Abstract Herbicide Spot Spraying (PLH, Pulverização Localizada de Herbicidas) using remote imaging, performed by low-cost drone, represents an innovative method in Agriculture 4.0. It enables the identification of areas with the highest weed infestation, allowing for targeted herbicide application in strategic locations. This approach reduces both the quantity of herbicides applied and their associated ecological and economic impacts. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of PLH through remote sensing with low-cost drones on weed control. It was based on an systematic review following the Prisma statement, that analyzed the evolution of remote sensing in agriculture, the economic and environmental impacts, drone imaging technology and future prospects. In total, 26 works were selected, most literature focused in field monitoring by drones for weed control than for herbicide pulverization. Based in the synthesis of the existing literature through the PLH it is possible to reduce the quantity and volume of herbicide applications performed in the harvest, with greater efficiency and agility in controlling weeds, since, currently, the control of these invaders represents one of the most important challenges for agriculture, as these plants adapt quickly, developing resistance to new herbicide molecules, reducing productivity, contaminating food, reducing its quality, and consequently, raising final production costs. PLH, (PLH Herbicidas lowcost low cost 40 4 0 4.0 infestation locations impacts Therefore statement agriculture prospects total 2 selected pulverization harvest weeds since currently quickly molecules productivity food quality consequently costs 4.

ABSTRACT Swine wastewater (SW) has high organic load, becoming an important source of macro and micronutrients to plants, promoting the improvement of soil quality and development in various cultures. However, when done without agronomic and environmental criteria, it can cause soil problems, nutrient leaching, water resource damage and plant toxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil chemical properties and the leachate in face of the association of swine wastewater and mineral fertilization (MF) in oat cultivation. An experiment in drainage lysimeter was carried out, using SW applications associated to MF or not, where treatments consisted of doses of 0, 100, 200 and 300 m3ha-1 with the absence or presence of MF, under field conditions. We concluded that swine wastewater provided significant increases in sodium, copper, zinc, and nitrite + nitrate as well as pH and calcium reductions in the soil; and in the leachate, significant increase in sodium. Moreover, the use of mineral fertilizer comprising nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium induced a significant increase in phosphorus, potassium and electrical conductivity and a significant reduction in magnesium in the soil; however, in the leachate, electrical conductivity was increased.

RESUMO O uso de água residuária em solo agrícola pode-se caracterizar como uma fonte alternativa de adubação, além de melhorar as condições edáficas do solo devido à matéria orgânica adicionada. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos na cultura do milho e em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico, devido à aplicação de água residuária de suinocultura associada com adubação química. No experimento, utilizou-se de cinco doses de ARS (0; 112,5; 225; 337,5 e 450 m3 ha-1) durante o ciclo do milho, combinadas com duas adubações químicas (50 e 75% da dose recomendada), para compor os respectivos tratamentos, com três repetições. Os parâmetros da cultura do milho avaliados foram: produtividade (PROD), altura de plantas (AP), teor de macronutrientes (N, P, K e Mg) e de micronutrientes (Fe, Zn, Cu e B). Os parâmetros de solo avaliados foram: conteúdo de matéria orgânica (MO), soma e saturação por bases (SB e V), pH e teores disponíveis de N, P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe e Mn. A partir dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que: na cultura do milho, a aplicação de água residuária da suinocultura é fator predominante no aumento da produtividade e na nutrição mineral em K, Mg, Fe, Cu e B, e insuficiente para N e P; no solo, de modo geral, a água residuária da suinocultura propiciou aumentos positivos nos parâmetros de P, Zn, Cu, pH e SB, negativos nos teores de K e Fe, e nenhum efeito nos parâmetros N, V, MO e Mn; os parâmetros P, Cu e Zn aumentaram significativamente os teores no solo ao longo do experimento, indicando a importância do fator tempo nesse tipo de estudo.

ABSTRACT The use of wastewater in agricultural soil can be characterized as an alternative source of fertilizer, and improve soil conditions due to soil organic matter added. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effects on corn and in a Hapludox soil due to application of swine wastewater associated with chemical fertilizers. In the experiment, it was used five doses of swine wastewater (0, 112.5, 225, 337.5 and 450 m3 ha-1) during the corn cycle, combined with two chemical fertilizer (50 and 75% of the recommended dose) to compose their treatments with three replicates. The parameters of maize crop were: productivity, plant height, macronutrients (N, P, K and Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu and B). The soil parameters were: organic matter, pH, N, P, K, sum of bases, base saturation, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn. From the results it was concluded that: the culture of corn, the application of swine wastewater is the predominant factor in increasing productivity and mineral nutrition in K, Mg, Fe, Cu and B and insufficient for N and P; in the soil, generally, swine wastewater has positive increases in parameters of P, Zn, Cu, SB and pH, negative levels of K and Fe and no effect on the parameters N, V, MO and Mn; the time factor is extremely important in this type of study, for the parameters P, Cu and Zn that significantly increased their levels in the soil.

This study aimed at evaluating the effects of pig slurry application with mineral fertilizer on ions leaching from the soil in soybean crop. The experiment was carried out in 24 drainage lysimeters under protection. The soybean cultivar CD 202/COODETEC was sown in a soil that received 0, 100, 200 and 300 m³ha-1of pig slurry in one cycle, with or without mineral fertilizer. There were three samplings of soil throughout the trial to determine the pH, N, NO3-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cu+2, Zn+2, OM, CEC, EC and SAR six times during the crop cycle. The yield was determined in the plants. In soil, pig slurry increased the concentrations of pH, NO3-, K+, Zn+2, OM and CEC, while mineral fertilizer increased P and Zn+2concentrations. The limits observed for the leachate parameters did not present environmental problems according to the Brazilian legislation, but in the intermediate and long term, there special attention should be given to NO3-, P, Na+, EC and SAR. Soybean yield was higher with mineral fertilizer and increased with pig slurry application.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the environmental effects of the use of pig slurry to irrigate the corn crop grown in a typical Red Distroferric Latosol and in leachate composition. Twenty four lysimeters, filled with soil, in a protected environment, received five doses of pig slurry (0; 112.5; 225; 337.5 and 450 m³ ha-1 per growing cycle) combined with two mineral fertilization doses (50 and 75% of the recommended dose - 80 kg ha-1of nitrogen). Corn height and yield were evaluated, as well as nutrients in the soil and in leachate. From the results obtained in the first year of experiment, it was concluded that the concentrations of nitrate increased by increase of pig slurry application, and thus, it would be necessary to develop further studies in medium and long term.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar possíveis efeitos da aplicação de taxas de água residuária de suinocultura (ARS), quanto às concentrações de cobre e zinco, tanto no solo quanto na água percolada de lisímetros de drenagem, durante o ciclo da cultura da soja. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido, onde havia 24 lisímetros de drenagem. Semeou-se soja cultivar CD 202, e foram aplicadas ARS nas seguintes dosagens: 0; 100; 200 e 300 m³ ha-1 no ciclo, combinadas com duas adubações na semeadura (com e sem adição da adubação recomendada na semeadura), em três repetições por tratamento. Foram feitas seis coletas do material percolado durante o ciclo da cultura e realizadas determinações de cobre e zinco. No solo, foram feitas três coletas em cada parcela experimental, para a determinação do pH, da matéria orgânica, da capacidade de troca catiônica, do cobre e do zinco. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, num esquema fatorial de 4 x 2. Observou-se que o cobre no solo não apresentou diferenças significativas com a aplicação de ARS e adubação, enquanto as concentrações de zinco no solo foram influenciadas pelas taxas aplicadas de ARS. As transferências de cobre e de zinco por percolação foram pouco expressivas.

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the possible effects of applying different rates of swine wastewater (ARS), when it comes to the concentration of copper and zinc and in the percolated water of drainage lysimeters on the soil cultivated with soybeans. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment containing 24 drainage lysimeters. Cultivar CD 202 was sowed and swine wastewater was applied in the following dosages: 0, 100, 200, and 300 m³ ha-1 during the cycle, combined with two fertilizing at sewing (with and without added fertilizing recommended at sewing), in three repetitions per treatment. It was accomplished six collections of percolated material during the crop cycle and it was determinate both copper and zinc. In soil, three collections were accomplished in each experimental plot to determine the pH, organic matter, cationic exchange capacity, copper and zinc. The experiment delimitation was carried out in random blocks in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme. It was observed that copper did not present differences in the application of ARS and fertilizer, while the concentration of zinc on the soil was influenced by rates of ARS Copper and zinc transfer per lixiviation was not meaningful.

Este trabalho avaliou alterações das propriedades físicas teor de água, densidade e porosidade do solo em áreas sob sistemas de semeadura direta e preparo convencional nas culturas de soja e milho em três anos agrícolas. O experimento foi instalado no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola da Unioeste (Cascavel, Estado do Paraná). Nos dois primeiros anos foi implantada a cultura de soja; no terceiro ano, milho, como cultura de verão, e aveia preta e nabo forrageiro, como cobertura de inverno. Durante os três anos, foram observados redução do teor de água e densidade do solo e aumento da porosidade. As variações nas propriedades físicas do solo mostraram relação diretamente proporcional entre teor de água e densidade do solo e inversamente para porosidade. O solo apresentou melhorias nas condições físicas pelo acréscimo de porosidade e redução de densidade com as culturas de aveia preta+nabo forrageiro e milho. O manejo soja/milho em rotação com aveia preta+nabo forrageiro mostrou-se mais adequado na melhoria das condições físicas do solo do que os sistemas de manejo, uma vez que nenhum dos sistemas teve maior destaque na melhoria das propriedades físicas avaliadas em todo o período.

This study evaluated alterations in the physical properties water content, soil density and porosity in areas under no tillage and tillage systems in the cultures of soybean and maize in three agricultural years. The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Nucleus of Agricultural Engineering of Unioeste (Cascavel, state of Paraná). Soybean culture occurred in the first two years and in the third year maize, as summer crop, black oats and forage turnip as winter cover crops.. During these three years the study observed reduction of water content and soil density and increase of porosity . The variations as regards the physical properties of the soil showed direct proportional relation between water content and soil density and was in inverse proportion for soil porosity. The soil presented improvements on its physical conditions for the porosity increase and density reduction with the black oats and forage turnip crops and maize. The soybean/maize management in rotation with black oats and forage turnip showed more adequate in the improvement of the physical conditions of the soil as compared with the management systems, since neither of the systems had a major impact in the improvements of the physical properties evaluated throughout this whole period.

Estudaram-se as características físicas, fisiológicas e reológicas de cultivares e linhagens de trigo - cultivares CD (COODETEC) 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, linhagens CD 2017 e CDFAPA 2036 e triticale (EMBRAPA 53), para qualidade de farinha destinada à panificação. Foram analisados: peso do hectolitro (PH), peso de mil grãos (PMG), porcentagem de germinação, proteína total e farinografia, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, com exceção da farinografia, com duas repetições. As médias obtidas foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott Knott ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. As cultivares diferiram entre si quanto aos parâmetros testados, atenderam ao valor de PH para comercialização mas nem sempre o maior PH correspondeu ao maior PMG; apenas as cultivares CD 108 e 111 poderiam ser destinadas à fabricação de pão francês quanto ao parâmetro estabilidade. Em relação ao índice de tolerância à mistura, as cultivares e linhagens não diferiram entre si, porém, a farinha da linhagem 2017 atenderia aos valores estabelecidos para fabricação de pão francês e biscoitos fermentados. As cultivares CD 104, 108, 111 e as linhagens CD 2017 e CDFAPA 2036 apresentaram índices ideais também para biscoitos fermentados. Cultivares que apresentaram menor PMG forneceram melhor índice de tolerância à mistura. Não houve correspondência entre a porcentagem de proteína total e a farinografia.

The physical, physiological and rheological characteristics of cultivars and lines of wheat CD (COODETEC) 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111 and CD 2017 and CDFAPA 2036 lines and triticale (EMBRAPA 53), for quality of flour for bread making were studied. The weight of hectliter (HW), weight of thousand grains (WTG), percentage of germination, total protein and farinography, in a completely randomized experimental design, with four repetitions, except the farinography (with two repetitions) were analyzed. The means obtained were compared by the Scott Knott test at 5%. The cultivars were different regarding the tested parameters. The PH value were compatible for commercialization, but not always the higher PH value corresponded to the greater weight of thousand grains. Only the CD 108 and 111 cultivars may be destine for French bread considering the stability parameter. About the index of tolerance for the mixture, the cultivars and lines were not different, but only the flour of 2017 line would attend the values that were established for French bread-making and fermented cookies. The CD 104, 108 and 11 cultivars and the CD 2017 and CDFAPA 2036 line obtained the ideal index also for fermented cookies. The cultivars which presented better weight of thousand grain gave the best index of tolerance for the mixture. There was no positive relation between total protein and the farinography.