Abstract The objective of this work was to characterize the phenology and the viticultural performance of advanced selections of grapevines resistant to fungal diseases obtained by the Julius Kühn Institute, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof. The experiment was conducted in three different grape-growing regions of Santa Catarina State, Brazil, in the municipalities of Videira (840 m), São Joaquim (1110 m) and Curitibanos (1000 m) during the seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. The advanced selections evaluated were the reds Gf.2004-043-0010 (Gf.10), Gf.2004-043-0013 (Gf.13), Gf.2004-043-0021(Gf.21) and the white Gf.2004-043-0004 (Gf.04). We found that pyramided loci Rpv1+Rpv3.1 and Run1+Ren3 were present, which confer resistance to downy mildew and powdery mildew, respectively. The phenological stages events evaluated were budbreak, full bloom, veraison and maturity. The productive variables evaluated were fertility index, number of clusters, cluster weight and yield. Technological maturity parameters were soluble solids, total acidity and pH. To understand the relationship between the variables and whether these relationships changed depending on the cultivation environment the Multi-Trait Genotype–Ideotype Distance Index was used to rank the genotypes based on the analyzed traits. For most selections, the budbreak occurred in the second half of September; full bloom occurred from late October to mid-November; the veraison occurred between the end of December and mid-January; and maturity occurred between the end of January and February. The earliest budbreak occurred in the vineyard located at the highest altitude (1110 m - São Joaquim), while the earliest full bloom, veraison and maturity occurred in the lowest altitude vineyard (840 m – Videira). All selections produced grapes with adequate concentrations of pH and total acidity to produce quality wines. Except for Gf.13, all selections produced grapes with levels of soluble solids suitable to produce quality wines. Based on the Multi-Trait Genotype–Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI) the selections Gf.13 and Gf.10 are the most promising genotypes for the Videira region (840 m) and Gf.10 is the most promising genotype for the regions of higher altitude, 1000 m and 1110 m. Geilweilerhof grapegrowing grape growing State Brazil 840 (84 m, , (111 (100 20182019 2018 2019 2018/201 20192020 2020 2019/2020 Gf.20040430010 Gf20040430010 Gf Gf.2004 043 0010 2004 Gf.2004-043-001 Gf.10, Gf10 10 (Gf.10) Gf.20040430013 Gf20040430013 0013 Gf13 13 (Gf.13) Gf.20040430021Gf.21 Gf20040430021Gf21 GfGf 0021 Gf.21 21 Gf.2004-043-0021(Gf.21 Gf.20040430004 Gf20040430004 0004 Gf.2004-043-000 Gf.04. Gf04 Gf.04 . 04 (Gf.04) Rpv1Rpv31 RpvRpv Rpv1 Rpv3 1 Rpv Rpv1+Rpv3. Run1Ren3 RunRen Run1 Ren3 Run Ren Run1+Ren present respectively index clusters yield MultiTrait Multi Trait GenotypeIdeotype Genotype Ideotype traits September midNovember mid November mid-November midJanuary mid-January February Joaquim, Joaquim) Videira. Videira) wines MGIDI (MGIDI Gf.1 100 111 84 (8 (11 (10 2018201 201 2018/20 2019202 202 2019/202 20040430010 Gf.2004043001 Gf2004043001 Gf2004 Gf.200 001 200 Gf.2004-043-00 Gf1 (Gf.10 20040430013 (Gf.13 20040430021Gf Gf.20040430021Gf.2 Gf20040430021Gf2 002 Gf21 Gf.2 2 Gf.2004-043-0021(Gf.2 20040430004 Gf.2004043000 Gf2004043000 000 Gf0 Gf.0 0 (Gf.04 Rpv1Rpv3 Rpv1+Rpv3 Run1Ren Gf. 11 8 ( (1 201820 20 2018/2 201920 2019/20 2004043001 Gf.200404300 Gf200404300 Gf200 Gf.20 00 Gf.2004-043-0 (Gf.1 Gf.20040430021Gf. Gf20040430021Gf Gf2 Gf.2004-043-0021(Gf. 2004043000 (Gf.0 Rpv1Rpv Rpv1+Rpv 20182 2018/ 20192 2019/2 200404300 Gf.20040430 Gf20040430 Gf20 Gf.2004-043- (Gf. Gf.20040430021Gf Gf.2004-043-0021(Gf 2019/ 20040430 Gf.2004043 Gf2004043 Gf.2004-043 (Gf 2004043 Gf.200404 Gf200404 Gf.2004-04 200404 Gf.20040 Gf20040 Gf.2004-0 20040 Gf.2004-

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a fenologia e o desempenho vitícola de diferentes seleções avançadas de videiras resistentes a doenças fúngicas obtidas pelo Instituto Julius Kühn, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof. Oexperimento foi conduzido em três diferentes regiões vitivinícolas do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil,nos municípios de Videira (840 m), São Joaquim (1.110 m) e Curitibanos (1.000 m) durante as safras de 2018/2019 e 2019/ 2020. As seleções avançadas avaliadas foram as tintasGf.2004-043-0010 (Gf.10), Gf.2004-043-0013 (Gf.13), Gf.2004-043-0021(Gf.21) e a branca Gf. 2004-043-0004 (Gf.04). Elas apresentam os alelos de resistência piramidados Rpv1+Rpv3.1 e Run1+Ren3,que conferem resistência ao míldio e ao oídio. Os estádios fenológicosavaliados foram brotação, plena floração, mudança de cor das bagas e maturação. Os componentes de produtividade avaliados foram índice de fertilidade, número de cachos, peso de cachos eprodutividade. Os parâmetros de maturação tecnológica foram sólidos solúveis, acidez total e pH. Para entender a relação entre as variáveis e como o ambiente de cultivo se relacionava com elas, foi utilizado o Índice Multi-Trait Genotype–Ideotype Distance paraclassificar os genótipos com base nas características analisadas. Para a maioria das seleções, abrotação ocorreu na segunda quinzena de setembro; a plena floração ocorreu do final de outubro a meados de novembro; a mudança de cor das bagas ocorreu entre o final de dezembro emeados de janeiro; e a maturidade e a colheita ocorreram entre o final de janeiro efevereiro. A brotação das plantas ocorreu mais precocemente no vinhedo localizado na maior altitude(1.110m - São Joaquim), enquanto a plena floração, a mudança de cor das bagas e amaturidade mais precoce ocorreram no vinhedo de menor altitude (840 m - Videira). Todasas seleções produziram uvas com concentrações adequadas de pH e de acidez total para a produção de vinhos de qualidade. Com exceção do Gf.13, todas as seleções produziram uvascom teores de sólidos solúveis adequados à produção de vinhos de qualidade. Com base noMulti-Trait Genotype–Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI), as seleções Gf.13 e Gf.10 são osgenótipos mais promissores para a região de Videira (840 m), e Gf.10 é o genótipo mais promissor para as regiões de maior altitude, 1.000 m e 1.110 m. Kühn Geilweilerhof Catarina Brasilnos Brasil nos 840 (84 m, , 1110 1 110 (1.11 1000 000 (1.00 20182019 2018 2019 2018/201 2020 tintasGf.20040430010 tintasGf20040430010 tintasGf tintasGf.2004 043 0010 2004 tintasGf.2004-043-001 Gf.10, Gf10 Gf 10 (Gf.10) Gf.20040430013 Gf20040430013 Gf.2004 0013 Gf.2004-043-001 Gf13 13 (Gf.13) Gf.20040430021Gf.21 Gf20040430021Gf21 GfGf 0021 Gf.21 21 Gf.2004-043-0021(Gf.21 20040430004 0004 2004-043-000 Gf.04. Gf04 Gf.04 . 04 (Gf.04) Rpv1Rpv31 RpvRpv Rpv1 Rpv3 Rpv Rpv1+Rpv3. Run1Ren3que RunRenque Run1 Ren3 que Run Ren oídio fertilidade eprodutividade elas MultiTrait Multi Trait GenotypeIdeotype Genotype Ideotype analisadas setembro novembro efevereiro altitude1.110m altitude1110m altitudem 1.110m 110m Joaquim, Joaquim) Videira. Videira) qualidade noMultiTrait noMulti MGIDI, MGIDI (MGIDI) Gf.1 1.00 1.11 84 (8 111 11 (1.1 100 00 (1.0 2018201 201 2018/20 202 20040430010 tintasGf.2004043001 tintasGf2004043001 tintasGf2004 tintasGf.200 001 200 tintasGf.2004-043-00 Gf1 (Gf.10 20040430013 Gf.2004043001 Gf2004043001 Gf2004 Gf.200 Gf.2004-043-00 (Gf.13 20040430021Gf Gf.20040430021Gf.2 Gf20040430021Gf2 002 Gf21 Gf.2 2 Gf.2004-043-0021(Gf.2 2004043000 2004-043-00 Gf0 Gf.0 0 (Gf.04 Rpv1Rpv3 Rpv1+Rpv3 altitude1 1110m (MGIDI 1.0 1.1 8 ( (1. 201820 20 2018/2 2004043001 tintasGf.200404300 tintasGf200404300 tintasGf200 tintasGf.20 tintasGf.2004-043-0 (Gf.1 Gf.200404300 Gf200404300 Gf200 Gf.20 Gf.2004-043-0 Gf.20040430021Gf. Gf20040430021Gf Gf2 Gf.2004-043-0021(Gf. 200404300 2004-043-0 (Gf.0 Rpv1Rpv Rpv1+Rpv 1. (1 20182 2018/ tintasGf.20040430 tintasGf20040430 tintasGf20 tintasGf.2 tintasGf.2004-043- (Gf. Gf.20040430 Gf20040430 Gf20 Gf.2004-043- Gf.20040430021Gf Gf.2004-043-0021(Gf 20040430 2004-043- tintasGf.2004043 tintasGf2004043 tintasGf2 tintasGf. tintasGf.2004-043 (Gf Gf.2004043 Gf2004043 Gf.2004-043 2004043 2004-043 tintasGf.200404 tintasGf200404 tintasGf.2004-04 Gf.200404 Gf200404 Gf.2004-04 200404 2004-04 tintasGf.20040 tintasGf20040 tintasGf.2004-0 Gf.20040 Gf20040 Gf.2004-0 20040 2004-0 tintasGf.2004- Gf.2004- 2004-

Abstract Disease resistance gene pyramiding is a widely used strategy to enhance resistance durability. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) was applied to pyramide the alleles Run1 and Ren3, which confer resistance against grape powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator). Two F1 full-sibs carrying Run1 and Ren3 in heterozygosity were selfed to develop the breeding populations used in the analysis. From the 637 genotyped plants, 313 (50.6%) had the Run1 and Ren3 pyramided. Seven (1.1%) of them exhibited the two resistance alleles in homozygosity. Plants without any resistance alleles had the highest disease severity ( = 7.3), while the ones with the Run1 allele both in homozygosity and heterozygosity were highly resistant ( = 1.5). Similar level of resistance was observed in the plants containing Run1 and Ren3 pyramided ( = 1.3). Plants containing Run1 and Ren3 pyramided in homozygosity are important genetic resources for grape breeding programs in Brazil. durability Markerassisted Marker assisted MAS (MAS Run Ren Erysiphe necator. necator . necator) F fullsibs full sibs analysis 63 31 50.6% 506 50 6 (50.6% 1.1% 11 1 (1.1% 7.3, 73 7.3 , 7 3 7.3) 1.5. 15 1.5 5 1.5) 1.3. 13 1.3 1.3) Brazil 50.6 (50.6 1.1 (1.1 7. 1. 50. (50. (1. (50 (1 (5

RESUMO: O presente estudo teve como objetivos avaliar as fases de desenvolvimento de frutos de feijoa associadas à infestação por Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) e a não preferência por frutos maduros. No primeiro ensaio, foi avaliado a influência dos cinco estágios de desenvolvimento dos frutos de feijoa na infestação por A. fraterculus na cultivar Alcântara. No segundo ensaio, foi avaliado a não preferência de A. fraterculus por frutos maduros das cultivares Alcântara, Helena, Mattos e acesso 2316. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas nos frutos de ambos os ensaios. No segundo ensaio, também foram realizadas análises do índice de polifenóis e concentração de taninos. Frutos de feijoa no estágio I são os prováveis alvos de ataque por A fraterculus. Os frutos do cultivar Alcântara, a partir do estádio II, quando apresentavam 39 mm de diâmetro transversal e sólidos solúveis, apresentaram quatro pupários/fruto. Os frutos da cultivar Alcântara e do acesso 2316 apresentaram maior e menor infestação, respectivamente. Os frutos do acesso 2316 também apresentaram a maior concentração de taninos do que nas três cultivares comerciais testadas, o que pode ter conferido a maior proteção contra infestação por A. fraterculus. Frutos de feijoa das cultivares Alcântara e Mattos apresentaram alta suscetibilidade à infestação por A. fraterculus, o que requer práticas de manejo para garantir a produção comercial.

ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to evaluate the developmental phases of feijoa fruits associated with infestation by Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the nonpreference of fruit flies for ripe fruits of feijoa. Two tests were carried out. In the first trial, we evaluated the association between the developmental stages of feijoa fruits and infestation by A. fraterculus. To accomplish this, fruits at five different stages of development, from green to ripe, were examined from the Alcântara cultivar. In the second trial, we evaluated the nonpreference of A. fraterculus for ripe fruits of Alcântara, Helena, Mattos and access 2316 cultivars. Physicochemical analyses were performed on the fruits of both trials. In the second test, analyses of polyphenol index and tannin concentration were also performed. Feijoa fruits in stage I are the likely targets of attack by A. fraterculus. The fruits of Alcântara cultivar from stage II, with 39 mm of transversal diameter and soluble solids, presented four puparium / fruit. The fruits of Alcântara and access 2316 cultivars showed greater and lesser infestation, respectively. The fruits of access 2316 also showed a higher concentration of tannins compared to the three commercial cultivars tested, which may have conferred the greatest protection against infestation by A. fraterculus. Feijoa fruits from Alcântara and Mattos cultivars showed high susceptibility to infestation by A. fraterculus, requiring management practices to guarantee commercial production.

Abstract Plinia phitrantha and P. cauliflora are Myrtaceae species with recognized horticultural and pharmacological potential. Nevertheless, studies on molecular genetics and the evolution of these species are absent in the literature. In this study, we report the complete plastid genome sequence of these species and an analysis of structural and evolutive features of the plastid genome within the tribe Myrteae. The two plastid genomes present the conserved quadripartite structure and are similar to already reported plastid genomes of Myrteae species concerning the size, number, and order of the genes. A total of 69-70 SSR loci, 353 single nucleotide polymorphisms, and 574 indels were identified in P. phitrantha and P. caulifora. Observed evolutive features of the plastid genomes support the development of programs for the conservation and breeding of Plinia. The phylogenomic analysis based on the complete plastid genome sequence of 15 Myrteae species presented a robust phylogenetic signal and evolutive traits of the tribe. Ten hotspots of nucleotide diversity were identified, evidence of purifying selection was observed in 27 genes, and relative conservation of the plastid genomes was confirmed for Myrteae. Altogether, the outcomes of the present study provide support for planning conservation, breeding, and biotechnological programs for Plinia species.

Resumo Diante da existência de incertezas científicas em relação à segurança dos transgênicos para a saúde humana e considerando o Princípio da Precaução e preceitos constitucionais em vigor, o consumidor deve ter o direito de ser informado de maneira adequada sobre a presença de transgênicos nos alimentos, por meio da rotulagem. Este ensaio tem por objetivo apresentar as implicações acerca da nova proposta de rotulagem de transgênicos no Brasil. A atual legislação brasileira de rotulagem de alimentos transgênicos e agências governamentais envolvidas não garantem que os produtos não identificados como tal sejam livres de transgênicos. A aprovação do PLC nº 34/2015 contraria dispositivos do Código de Defesa do Consumidor, indo na contramão da escolha e autonomia do consumidor. Além disso, a biovigilância será mais ainda inepta a executar uma atividade de identificação e apreensão de produtos que venham causar danos à saúde humana, animal e ao meio ambiente. A mudança proposta representa um retrocesso na regulamentação de rotulagem de transgênicos vigente no Brasil e um desrespeito aos direitos individuais e coletivos previstos na Constituição Federal, no Código de Defesa do Consumidor e em acordos internacionais assinados pelo Brasil.

Abstract Given the uncertainty surrounding the safety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), the precautionary principle and constitution provide that consumers should have the right to access adequate information on the presence of transgenics through food labelling. This article discusses the implications of proposed modifications to GM food labelling in Brazil. Current labelling legislation and the government agencies involved in labelling do not guarantee that food products not bearing GMO labels are free of transgenics. The approval of Chamber of Deputies Bill No. 34/2015 goes against the Consumer Protection Code by undermining consumer autonomy and choice. In addition, it is likely to weaken the country’s biosurveillance capabilities to identify and seize products that have a harmful effect on the health of humans, animals and the environment. The proposed changes constitute a retrograde step in the regulation of food labelling in Brazil and violate the individual and collective rights enshrined in the Federal Constitution, Consumer Protection Code, and international agreements signed by Brazil.

Resumo Diante da existência de incertezas científicas em relação à segurança dos transgênicos para a saúde humana e considerando o Princípio da Precaução e preceitos constitucionais em vigor, o consumidor deve ter o direito de ser informado de maneira adequada sobre a presença de transgênicos nos alimentos, por meio da rotulagem. Este ensaio tem por objetivo apresentar as implicações acerca da nova proposta de rotulagem de transgênicos no Brasil. A atual legislação brasileira de rotulagem de alimentos transgênicos e agências governamentais envolvidas não garantem que os produtos não identificados como tal sejam livres de transgênicos. A aprovação do PLC nº 34/2015 contraria dispositivos do Código de Defesa do Consumidor, indo na contramão da escolha e autonomia do consumidor. Além disso, a biovigilância será mais ainda inepta a executar uma atividade de identificação e apreensão de produtos que venham causar danos à saúde humana, animal e ao meio ambiente. A mudança proposta representa um retrocesso na regulamentação de rotulagem de transgênicos vigente no Brasil e um desrespeito aos direitos individuais e coletivos previstos na Constituição Federal, no Código de Defesa do Consumidor e em acordos internacionais assinados pelo Brasil.

Abstract Given the uncertainty surrounding the safety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), the precautionary principle and constitution provide that consumers should have the right to access adequate information on the presence of transgenics through food labelling. This article discusses the implications of proposed modifications to GM food labelling in Brazil. Current labelling legislation and the government agencies involved in labelling do not guarantee that food products not bearing GMO labels are free of transgenics. The approval of Chamber of Deputies Bill No. 34/2015 goes against the Consumer Protection Code by undermining consumer autonomy and choice. In addition, it is likely to weaken the country’s biosurveillance capabilities to identify and seize products that have a harmful effect on the health of humans, animals and the environment. The proposed changes constitute a retrograde step in the regulation of food labelling in Brazil and violate the individual and collective rights enshrined in the Federal Constitution, Consumer Protection Code, and international agreements signed by Brazil.

ABSTRACT Scale insects Stigmacoccus paranaensis (Foldi, 2006) associated with bracatinga trees (Mimosa scabrella) in Santa Catarina, Brazil, can play an important economic role and guarantee the production of “bracatinga honeydew honey”. This scale insect has the ability to excrete large amounts of honeydew, of economic importance for beekeepers, especially due to the natural occurrence of host plants at high density, known as “bracatingais”. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the honeydew produced by scale insects associated with M. scabrella in the Bom Retiro, Santa Catarina, Brazil. We determined the density of the host plant in the studied area, the intensity of infestation by scale insects, and the volume and sugar concentration of excreted honeydew. The average density of bracatinga was 437.5 individuals ha-1, and the average density of scale insects per plant was 8,287. During 10 minutes, the average rate of honeydew excretion by scale insects was 0.45 µl and 0.34 µl, respectively, in 2002 and 2004. The estimated volume of honeydew production was 0.54 L in 2002 and 0.41 L in 2004 tree-1 day-1. The highest sugar concentration was observed in 2004 (28.13%). The excretion rate was affected by climatological factors and the size of the insects. This is the first study presenting a systematic evaluation of honeydew production by scale insects in Southern Brazil. The results of the present study support production of honeydew honey in the Serra Catarinense region as an important sustainable economic and traditional activity.

RESUMO: Famílias camponesas preservaram a tradição do cultivo das variedades crioulas de milho estimuladas por características que os híbridos não apresentam. Sendo, o maior desafio para a conservação da diversidade genética in situ on farm evitar o fluxo gênico e a introgressão genética de trangenes nas variedades crioulas. Nesse sentido, os agricultores são obrigados a alterar épocas de semeadura para garantir isolamento temporal uma vez que a maioria das áreas é pequena inviabilizando o isolamento no espaço. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de variedades crioulas de milho em sistema de base agroecológica submetidas às diferentes épocas e densidades de semeadura. No ensaio conduzido em parcelas sub-sub-divididas, a parcela principal foi representada pela época, a sub-parcela pelo genótipo e a sub-sub-parcela pela densidade, com três repetições, por dois anos consecutivos. Os resultados demostraram efeito de época e densidade de semeadura nas características avaliadas. É possível indicar que a época mais adequada para semeadura de variedades crioulas de milho em sistema de base agroecológica é em setembro para o oeste de Santa Catarina, sendo que para essa época as variedades expressaram maior potencial de produtividade de grãos na faixa de densidade de 45000 a 50000 pl.ha-1 , mas não impedirá a contaminação por transgene.

ABSTRACT: Family farmers preserve the tradition of cultivating maize landrace varieties because these plants have characteristics that hybrids lack. The greatest challenge in conserving in situ on-farm genetic diversity is avoiding gene flow and genetic introgression of transgenes to landrace varieties. Thus, farmers are obliged to change sowing times to guarantee temporal isolation since most farms are small, making spatial isolation impossible. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the behavior of maize landrace varieties submitted to different sowing times and densities in an agroecological system. The test was conducted in sub-sub-divided plots, where the main plot was represented by the sowing time, the sub-plot by the genotype, and the sub-sub-plot by the density, with three replications, for two consecutive years. The results demonstrate the effect of sowing time and density on the characteristics evaluated. In western Santa Catarina, the best time to sow seeds of maize landrace varieties in an agroecological system is in September, which is when the varieties expressed the greatest potential at densities from 45,000 to 50,000 pl.ha-1 , but it will not avoid transgene contamination.

ABSTRACT Producing high-quality seeds for agroecological agriculture is needed because the plants will be exposed to a diversity of environments and management practices. Sowing times and population densities can influence the quality of seeds produced by landraces. Further, seeds for agroecological cultivation must not be contaminated by transgenes. In this context, it is necessary to know the agronomic performance of landraces outside of the recommended growing period to avoid gene flow with transgenic cultivars. Thus, the objective of this work was to determine the germination rate, vigor and sanitary quality of seeds of maize genotypes cultivated in an agroecological system at different sowing times and densities. A split-split-plot design was used in the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 growing seasons. The physiological quality evaluation was based on germination and vigor tests, and the sanitary quality was obtained by visually examining the seeds. The results showed a significant simple effect of genotype, sowing time and density, as well as double and triple interactions among factors for all evaluated traits. The most suitable time for sowing the corn landraces evaluated in an agroecological system in western Santa Catarina is September, when the seeds exhibited the highest percentage of germination and vigor and there was a lower incidence of pathogens. At this time, a density of 55,000 plants·ha–1 had the best result for germination. Late sowing was tested to avoid gene flow from transgenic varieties that usually are sown in September, but the results indicated penalties, such as a decrease in seed yield and quality.

Abstract Plastomes are very informative structures for comparative phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses. We sequenced and analyzed the complete plastome of Campomanesia xanthocarpa and compared its gene order, structure, and evolutionary characteristics within Myrtaceae. Analyzing 48 species of Myrtaceae, we identified six genes representing ‘hotspots’ of variability within the plastomes (ycf2, atpA, rpoC2, pcbE, ndhH and rps16), and performed phylogenetic analyses based on: (i) the ycf2 gene, (ii) all the six genes identified as ‘hotspots’ of variability, and (iii) the genes identified as ‘hotspots’ of variability, except the ycf2 gene. The structure, gene order, and gene content of the C. xanthocarpa plastome are similar to other Myrtaceae species. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the ycf2 gene as a promissing region for barcoding within this family, having also a robust phylogenetic signal. The synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates and the Ka/Ks ratio revealed low values for the ycf2 gene among C. xanthocarpa and the other 47 analyzed species of Myrtaceae, with moderate purifying selection acting on this gene. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis of the whole plastomes produced phylogenetic trees supporting the monophyly of three Myrtaceae tribes. The findings of this study provide support for planning conservation, breeding, and biotechnological programs for this species.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a temperatura base mínima (Tb) e a temperatura base máxima (TB), para predizer o requerimento térmico de seis estágios fenológicos de acessos de feijoa (Acca sellowiana). Durante dez safras não sequenciais (2004 a 2017), 247 acessos, mantidos no Banco Ativo de Germoplasma, em São Joaquim, no estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, tiveram seus dados registrados quanto a: início de brotação (IB), início de floração (IF), fim de floração (FF), início de colheita (IC) e fim de colheita (FC). A Tb e a TB foram estimadas pelo método de mínima variabilidade de Arnold, e os requerimentos térmicos foram obtidos pelo método de Ometto. Os valores de Tb a 7,76°C e TB a 17,0°C foram necessários quando as plantas de feijoa começaram a crescer (estágio IB), logo após o inverno; e Tb a 10,6°C e TB a 19,5°C foram os valores calculados de IB até IC. A brotação dos acessos iniciou-se em meados de setembro (50,6%); a floração ocorreu predominantemente em novembro (90%); e a colheita iniciou-se em março, tendo-se estendido até maio. São necessários cerca de 176 dias, com 1.014,4 graus-dia, para completar o ciclo produtivo desde IB até IC. Os acessos de feijoa de maturação precoce, intermediária e tardia apresentam diferentes exigências de requerimento térmico.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to identify the minimum base temperature (Tb) and the maximum base temperature (TB) to predict the thermal time for six phenological stages of feijoa (Acca sellowiana) accessions. During ten noncontinuous harvests (2004 to 2017), 247 feijoa accessions, maintained in the Feijoa Active Germplasm Bank, in São Joaquim, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, had their data recorded for: initial sprouting (IS), initial flowering (IF), end of flowering (EF), beginning of harvest (BH), and end of harvest (EH). Tb and TB were estimated by the Arnold’s method of least variability, and the TT requirements were obtained by Ometto’s method. Tb at 7.76°C and TB at 17.0°C were necessary when feijoa plants started growing (IS stage) just after winter; and Tb at 10.6°C and TB at 19.5°C were the calculated values from IS until BH. The budding stage of the accessions began in the mid-September (50.6%); flowering occurred predominantly in November (90%); and harvest began in March and lasted until May. About 176 days, with 1,014.4 growing degree-days, are necessary to complete the productive cycle from IS until BH. The early, intermediary, and late fruit-ripening accessions show different thermal time requirements.

Abstract MON810 is a genetically-modified (GM) maize (Zea mays) event commonly employed in insect-resistant GM maize hybrids. GM events obtained by biolistic transformation methods, such as MON810, are generated by insertion of a recombinant gene expression cassette in a random locus of the plant genome, and this process may cause emergent properties besides the intended modification. Here, we compared morphophysiological parameters of MON810 GM maize hybrid AG-5011YG and its non-GM near-isogenic hybrid (NIH) AG-5011, using in vitro cultures as an interactive model. NIH callogenesis frequency, callus friability, and de novo morphogenesis were compared using two explant types and different 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) levels. 2,4-D modulated the morphophysiological responses of both NIHs, but when using root segments as explants, the GM showed significantly different trends for callus induction and friability, with lower responses at higher 2,4-D concentrations, indicating an emergent property related to altered cell response to 2,4-D.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi o emprego da seleção assistida por marcadores moleculares para piramidação dos locos de resistência Rpv1 e Rpv3.1, em videira (Vitis vinifera), e avaliar o nível de resistência conferido por eles contra isolados brasileiros de míldio (Plasmopara viticola). Uma progênie de 23 plantas, com segregação para os dois locos de resistência, foi obtida do cruzamento entre os genótipos Gf2000-305-122 e Gf.Ga-52-42. A progênie foi genotipada com quatro marcadores microssatélites e fenotipada, quanto à resistência a P. viticola, em discos foliares. A análise molecular identificou seis plantas com os locos Rpv1 e Rpv3.1 piramidados. Plantas com os locos Rpv1 + Rpv3.1, Rpv3.1 e Rpv1 apresentaram 12,8, 30,0 e 33,1 esporangióforos por disco foliar, respectivamente. As plantas sem locos de resistência tiveram esporulação densa. A análise fenotípica da expressão dos dois locos piramidados foi confirmada somente para quatro plantas que mostraram o maior nível de resistência, isto é, média de 1,8 esporangióforos. Desenvolveu-se uma metodologia de alto rendimento para a piramidação dos locos Rpv1 e Rpv3.1, que confirmou o aumento da resistência a P. viticola. O material genético superior selecionado apresenta alta resistência ao míldio e elevado potencial enológico para o melhoramento da videira no Brasil.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to use a marker-assisted selection for pyramiding the resistance loci Rpv1 and Rpv3.1 in grapevine (Vitis vinifera), and to evaluate their conferred resistance against Brazilian downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) isolates. A progeny of 23 plants, segregating for the two resistance loci, was obtained by the cross between the Gf 2000-305-122 and Gf.Ga-52-42 genotypes. The progeny was genotyped with four microsatellite markers and phenotyped for resistance to P. viticola using a bioassay with leaf discs. Six plants containing the Rpv1 and Rpv3.1 pyramided loci were identified by the molecular analysis. Plants harboring the Rpv1 + Rpv3.1, Rpv3.1, and Rpv1 loci showed 12.8, 30.0, and 33.1 sporangiophores per leaf disc, respectively. Plants with no resistance loci showed a dense sporulation. The phenotypic analysis of the expression of the two pyramided loci was only confirmed for four plants that showed the highest resistance level, i.e., mean value of 1.8 sporangiophores. A high-throughput method for pyramiding the Rpv1 and Rpv3.1 loci was developed, which confirmed the increased resistance to P. viticola. The selected elite genetic material shows a high resistance to downy mildew and elevated enological potential for grapevine breeding in Brazil.

Resumo O artigo apresenta uma história do uso e da percepção dos agrotóxicos no estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, entre as décadas de 1950 e 2000. As fontes primárias utilizadas foram diversificadas, como boletins técnicos, relatórios governamentais, censos agropecuários, notícias de jornais, dados do centro estadual de informações toxicológicas e entrevista com um técnico de referência no setor. Verificou-se que o uso e a percepção dos agrotóxicos passaram por diferentes fases em Santa Catarina, o que também ocorreu em outros lugares, e que as atitudes mudaram tanto devido às experiências individuais de técnicos e agricultores, como também pela influência do contexto cultural mais amplo da circulação das ideias ambientalistas a partir dos anos 1980.

Abstract The article presents a history of the use and perception of pesticides in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, between 1950 and 2002. A variety of primary sources were used, including technical newsletters, government reports, agricultural censuses, newspaper articles, data from the state center for toxicological information, and an interview with a key technician from the field. It was found that the use and perception of pesticides passed through different phases in Santa Catarina, much as in other places, with changes in attitude prompted both by the personal experiences of technicians and farmers and by the influence of the broader cultural context and circulation of environmentalist ideas starting in the 1980s.

RESUMO Estudos fenotípicos com frutas silvestres são importantes fontes de informação para entendimento do estado de conservação das espécies vegetais, sobretudo em populações de plantas em áreas protegidas. Frutos de 18 populações de goiabeira-serrana [Acca sellowiana (O. Berg.) Burret], internacionalmente denominada de feijoa, presentes em Comunidades Quilombolas (QLs), Terras Indígenas (TIs) e em Unidades de Conservação (UCs) foram avaliados, com o objetivo de caracterizar variabilidade fenotípica. Os frutos foram coletados na maturação, e oito características foram avaliadas: diâmetro, comprimento e peso do fruto, peso da casca, peso de polpa, espessura da casca, rendimento de polpa e teor de sólidos solúveis totais (°Brix). Os resultados revelaram a existência de significativa variabilidade morfológica para todas as características avaliadas, havendo diferenças significativas entre todas as populações e entre as - agrupadas em QLs, TIs e UCs, em especial para o peso total e a espessura da casca. Houve clara formação de cinco grupos principais de dissimilaridade, com separação de duas populações para o tipo Uruguai e 16 para tipo Brasil. O fato da ocorrência da menor variabilidade nos frutos encontrado em plantas de áreas de povos tradicionais, sugere a existência de processos de seleção de genótipos da goiabeira-serrana nestas áreas.

ABSTRACT Phenotypic studies with native fruits are important sources of information for understanding the status of conservation of plant species, especially populations in protected areas (PAs). Fruits of 18 populations of feijoa [Acca sellowiana (O. Berg.) Burret] present in three kind of PAs, Quilombolas Communities (QLs), Indigenous Lands (ILs) and Conservation Units (CUs) were evaluated with the aim to characterize the phenotypic variability. Fruits were harvested at maturity and eight morphological descriptors were measured: diameter, length, total weight, pericarp weight, pulp weight, pericarp thickness, pulp yield and solid soluble contents (°Brix). The results revealed the existence of large morphological variability for all traits, with significant differences among all populations and among those populations grouped in QLs, TIs and UCs, particularly to the total weight and peel thickness. There was a clear formation of five major clusters of genetic dissimilarity. In addition, two Uruguayan type populations and 16 Brazilian type populations showed contrast means for most of the evaluated traits. The lower variability on fruit characters found in plants collected in areas of traditional people but not in CUs suggests the existence of selection processes of feijoa genotypes on those areas.