Resumen Introducción y objetivos: Las prácticas de manejo de especies no-nativas e invasoras es tema prioritario en áreas protegidas, en especial en estadios tempranos de invasión, porque facilita la recuperación de sistemas nativos. Aquí presentamos una metodología para el control de una planta trepadora invasora, Hederá helix (Araliaceae). M&M: Se realizó remoción manual y la disposición de los residuos se compostó en bolsas en el lugar. Luego se monitoreó la regeneración natural del bosque nativo. La propuesta incluye la convocatoria de voluntarios, enmarcados en un proyecto de investigación y extensión de la Universidad Nacional Comahue Bariloche con la colaboración de la Administración de Parques Nacionales. Resultados: Desde 2019 participaron 47 voluntarios, se extrajeron 870 kg (peso húmedo) de material de cinco de los seis sitios identificados. Dos de los cinco sitios intervenidos se encuentran en la etapa de monitoreo de especies nativas. Conclusión: La participación de voluntarios resultó efectiva en términos de las acciones de control manual, al estar los sitios controlados. De esta manera, se está logrando con éxito un mínimo impacto negativo sobre el entorno, al menos en las especies de plantas, evidenciado por una rápida recolonización pasiva de especies nativas y la eliminación la especie invasora en los sitios intervenidos. En particular, este modo de trabajo permite crear conciencia del problema de las invasiones biológicas en la comunidad y en futuros profesionales. También fortalece las relaciones entre instituciones vinculando la academia con la gestión en conservación, un aspecto a veces difícil de lograr.

Summary Background and aims: Development of management measures of invasive non-native species is priority in protected areas, particularly when actions are taken at early stages of invasion since it facilitates the recovery of natural systems. Here, we present a methodology to control an invasive evergreen vine, Hederá helix (Araliaceae). M&M: The proposal includes volunteers, which are within a research and outreach project from Universidad Nacional Comahue Bariloche in collaboration with Administración de Parques Nacionales. We removed manually the vine with garden tools, composted it in waste plastic bags in site and kept track of natural regeneration of the native forest. Results: Since 2019, 47 volunteers got involved and removed 870 kg of plant material (humid weight) from five of the six sites. Two of the five sites are at the stage of monitoring native species. Conclusions: The participation of volunteers resulted effective for plant manual removal, as the vine from invasion sites is being controlled. In this way, we are achieving successful results with minimum environmental negative impacts, at least in the plant community, as evidenced by the recolonization of the sites by native plant species and by the full removal of the ivy from intervened sites. In particular, this procedure allows to create awareness of the problem of biological invasions in the community and in future university graduates. It also reinforces inter institutional relationships linking academia with conservation management agencies, a connection sometimes difficult to achieve.

Introduction: Effective communication skills are fundamental to accomplish a good physician-patient relationship. Having great communication skills is fundamental. Aim: Improve communicational skills in medical students using clinical simulation. Subjects and methods: Qualitative study in which 27 students participated in three simulation sessions, where they were given a scale on communication skills (EHC-PS) before and at the end of the sessions. Results: Changes in the dimensions of information communication, empathy, and social skills were observed. Conclusion: There were significant changes in three of the four dimensions, which allow to establish that clinical simulation can improve communication skills in students.

Introducción: La comunicación efectiva es uno de los pilares para tener una buena relación médico-paciente y para ello se necesitan buenas habilidades comunicacionales Objetivo: Mejorar las habilidades comunicacionales en estudiantes de medicina usando la simulación clínica. Sujetos y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo prospectivo en el que participaron 27 estudiantes, los cuales trabajaron sus habilidades comunicacionales en tres sesiones de simulación clínica en diferentes contextos clínicos, y donde se les aplicó la escala sobre habilidades de comunicación en profesionales de la salud (EHC-PS) de forma previa y posterior a las sesiones. Resultados: Se observaron cambios en las dimensiones de comunicación informativa, empatía y habilidad social. Conclusión: Se produjeron cambios significativos en tres de las cuatro dimensiones, lo que permite establecer que la simulación clínica puede mejorar las habilidades comunicacionales en los estudiantes.

Congener species with incomplete reproductive barriers that coexist along environmental gradients may be prone to ecological divergence, in spite of the potential for hybridization in sympatry. We analyzed distribution patterns of isozymes, plastid, and nuclear DNA sequences at regional and local scales in three timber Cedrela species of the subtropics in the northern Argentina (Cedrela angustifolia, C. balansae, and C. saltensis), to test whether populations of distinct species have diverged in montane habitats in relation to their ecological characteristics. Cedrela balansae and C. angustifolia can be identified by diagnostic isozyme alleles. Nuclear ITS sequences yielded intraindividual polymorphism; ambiguous bases were shared between C. balansae and C. saltensis while those of C. angustifolia were part of its intraspecific polymorphism. Chloroplast DNA consisted mainly of a low-elevation haplotype present in C. balansae and C. saltensis and other found in C. angustifolia which in turn was shared locally by all species in sympatry. Multivariate UPGMA analysis of isozymes and Bayesian phylogeny of haplotype ITS yielded concordant patterns. Populations of C. angustifolia clustered in one group and were separated from the rest whereas those of C. saltensis and C. balansae were grouped together in one cluster. This indicates that stronger reproductive barriers exist between C. angustifolia and the low-elevation taxa C. saltensis and C. balansae which seem to maintain continuous gene flow. Nonetheless, under particular environmental settings, i.e., the three species hybridized sometime in the past and later became differentiated through ecological divergence.

Las especies congéneres con barreras reproductivas incompletas que coexisten a lo largo de un gradiente ambiental pueden ser proclives a la divergencia ecológica, a pesar del potencial de hibridación en simpatría. Estudiamos los patrones de distribución de isoenzimas y de secuencias de ADN nuclear y plastidial a escala local y regional en las tres especies de árboles del género Cedrela del subtrópico de noroeste de Argentina para analizar si las poblaciones de las distintas especies han divergido en sus hábitats montanos en relación a sus características ecológicas. Cedrela balansae y C. angustifolia pueden ser identificadas por alelos isoenzimáticos diagnósticos. Las secuencias nucleares del ITS mostraron polimorfismo intraindividual; bases ambiguas fueron compartidas entre C. balansae y C. saltensis, mientras que en C. angustifolia es parte de su polimorfismo intraespecífico. El ADN del cloroplasto consistió en un haplotipo compartido entre las especies de baja altitud C. balansae y C. saltensis y otro diferente para C. angustifolia el cual comparte con las otras dos especies cuando están en simpatría. Los análisis de UPGMA de isoenzimas y filogenético bayesiano de haplotipos del ITS muestran patrones concordantes. Las poblaciones de C. angustifolia se agruparon dentro de un mismo cluster y se separaron de las de C. saltensis y C. balansae que se mantuvieron agrupadas. Esto indica que existen barreras reproductivas entre C. angustifolia y los otros taxa de baja elevación C. saltensis y C. balansae, las cuales mantienen un continuo flujo génico. No obstante, bajo los distintos ambientes que ocupan, las tres especies hibridaron en algún momento en el pasado y más tarde comenzaron a diferenciarse a través de divergencia ecológica.

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of neonatal infections. Our purpose was to characterize GBS colonization in pregnant women, current serotypes, resistance phenotypes and genes associated with virulence. In Misiones, Argentina, there are no previous data on this topic. Vaginal-rectal swabs from 3125 pregnant women were studied between 2004 and 2010. GBS strains were identified by conventional and serological methods (Phadebact Strep B Test, ETC International, Bactus AB, Sweden). Serotypes were detected using Strep-B Latex (Statens Serum Institut, Denmark). Resistance phenotypes were determined by the double-disk test. Genes were studied by PCR. Maternal colonization was 9.38%. Resistance to erythromycin was 11.6%, and the constitutive phenotype was the predominant one. Serotype Ia was the most frequent, whereas serotypes IV, VI, VII and VIII were not detected. The lmb, bca and hylB genes were detected in more than 79% of the strains. In this study, the colonization rate with GBS and the serotype distribution were compared with studies reported in other areas of the country. The high resistance to erythromycin in Misiones justifies performing antibiotic susceptibility testing. The serotype distribution, the genes encoding putative virulence factors, and the patterns of resistance phenotypes of GBS may vary in different areas. They thus need to be evaluated in each place to devise strategies for prevention.

In this paper an acoustic emission based cavitation fault detection system is proposed for a centrifugal pump. The monitoring is performed tracking a fault indicator obtained using the RMS value of the acoustic emission signal in time domain and the RMS value of the coefficients obtained by applying discrete wavelet transform on the acoustic signal using db6 mother wavelet. Experiments in different cavitation levels and under different operation conditions are carried out in a ½ hp centrifugal pump dedicated test bed. Results showed that the proposed fault indicators are suitable for detecting and evaluating cavitation severities in a centrifugal pump.

En el presente artículo se propone el uso de las emisiones acústicas para el monitoreo de la cavitación en una bomba centrífuga. Este monitoreo se ejecuta a través del seguimiento a unos indicadores de falla obtenidos a partir del valor RMS de la señal de emisiones acústicas en dominio tiempo y el valor RMS de los coeficientes de la Transformada Discreta Wavelet (TDW) usando la onda madre db6 de la misma señal acústica. La experimentación se realiza en un banco dedicado que permite cavitar a una bomba de ½ hp en distintos niveles de severidad y bajo diferentes condiciones de bombeo. Resultados experimentales mostraron que los indicadores propuestos permiten detectar y evaluar cualitativamente los niveles de severidad de la cavitación en una bomba centrífuga.

Molecular tools have significantly contributed to develop the field of population genetics and the analysis of biogeographic hypothesis. Thus, polymorphisms of neutral markers can be used to study the effects of genetic drift and reproductive isolation as a result of historical events and current ecological processes. While, quantitative and ecophysiological traits help to elucidate the action of natural selection promoting adaptive and/or plastic responses. The combination of these tools with field and experimental studies on widespread tree species that have successfully coped with dramatic changes, over space and time provide the opportunity to study these evolutionary processes. Charismatic genera with distinct life history traits as Embothrium, Fitzroya, Nothofagus, Pilgerodendron, and Podocarpus are the focus of study cases seeking to contribute for the understanding of its evolution and conservation under changing scenarios.

Las herramientas moleculares han contribuido significativamente al desarrollo de la genética de poblaciones y al análisis de hipótesis biogeográficas. Así, los polimorfismos de marcadores neutros pueden utilizarse para estudiar los efectos de la deriva génica y el aislamiento producto de eventos históricos y procesos ecológicos actuales. Mientras que los caracteres cuantitativos y ecofisiológicos permiten dilucidar el accionar de la selección natural promoviendo respuestas adaptativas o plásticas. La combinación de estas herramientas con estudios a campo y experimentales en especies arbóreas de amplia distribución que han sobrevivido a grandes cambios a través del tiempo y el espacio brindan la oportunidad de ilustrar dichos procesos evolutivos. Géneros carismáticos y con distintas características de historia de vida como Embothrium, Fitzroya, Nothofagus, Pilgerodendron y Podocarpus, son objeto de estudios de caso buscando realizar un aporte al conocimiento de su evolución y conservación bajo escenarios de cambio.

Introduction: Reported incidence of cranial lesions in childbirth is about 1.7 to 59 per 10,000 births. Among these, fracture of the base of the skull is rare but serious due to sequelae and mortality. Objective: Describe a case of a newborn with a fracture of the temporal bone, review diagnosis and management of skull fractures. Clinical Case: The patient was born with assistance, use of fórceps, showed deviation of the buccal commisure and otorrhagia on the left side during puerperium. CT Sean detected fracture of the base of the cranium at the level of the temporal bone. Hemogram, cultures and spinal fluid studies were done. Prophylactic therapy was initiated. All blood studies were negative and follow up studies were normal. Discussion: Literature reviews support the diagnosis to be confirmed through a CT sean, and an active search for meningitis be started through hemocultures, hemogram, and Cerebrospinal Fluid. Management should be conservative, evaluating the need for an LR Evidence shows that antibiotic prophylaxis for meningitis has little indication in these cases.

Introducción: La incidencia de lesiones de cráneo en recién nacidos reportadas son del orden de 1,7 a 59 por 10 000 nacimientos. Dentro de estas, las fracturas de base de cráneo son eventos poco frecuentes, pero de consideración dado su potencial gravedad en cuanto a mortalidad y secuelas. Objetivo: Relatar el caso de un recién nacido con una fractura de peñasco y revisar el diagnóstico y manejo de las lesiones de cráneo. Caso Clínico: El paciente, tras parto instrumentalizado por fórceps, presentó desviación de comisura bucal y otorragia durante su estadía en puerperio. La TAC de cerebro con reconstrucción ósea fue compatible con una fractura de base de cráneo (peñasco izquierdo). Se tomaron hemocultivo, hemograma y PCR y se inició antibioticoterapia profiláctica para meningitis. Evolucionó favorablemente con hemocultivos negativos, hemograma y PCR normales, TAC de control sin cambios y examen neurológico normal. Discusión: La literatura recomienda que el diagnóstico de fractura de base de cráneo debe ser confirmado por medio de TAC de cerebro y que debe realizarse una búsqueda activa de meningitis por medio de hemocultivos, hemograma y PCR, evaluar la necesidad de punción lumbar y manejar en forma conservadora. La evidencia señala que la profilaxis antibiótica para meningitis en estos pacientes no tiene indicación.

Gabriel Cano de Aponte was Governor of Chile since 1717 and util his death in 1733, being 68 years old. As a soldier, he was an experimented horse rider. The sequence ofevents that caused his death three months after an equestrian accident are unclear. A systematic clinical analysis of the later is the main objective of this review. Historians have documented Cano de Aponte's "inclination for unbridled fun and equestrian exercises". Duríng a holiday Cano de Aponte suffered a horse fall and subsequent crushing by the latter. It has been stated that a spinal lesion caused by the accident kept him bedrídden for a period of three months, clear in reason and with intense pain, before his death. However, there is no evidence on historie data that conveys any typical sign associated to spinal injury following the accident. Therefore we suggest that Cano de Aponte suffered a complex pelvic ring fracture. The fact that he was prostrated, lucid, but suffered and intense pain best sustains the hypothesis of a pelvic fracture. After the initial period, one ofthe most common causes of death resulting from a pelvic fracture is deep venous thrombosis with secondary pulmonary thromboembolism. This must have been the sequence ofevents that most probably caused Cano de Aponte's death).

Esse estudo objetivou determinar os padrões de sensibilidade a antibióticos e as taxas de colonização de Streptococcus do grupo B (GBS) em uma população de mulheres grávidas. Entre janeiro de 2004 e dezembro de 2006, foram obtidos swabs vaginais-retais de 1105 mulheres no Hospital Dr. Ramon Madariaga, em Posadas, Missiones, Argentina. A positividade para GBS nas mulheres grávidas foi 7,6%. Um total de 62 cepas de GBS foi selecionado ao acaso para testes in vitro de sensibilidade a penicilina G, ampicilina, tetraciclina, levofloxacina, gatifloxacina, ciprofloxacina, quinupristina-dalfopristina, linezolida, vancomicina, rifampicina, trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol, nitrofurantoína, gentamicina, clindamicina e eritromicina, e determinação dos fenótipos de resistência. Não foi encontrada resistência à penicilina, ampicilina, quinupristina-dalfopristina, linezolida e vancomicina. Entre as cepas, 96,8%, 98,3%, 46,8% e 29,0% foram sensíveis à rifampicina, nitrofurantoína, trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol e tetraciclina, respectivamente. Para as quinolonas, a ordem de sensibilidade foi: gatifloxacina (98,4%) > levofloxacina (93,8%) > ciprofloxacina (64,5%). A taxa de resistência à eritromicina (9,7%) foi superior a de outros relatos na Argentina. Nenhuma das cepas apresentou alto nível de resistência à gentamicina. Devido a 50% das cepas de GBS terem apresentado MIC para gentamicina igual ou inferior a 8 mg/ml, correspondente à concentração usada em um dos meios seletivos recomendados para GBS, sugeriu-se ao menos em nossa população, o emprego de ácido nalidíxico e colistina em meios seletivos para melhorar a sensibilidade da triagem de culturas para GBS em mulheres grávidas.

This study was performed to determine the susceptibility patterns and the colonization rate of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) in a population of pregnant women. From January 2004 to December 2006, vaginal-rectal swabs were obtained from 1105 women attending Dr. Ramón Madariaga Hospital, in Posadas, Misiones, Argentina. The carriage rate of GBS among pregnant women was 7.6%. A total of 62 GBS strains were randomly selected for in vitro susceptibility testing to penicillin G, ampicillin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, vancomycin, rifampicin, trimethoprim-sulfametoxazol, nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, clindamycin and erythromycin, and determination of resistance phenotypes. No resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, and vancomycin was found. Of the isolates examined 96.8%, 98.3%, 46.8%, and 29.0% were susceptible to rifampicin, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfametoxazol and tetracycline, respectively. Rank order of susceptibility for the quinolones was: gatifloxacin (98.4%) > levofloxacin (93.5%) > ciprofloxacin (64.5%). The rate of resistance to erythromycin (9.7%) was higher than that of other reports from Argentina. High-level resistance to gentamicin was not detected in any of the isolates. Based on our finding of 50% of GBS isolates with MIC to gentamicin equal o lower than 8 µg/ml, a concentration used in one of the selective media recommended for GBS isolation, we suggested, at least in our population, the use of nalidixic acid and colistin in selective media with the aim to improve the sensitivity of screening cultures for GBS carriage in women.

The advances in trees and plants architecture and their physiology analysis, and on the other hand the advances in computer sciences, have permitted the development of 3D structural plant models. The basic modeling units are usually leaves internodes, buds and fruits or flowers. The state of the art is presented in this kind of models, as are also the functional-structural models that are integration between structural models and physiological ones. Some tools and concepts used in this kind of modeling, as L-Systems, automata cellular, stochastic modeling, are also presented. The future trend will be a stronger development of these models, including variations due to environment and management, in order to support the decision taking.

Los avances en el análisis de la arquitectura o estructura de los árboles y plantas y su fisiología y, por otra parte, los avances en el área de la computación, han permitido desarrollar modelos estructurales tridimensionales del desarrollo de vegetales, usando generalmente como unidad mínima a modelar las hojas, internudos, yemas y frutos. Se presenta el estado del arte en este tipo de modelos, así como los modelos funcionales-estructurales, que integran modelos estructurales con modelos de procesos fisiológicos en la planta. Algunas herramientas usadas para este tipo de modelación, tales como Sistemas L, concepto de autómata celular, modelación estocástica, son presentadas. Se observa que la tendencia a futuro será desarrollar más este tipo de modelos integrados, incluyendo variaciones debido al ambiente y manejo, de manera de que apoyen la toma de decisiones.

Tityus gonzalespongai n. sp. is a species endemic to the high mountains of Anzoátegui State, Venezuela. It is found between 1,600 and 2,200 m in ''La Laguna'' mountain. Its habitat includes the area of ''Bosque Húmedo Montano Bajo'' with the type of vegetation of ''Bosque Ombrófilo Montano Siempreverde'' (''Bosques Nublados Costeros'' that includes the ''Subpáramos Arbustivos''). It is distinguished from other Tityus species (T. caripitensis, T. monaguensis, and T. nororientalis) by the following characteristics: 1- the disposition of the trichobothria in the pedipalps; 2- ventral keels of the caudal segments of the metasoma (segment II, double and parallel in the proximal two thirds, then convergent and finally divergent in the base; segments III and IV, double and parallel in the basal third, then convergent in a single keel that divides in the base); 3- the number of lines of denticles of the movable finger of the right pedipalp (male = 14; female = 14); 4- pectineous teeth (right/left: male = 15/15: female = 16/15); 5- color: movable and fixed fingers dark brown; prosoma and metasoma, ochre; caudal segment IV, slightly darker than the previous ones; V and the telson, dark brown. T. gonzalespongai belongs to the ''androcottoides'' group and presents a marked sexual dimorphism. It is the first species of the Tityus genus described and reported in Anzoátegui State, expanding this taxa distribution in Venezuela.

In Venezuela, the restricted manner of works on scorpion envenoming has contributed little to the real magnitude and knowledge of this subject in our country. The lack of basic scorpiofauna knowledge, distribution, clinical manifestations, and especially of specific treatments justify multidisciplinary studies. The purpose of these studies is to obtain information that allows the elaboration of a preventive plan. This paper demonstrates the magnitude of scorpion envenomings in Venezuela.

In Costa Rica, approximately 700 snakebite cases occur each year, 5 to 10 of which result in death. At the Hospital Nacional de Niños (HNN), 6 to 10 cases are reported annually, more than half of these cases and nearly all deaths are result from Bothrops asper snakebite. This venomous snake, popularly known as the "terciopelo", most often attacks the lower or upper limbs and characteristically produces local tissue damage, which can be severe. The following is a report of the first case of a non-fatal and unusual facial bite caused by Bothrops asper in our country.

This paper describes a new species of scorpion of the Tityus genus, Tityus caripitensis (Scorpionida: Buthidae). This species can be found in Caripito, Bolívar municipality of Monagas State, Venezuela. The number of species of Tityus genus in Venezuela has increased to 37 with the inclusion of Tityus caripitensis. A diagnosis of the most significant morphological characteristics of both males and females of this new species, which has been causing serious envenomings in the Bolívar and Punceres municipalities, has been carried out.