy to the individual decision to migrate in Brazil between 1980 and 2010. To achieve this goal, we analyze data from demographic census for the period, provided by IBGE. Data analysis shows that migration patterns in Brazil are extremely related with the levels of urban development. Moreover, individual migration is associated with the advantages of urban centers, especially if they are located in medium sized cities. New trends begin to emerge and are related to the economic expansion of new destiny regions, with the decline of job opportunities in the most developed region of the country, and with return migration.

O processo de desenvolvimento econômico regional tem implicações para a dinâmica populacional, a qual possui efeitos recíprocos sobre o desenvolvimento. O objetivo do artigo é identificar a contribuição da hierarquia urbana para a decisão de migrar no Brasil entre 1980 e 2010. Para sua consecução, são analisados microdados dos censos demográficos referentes ao período em análise, fornecidos pelo rece, e estimados modelos de regressão logística para a condição de migração individual. A análise dos dados demonstra que os deslocamentos populacionais recentes no Brasil guardam elevada relação com os respectivos níveis de desenvolvimento urbano-regional, bem como estão associados às vantagens dos centros urbanos. Novas tendências parecem surgir com o aumento da migração, inclusive de retorno, em direção a regiões tradicionalmente incapazes de reter suas respectivas populações, o que está atrelado significativamente à expansão de seus ritmos de crescimento e à complexidade dos mercados de trabalho em regiões mais dinâmicas do país.

ABSTRACT Background Recent studies have shown that the magnitude of the metabolic and autonomic responses during progressive resistance exercise (PRE) is associated with the determination of the anaerobic threshold (AT). AT is an important parameter to determine intensity in dynamic exercise. Objectives To investigate the metabolic and cardiac autonomic responses during dynamic resistance exercise in patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Method Twenty men (age = 63±7 years) with CAD [Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) = 60±10%] underwent a PRE protocol on a leg press until maximal exertion. The protocol began at 10% of One Repetition Maximum Test (1-RM), with subsequent increases of 10% until maximal exhaustion. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) indices from Poincaré plots (SD1, SD2, SD1/SD2) and time domain (rMSSD and RMSM), and blood lactate were determined at rest and during PRE. Results Significant alterations in HRV and blood lactate were observed starting at 30% of 1-RM (p<0.05). Bland-Altman plots revealed a consistent agreement between blood lactate threshold (LT) and rMSSD threshold (rMSSDT) and between LT and SD1 threshold (SD1T). Relative values of 1-RM in all LT, rMSSDT and SD1T did not differ (29%±5 vs 28%±5 vs 29%±5 Kg, respectively). Conclusion HRV during PRE could be a feasible noninvasive method of determining AT in CAD patients to plan intensities during cardiac rehabilitation.

A variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) e a eletromiografia de superfície (EMGs) são ferramentas importantes na avaliação do sistema autonômico cardíaco e dos parâmetros neuromusculares respetivamente. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o comportamento da VFC e da EMGs do músculo vasto lateral em dois protocolos de exercício no ciclo ergómetro em 60 e 80 rpm. Oito homens ciclistas treinados há pelo menos 2 anos foram avaliados. Foi verificada redução dos índices RMSSD e SDNN da VFC seguida por estabilização (p<0.05) e aumento da amplitude do sinal da EMGs (p<0.05) em ambos os protocolos. Correlações significativas foram observadas entre as respostas da VFC e da EMGs na cadência de 60 rpm (RMSSD e EMGs: r = -0.42, p =0.03; SDNN e EMGs: r = -0.45, p =0.01) e 80 rpm (RMSSD e EMGs: r = -0.47, p=0.02; SDNN e EMGs: r = -0.49, p=0.01), e não houve diferença destas variáveis entre os dois protocolos. Concluímos que as respostas parassimpática cardíaca e da EMGs são independentes das cadências aplicadas na mesma intensidade do esforço.

The heart rate variability (HRV) and surface electromyography (sEMG) are important tools in the evaluation of cardiac autonomic system and neuromuscular parameters, respectively. The aim of the study was to evaluate the behavior of HRV and sEMG of the vastus lateralis in two exercise protocols on a cycle ergometer at 60 and 80 rpm. Eight healthy men cyclists who have trained for at least two years were evaluated. Reduction was observed followed by stabilization of RMSSD and SDNN indices of HRV (p<0.05) along with increases in the amplitude of the sEMG signal (p<0.05) in both protocols. Significant correlations were observed between the responses of HRV and sEMG in the cadence of 60 rpm (RMSSD and sEMG: r = -0.42, p=0.03; SDNN and sEMG: r = -0.45, p=0.01) and 80 rpm (RMSSD and sEMG: r = -0.47, p=0.02; SDNN and sEMG: r = -0.49, p=0.01), yet no difference was observed for these variables between the two protocols. We concluded that the parasympathetic cardiac responses and sEMG are independent of cadences applied at the same power output.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate heart rate variability during an inspiratory muscle endurance protocol at three different load levels [30%, 60% and 80% of maximal inspiratory pressure], in patients who had previously undergone coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods: Nineteen late postoperative myocardial revascularization patients participating in a cardiovascular rehabilitation program were studied. Maximal inspiratory pressure maneuvers were performed. An inspiratory muscle endurance protocol at 30%, 60% and 80% of maximal inspiratory pressure was applied for four minutes each, in random order. Heart rate and RR intervals were recorded and heart rate variability was analyzed by time (RMSSD-the mean of the standard deviations for all R-R intervals, and RMSM-root-mean square differences of successive R-R intervals) and frequency domains indices (high and low frequency) in normalized units. ANOVA for repeated measurements was used to compare heart rate variability indices and Student t-test was used to compare the maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal expiratory pressure values. Results: Heart rate increased during performance of maximal respiratory pressures maneuvers, and the maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal expiratory pressure mean values were significantly lower than predicted values (P <0.05). RMSSD increased significantly at 80% in relation to rest and 30% of maximal inspiratory pressure and RMSM decreased at 30% and 60% of maximal inspiratory pressure in relation to rest (P <0.05). Additionally, there was significant and progressive decrease in low frequency and increase in high frequency at 30%, 60% and 80% of maximal inspiratory pressure in relation to the resting condition. Conclusion: These results suggest that respiratory muscle training at high intensities can promote greater parasympathetic activity and it may confer important benefits during a rehabilitation program in post-coronary artery bypass grafting.

ResumoO objetivo do artigo é analisar os principais determinantes da condição de ocupação individual. Foram utilizados os microdados dos Censos Demográficos 2000 e 2010 (IBGE) para estimar modelos multinomiais e, assim, identificar em que medida varia a probabilidade de ocupação de indivíduos com características semelhantes, porém, residentes em microrregiões distintas. Os resultados dos modelos demonstram que quanto mais desenvolvida a estrutura produtiva regional, mais complexa é a inserção individual no mercado de trabalho, pois apesar de existirem mais oportunidades emprego, há maior concorrência pelos postos gerados, que tendem a ser intensivos em capital.

AbstractThe main goal of this paper is to analyze the determinants of the individual employment condition. Using data from the demographic censuses of 2000 and 2010 (IBGE) we estimate multinomial models to verify to what extent the probability of employment of similar individuals varies from a region to another. The results of the models show that the more developed is a region, the more complex is the labor insertion. Despite of existing more labor opportunities in big cities, there are also more competition between individuals in these regions, especially because the new jobs are capital intensive.

Fundamento:Os índices da Potência Circulatória (PC) e Potência Ventilatória (PV) têm sido utilizados para avaliação clínica de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, mas nenhum estudo avaliou esses índices em pacientes com Doença Arterial Coronariana (DAC).Objetivo:Caracterizar ambos os índices em pacientes com DAC comparados a indivíduos saudáveis.Métodos:Oitenta e sete homens [grupo DAC = 42 sujeitos e, grupo controle (GC) = 45 sujeitos] com idade entre 45 e 65 anos foram incluídos. Um Teste de Exercício Cardiopulmonar (TECP) foi realizado em esteira e as seguintes variáveis foram obtidas: 1) consumo de oxigênio (VO2) pico; 2) Frequência Cardíaca (FC) pico; 3) Pressão Arterial (PA) pico; 4) duplo produto pico (PA sistólica pico x FC pico); 5) pulso de oxigênio pico (VO2 pico dividido pela FC pico); 6) eficiência ventilatória para o consumo de oxigênio (OUES); 7) eficiência ventilatória para a produção de dióxido de carbono (VE/VCO2 slope); 8) PC (VO2 pico x PA sistólica pico); e 9) PV (PA sistólica pico dividido pelo VE/VCO2slope).Resultados:O grupo DAC apresentou valores significativamente menores das seguintes variáveis no pico do exercício: VO2 (p < 0,001), FC (p < 0,001), PA sistólica (p < 0,001), duplo produto (p < 0,001), pulso de oxigênio (p = 0,008), OUES (p < 0,001), PC (p < 0,001) e PV (p < 0,001), e valores significativamente maiores de PA diastólica (p = 0,004) e VE/VCO2 slope (p < 0,001) em relação ao GC. Uma análise de regressão pelo método stepwise mostrou que a PC foi influenciada pelo grupo (R2 = 0,44, p < 0,001) e a PV tanto pelo grupo quanto pelo número de vasos com estenose pós tratamento (efeito de interação: R2 = 0,46, p < 0,001).Conclusion:Os índices da PC e PV foram menores em homens com DAC comparados ao GC, podendo dessa forma ser utilizados na caracterização dessa população.

Background:Circulatory power (CP) and ventilatory power (VP) are indices that have been used for the clinical evaluation of patients with heart failure; however, no study has evaluated these indices in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) without heart failure.Objective:To characterize both indices in patients with CAD compared with healthy controls.Methods:Eighty-seven men [CAD group = 42 subjects and healthy control group (CG) = 45 subjects] aged 40–65 years were included. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed on a treadmill and the following parameters were measured: 1) peak oxygen consumption (VO2), 2) peak heart rate (HR), 3) peak blood pressure (BP), 4) peak rate-pressure product (peak systolic HR x peak BP), 5) peak oxygen pulse (peak VO2/peak HR), 6) oxygen uptake efficiency (OUES), 7) carbon dioxide production efficiency (minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production slope), 8) CP (peak VO2 x peak systolic BP) and 9) VP (peak systolic BP/carbon dioxide production efficiency).Results:The CAD group had significantly lower values for peak VO2 (p < 0.001), peak HR (p < 0.001), peak systolic BP (p < 0.001), peak rate-pressure product (p < 0.001), peak oxygen pulse (p = 0.008), OUES (p < 0.001), CP (p < 0.001), and VP (p < 0.001) and significantly higher values for peak diastolic BP (p = 0.004) and carbon dioxide production efficiency (p < 0.001) compared with CG. Stepwise regression analysis showed that CP was influenced by group (R2 = 0.44, p < 0.001) and VP was influenced by both group and number of vessels with stenosis after treatment (interaction effects: R2 = 0.46, p < 0.001).Conclusion:The indices CP and VP were lower in men with CAD than healthy controls.

O papel do espaço no processo de desenvolvimento socioeconômico constitui um objeto de estudo bastante complexo. Os teóricos da Escola Francesa de Sociologia Urbana elaboraram uma série de estudos nesta área com o intuito de esclarecer as relações entre a forma espacial e os processos sociais. O objetivo do artigo é destacar os principais argumentos desta Escola de Pensamento, o papel desempenhado pelas cidades neste processo e as principais recomendações de políticas de desenvolvimento que surgem a partir de então. A análise sugere que as escalas territoriais tornam-se fundamentais para a dinâmica das economias nacionais, o que lhes concede papel de destaque como objeto de política: medidas intervencionistas devem ser combinadas nas diversas escalas territoriais, considerando a localidade como parte do todo. É preciso repensar a espacialidade, o que contribuirá para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico integrado.

The role of space in the socioeconomic development process is a complex area of study. Theorists of the French School of Urban Sociology developed a number of studies in this area in order to clarify the interactions between the spatial forms and the social processes. The aim of this paper is to highlight the main arguments of these theories, the importance of cities in this process, and recommend development policies which arise thereafter. The analysis suggests that territorial scales become central to the dynamics of national economies. Because of this, they are important as policy objects: interventionist measures should be combined in different territorial scales. This will contribute to an integrated socioeconomic process.

Objective: To investigate the cardiac autonomic responses during upper versus lower limb discontinuous resistance exercise (RE) at different loads in healthy older men. Method: Ten volunteers (65±1.2 years) underwent the one-repetition maximum (1RM) test to determine the maximum load for the bench press and the leg press. Discontinuous RE was initiated at a load of 10%1RM with subsequent increases of 10% until 30%1RM, followed by increases of 5%1RM until exhaustion. Heart rate (HR) and R-R interval were recorded at rest and for 4 minutes at each load applied. Heart rate variability (HRV) was analyzed in 5-min segments at rest and at each load in the most stable 2-min signal. Results: Parasympathetic indices decreased significantly in both exercises from 30%1RM compared to rest (rMSSD: 20±2 to 11±3 and 29±5 to 12±2 ms; SD1: 15±2 to 8±1 and 23±4 to 7±1 ms, for upper and lower limb exercise respectively) and HR increased (69±4 to 90±4 bpm for upper and 66±2 to 89±1 bpm for lower). RMSM increased for upper limb exercise, but decreased for lower limb exercise (28±3 to 45±9 and 34±5 to 14±3 ms, respectively). In the frequency domain, the sympathetic (LF) and sympathovagal balance (LF/HF) indices were higher and the parasympathetic index (HF) was lower for upper limb exercise than for lower limb exercise from 35% of 1RM. Conclusions: Cardiac autonomic change occurred from 30% of 1RM regardless of RE limb. However, there was more pronounced sympathetic increase and vagal decrease for upper limb exercise than for lower limb exercise. These results provide a basis for more effective prescription of RE to promote health in this population.

BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular system is noticeably affected by respiration. However, whether different inspiratory resistive loading intensities can influence autonomic heart rate (HR) modulation remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate HR modulation at three different inspiratory resistive loading intensities in healthy elderly men. METHOD: This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind study that evaluated 25 healthy elderly men. Cardiac autonomic modulation was assessed using heart rate variability (HRV) indices. All of the volunteers underwent maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) measurements according to standardized pulmonary function measurements. Three randomly-applied inspiratory resistive loading (30, 60 and 80% of MIP) intensities were then applied using an inspiratory resistance device (POWERbreathe, Southam, UK), during which the volunteers were asked to inhale for 2 seconds and exhale for 3 seconds and complete 12 breaths per minute. Each effort level was performed for 4 minutes, and HR and the distance between 2 subsequent R waves of electrocardiogram (R-R intervals) were collected at rest and at each intensity for further HRV analysis. RESULTS : The parasympathetic HRV (rMSSD, SD1 and HF) indices demonstrated lower values at 80% (rMSSD: 19±2 ms, SD1: 13±2 ms and HF: 228±61 ms2) than at 30% MIP (rMSSD: 25±3 ms, SD1: 18±2 ms and HF: 447±95 ms2; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Lower inspiratory resistive loading intensities promoted a marked and positive improvement of parasympathetic sinus node modulation.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: A análise da resposta cinética da frequência cardíaca (FC) e do consumo de oxigênio (VO2) é uma importante ferramenta para avaliar a performance ao exercício e a condição de saúde. OBJETIVOS: Investigar o efeito do envelhecimento na resposta cinética da FC e do VO2 durante as transições repouso-exercício (fase-on) e exercício-recuperação (fase-off), além de verificar a influência da intensidade do exercício (leve e moderada) sobre os parâmetros cinéticos dessas variáveis. MÉTODO: Catorze homens jovens (23±3 anos) e 14 homens idosos (70±4 anos) aparentemente saudáveis realizaram um teste de esforço incremental tipo rampa em cicloergômetro para determinar a potência máxima (PM) e um teste de exercício descontínuo, iniciado a 10% da PM com aumentos subsequentes de 10% até a exaustão. Foram registradas a FC, as variáveis ventilatórias e metabólicas e da lactacidemia em repouso e durante o exercício descontínuo. RESULTADOS: O limiar de lactato foi determinado individualmente e apresentou respostas similares entre os grupos (30±7% da PM em jovens e 29±5% da PM em idosos, p>0,05). A resposta cinética da FC e do VO2 (transição-on e off) foram maiores nos indivíduos idosos, quando comparados aos jovens (p<0,05), e os valores foram maiores na intensidade moderada em comparação à leve no grupo dos jovens (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Os idosos apresentaram resposta cinética mais lenta da FC e do VO2 em relação aos jovens, tanto na transição-on como na off do exercício dinâmico em cicloergômetro. Além disso, as respostas cinéticas foram mais lentas na intensidade moderada em relação à intensidade leve nos indivíduos jovens.

BACKGROUND: The analysis of the kinetic responses of heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO2) are an important tool for the evaluation of exercise performance and health status. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aging on the HR and VO2 kinetics during the rest-exercise transition (on-transient) and the exercise-recovery transition (off-transient), in addition to investigating the influence of exercise intensity (mild and moderate) on these variables. METHOD: A total of 14 young (23±3 years) and 14 elderly (70±4 years) healthy men performed an incremental exercise testing (ramp protocol) on a cycle-ergometer to determine the maximal power (MP). Discontinuous exercise testing was initiated at 10% of the MP with subsequent increases of 10% until exhaustion. The measurement of HR, ventilatory and metabolic variables and blood lactate were obtained at rest and during the discontinuous exercise. RESULTS: The lactate threshold was determined in each subject and was similar between the groups (30±7% of MP in the young group and 29±5% of MP in the elderly group, p>0.05). The HR and VO2 kinetics (on- and off-transient) were slower in the elderly group compared to the young group (p<0.05). Additionally, in the young group, the values of HR and VO2 kinetics were higher in the moderate compared to the mild exercise intensity. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the elderly group presented with slower HR and VO2 kinetics in relation to the young group for both on- and off-transients of the dynamic exercise. Moreover, in the young group, the kinetic responses were slower in the moderate intensity in relation to the mild intensity.

Este trabalho analisa as características das 63 microrregiões paulistas pela sua dinâmica setorial e pelos seus fatores locacionais no período de 2000 e 2010. Para tanto, utiliza o método diferencial-estrutural, na modificação de Esteban-Marquillas, Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e análise de cluster. Os principais resultados alcançados indicam que o processo de interiorização da atividade econômica, iniciado no final dos anos 1970, beneficiou as microrregiões de Campinas, São José dos Campos, Sorocaba, Ribeirão Preto, Santos (Baixada Santista) e Jundiaí, sendo estendido para as regiões circunvizinhas e formando aglomerações urbanas com vantagens locacionais e competitivas.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the locational factors in State of São Paulo (Brazil) between 2000 and 2010. With micro-regional database, we apply a set of techniques: the method shift-share (Esteban-Marquillas variation), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis. The main results indicate that the process of internalization of economic activities (began in the late 70s) has benefited the micro-regions of Campinas, São José dos Campos, Sorocaba, Ribeirão Preto, Santos and Jundiaí and this benefit was extended to the surrounding regions, building urban agglomerations of locational competitive advantages.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a modulação autonômica da frequência cardíaca (FC) em repouso, na postura supina e durante a manobra de acentuação da arritmia sinusal respiratória (M-ASR) de pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) ou com insuficiência cardíaca crônica (ICC). MÉTODOS: Vinte e oito homens foram subdivididos em três grupos: 10 com DPOC (GD) e 69±9 anos; 9 com ICC (GI) e 62±8 anos; e 9 saudáveis (GC) com 64±5 anos. Em repouso, os intervalos R-R a partir do sinal eletrocardiográfico foram obtidos nas seguintes situações: 1) 15 minutos na posição supina e 2) 4 minutos durante M-ASR na posição supina. Os dados foram analisados nos domínios do tempo (índices RMSSD e SDNN) e da frequência. Durante M-ASR, foram calculadas a razão expiração/inspiração (E/I) e a diferença inspiração/expiração (∆IE). RESULTADOS: Os principais achados mostraram que os pacientes com ICC apresentaram menores valores de RMSSD (12,2±2,6 vs 20,4±6,5), BFab (99,2±72,7 vs 305,3±208,9) e AFun (53,4±29,9 vs 178,9±113,1) quando comparados ao controle. Além disso, a banda de BFab foi significantemente reduzida no grupo DPOC quando comparado ao controle (133,8±145,5 vs 305,3±208,9). Adicionalmente, pacientes com ICC e DPOC mostraram menor razão E/I (1,1±0,06 vs 1,2±0,1 e 1,1±0,03 vs 1,2±0,1) e ∆IE (7,0±3,5 vs 12,7±0,1 e 4,9±1,6 vs 12,7±0,1), respectivamente, comparados ao GC durante a M-ASR. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que tanto a DPOC como a ICC produzem impacto negativo sobre o controle autonômico da FC. Artigo registrado no Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) sob o número: ACTRN12609000467235

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the autonomic modulation of heart rate (HR) at rest in the supine position and during a respiratory sinus arrhythmia maneuver (M-RSA) among participants with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or with chronic heart failure (CHF). METHODS: Twenty-eight men were divided into three groups: ten with COPD, aged 69±9 years; nine with CHF, aged 62±8 years; and nine healthy participants aged 64±5 years (controls). At rest, the R-R interval of the electrocardiographic signal was obtained in the following situations: 1) 15 min in the supine position; and 2) 4 min during M-RSA in the supine position. The data were analyzed in the time domain (RMSSD and SDNN indices) and the frequency domain (LFab and HFab). During M-RSA, the expiratory/inspiratory ratio (E/I) and the inspiratory/expiratory difference (∆IE) were calculated. RESULTS: The main findings showed that the CHF patients presented lower RMSSD (12.2±2.6 vs. 20.4±6.5), LFab (99.2±72.7 vs. 305.3±208.9) and HFab (53.4±29.9 vs. 178.9±113.1), compared with the controls. The LFab band was significantly lower in the COPD group than in the controls (133.8±145.5 vs. 305.3±208.9). Additionally, both CHF patients and COPD patients showed lower E/I ratios (1.1±0.06 vs. 1.2±0.1 and 1.1±0.03 vs. 1.2±0.1) and ∆IE values (7.0±3.5 vs. 12.7±0.1 and 4.9±1.6 vs. 12.7±0.1), respectively, compared with the controls during M-RSA. CONCLUSION: The results from this study suggest that both COPD and CHF have a negative impact on the autonomic control of heart rate. Article registered on the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) under the number: ACTRN12609000467235