Key points Pregnancy places a metabolic overload on the maternal thyroid, especially in the first trimester, mainly because of the demand imposed by the conceptus. The fetal thyroid becomes functionally mature only around pregnancy week 20. Until then, the fetus depends on the transfer of maternal thyroid hormones (THs). Thyroid hormones are essential for the adequate fetal neurofunctional and cognitive development. Hypothyroidism brings higher risks of obstetric and fetal complications, namely, first-trimester miscarriage, preeclampsia and gestational hypertension, placental abruption, prematurity, low birth weight, and higher perinatal morbidity and mortality. Primary hypothyroidism (involvement of the gland with difficulty in producing and/or releasing TH) is the most common form of disease presentation, with the main etiology of Hashimoto's thyroiditis of autoimmune origin. In about 85%-90% of cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, antithyroid antibodies are present; the antithyroperoxidase (ATPO) is the most frequent. Positivity for ATPO is determined when circulating values exceed the upper limit of the laboratory reference. It implies greater risks of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. Such a correlation occurs even in ranges of maternal euthyroidism. The critical point for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism during pregnancy is an elevation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The measurement of free thyroxine (FT4) differentiates between subclinical and overt hypothyroidism. In subclinical hypothyroidism, FT4 is within the normal range, whereas in overt hypothyroidism, FT4 values are below the lower limit of the laboratory reference. Treatment of hypothyroidism is performed with levothyroxine (LT4) replacement with the aim of achieving adequate TSH levels for pregnancy. Some women have a previous diagnosis of hypothyroidism, and may or may not be compensated at the beginning of pregnancy. Even in compensated cases, the increase in LT4 dose is necessary as soon as possible. In the postpartum period, adjustment of the LT4 dose depends on the condition of previous disease, on the positivity for ATPO, and also on the value of LT4 in use at the end of pregnancy. Recommendations In places with full technical and financial conditions, TSH testing should be performed for all pregnant women (universal screening) as early as possible, ideally at the beginning of the first trimester or even in preconception planning. In places with less access to laboratory tests, screening is reserved for cases with greater risk factors for decompensation, namely: previous thyroidectomy or radioiodine therapy, type 1 diabetes mellitus or other autoimmune diseases, presence of goiter, previous history of hypo or hyperthyroidism or previous ATPO positivity. The TSH dosage should be repeated throughout pregnancy only in these cases. The diagnosis of hypothyroidism is made from the TSH value > 4.0 mIU/L. Pregnant women with previous hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism diagnosed during pregnancy or those with the above-mentioned higher risk factors for decompensation should be referred for risk antenatal care, preferably in conjunction with the endocrinologist. Overt hypothyroidism in pregnancy is identified when TSH > 10 mIU/L, and treatment with LT4 is readily recommended at an initial dose of 2 mcg/kg/day. TSH values > 4.0 mUI/L and ≤ 10.0 mUI/L require FT4 measurement with two diagnostic possibilities: overt hypothyroidism when FT4 levels are below the lower limit of the laboratory reference, or subclinical hypothyroidism when FT4 levels are normal. The treatment for subclinical hypothyroidism is LT4 at an initial dose of 1 mcg/kg/day, and the dose should be doubled upon diagnosis of overt hypothyroidism. In cases of TSH > 2.5 and ≤ 4.0 mIU/L, if there are complete conditions, ATPO should be measured. If positive (above the upper limit of normal), treatment with LT4 at a dose of 50 mcg/day is indicated. If conditions are not complete, the repetition of the TSH dosage should be done only for cases at higher risk. In these cases, treatment with LT4 will be established when TSH > 4.0 mIU/L at a dose of 1 mcg/kg/day; if needed, the dose can be adjusted after FT4 evaluation. Women with previous hypothyroidism should have their LT4 dose adjusted to achieve TSH < 2.5 mIU/L at preconception. As soon as they become pregnant, they need a 30% increase in LT4 as early as possible. In practice, they should double the usual dose on two days a week. Levothyroxine should be given 30-60 minutes before breakfast or three hours or more after the last meal. Concomitant intake with ferrous sulfate, calcium carbonate, aluminum hydroxide and sucralfate should be avoided. The target of LT4 therapy during pregnancy is to achieve a TSH value < 2.5 mIU/L. Once the therapy is started, monthly control must be performed until the mentioned goal is reached. In the postpartum period, women with previous disease should resume the preconception dose. Cases diagnosed during pregnancy in use of LT4 ≤ 50 mcg/day may have the medication suspended. The others should reduce the current dose by 25% to 50% and repeat the TSH measurement in six weeks. Cases of ATPO positivity are at higher risk of developing postpartum thyroiditis and de-escalation of LT4 should be performed as explained. conceptus 20 then THs. THs . (THs) development complications namely firsttrimester miscarriage hypertension abruption prematurity weight mortality involvement andor TH presentation Hashimotos Hashimoto s origin 85%90% 8590 85% 90% 85 90 85%-90 present (ATPO frequent reference maternalfetal outcomes euthyroidism thyroidstimulating stimulating TSH. (TSH) FT (FT4 range LT (LT4 possible period universal planning tests diseases goiter 40 4 0 4. mIUL mIU L abovementioned above care endocrinologist mcgkgday mcg kg day mcg/kg/day mUIL mUI 100 10. possibilities 25 5 2. measured normal, , normal) mcgday indicated needed evaluation 30 practice 3060 60 30-6 meal sulfate carbonate avoided started reached suspended weeks deescalation de escalation explained (THs 85%90 859 8 9 85%-9 (TSH (FT (LT 3 306 6 30- 85%9 85%-

OBJETIVOS: Estudar a relação entre o volume de líquido amniótico e o perfil glicêmico em gestantes com Diabetes mellitus tipo 1 e tipo 2 acompanhadas em ambulatório especializado e multidisciplinar. MÉTODOS: Este estudo observacional foi realizado entre janeiro de 2001 e dezembro de 2004. Os critérios de inclusão adotados foram: gestação única, diagnóstico de Diabetes mellitus pré-gestacional, início do pré-natal antes da 26ª semana, ausência de anomalias fetais. Foram excluídos os casos em que o recém-nascido apresentou-se pequeno para a idade gestacional. O índice de líquido amniótico (ILA) foi avaliado semanalmente a partir da 27ª semana de gestação até o parto e comparado com o perfil glicêmico da semana precedente ao exame ultrassonográfico. O perfil glicêmico foi analisado pela média glicêmica. A correlação entre o perfil glicêmico e ILA foi analisada pelo índice de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Foram estudadas 60 gestantes, perfazendo um total de 659 correlações entre o ILA e o perfil glicêmico. Em nenhuma idade gestacional estudada houve correlação entre o ILA e o perfil glicêmico. No grupo com ILA <18 cm a média glicêmica foi de 103,7 mg/dl (13,69) e no grupo com ILA > 18 cm a média glicêmica foi de 103,67 mg/dl (DP=11,46), não apresentando diferença significativa. CONCLUSÃO: Em gestantes diabéticas tipo 1 e 2, com tratamento padronizado e controle rigoroso metabólico, não houve relação entre o ILA e o perfil glicêmico materno no terceiro trimestre de gestação.

BACKGROUND: to study the relation between amniotic fluid volume and glycemic control in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2, followed in a specialized multidisciplinary prenatal care service. METHODS: This descriptive study was performed between January 2001 and December 2004. Inclusion criteria were: simple pregnancy, diagnosis of pregestational diabetes, beginning of prenatal care before the 26th week and absence of fetal anomaly. Cases with newborns small for gestational age were excluded. The amniotic fluid index (AFI) was measured weekly, beginning at the 27th week of gestation and continued until delivery and the maternal glycemic profile was obtained a week before ultrasound assessment. This profile consisted of the glycemic level averages and percentages of the abnormal high values. Correlation between the glycemic profile and the AFI was shown by the Spearman correlation test. RESULTS: Sixty pregnant women were assessed and 659 correlations between the AFI and glycemic profile were obtained. No correlation was observed in any of the gestational weeks studied. The mean glycemic value was 103.69 mg/dl (SD=13.69) in the group with AFI £18 cm, and the 103.67 mg/dl (SD=11.46) in the group with AFI < 18 cm and no significant difference was detected. CONCLUSION: This study showed no correlation between AFI and maternal glycemic profile during the third trimester in type 1 and 2 diabetic pregnant women, undergoing standardized treatment and rigorous metabolic control.

OBJETIVOS: Comparar aspiração manual intra-uterina (AMIU) com curetagem uterina (D&C) em abortamentos no primeiro trimestre no que se refere a eficiência para eliminar restos ovulares do método de aspiração manual intra-uterina com a dilatação e curetagem, ocorrência de complicações (perfuração uterina, laceração cervical, hemorragia pós-tratamento), tempo duração dos procedimentos e tempo de internação das pacientes. MÉTODOS: Cinqüenta pacientes no grupo AMIU e 50 pacientes no grupo D&C foram incluídas prospectivamente de maneira aleatória. Critérios de inclusão: abortamento espontâneo, idade gestacional de até 13 semanas, colo pérvio, espessura endometrial maior que 15 mm, estado afebril, hemoglobina superior a 10 g/dl. Amostras sangüíneas foram colhidas antes e após os procedimentos cirúrgicos para controle dos níveis de hemoglobina; anestesia foi realizada em todos os casos. O tempo para realização de cada procedimento cirúrgico foi cronometrado. RESULTADOS: Os grupos eram semelhantes quanto à idade gestacional (9,93±2,40; 9,73±2,58, p 0,71), espessura endometrial antes da cirurgia (22,14±4,80; 22,68±5,68, p 0,65). Não foram observadas complicações cirúrgicas ou anestésicas em nenhum grupo. Os tempos de realização do procedimento e internação foram significativamente menores nas pacientes do grupo AMIU (3,71; 10,18 min, p < 0,001) (14,18; 23,06 h, p 0,03). O decréscimo nos níveis de hemoglobina após o procedimento cirúrgico foi maior no grupo D&C (p= 0,02). CONCLUSÃO: A AMIU possibilita menor perda sangüínea, requer menor tempo de realização do procedimento e menor tempo de internação hospitalar. Entretanto, ambos os procedimentos cirúrgicos mostraram-se eficientes para o tratamento de abortamentos incompletos no primeiro trimestre da gestação, não havendo complicações após a realização dos tratamentos.

OBJECTIVES: To compare manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) and uterine curettage (D&C) for first trimester abortions, in terms of the efficiency of eliminating ovular remnants, frequency of complications, duration of the procedure, and duration of patients' hospitalization. METHODS: In a prospective study, 50 patients in the MVA group and 50 in the D&C group were randomly included. Inclusion criteria were: spontaneous abortion, gestational age less than 13 weeks, patent cervix, endometrial thickness >15 mm, afebrile state, and hemoglobin >10 g/dl. Blood samples were collected before and after surgical procedures for control of hemoglobin levels. Anesthesia was performed in all cases. The time required for each surgical procedure was recorded. RESULTS: Groups were similar regarding gestational age (9.93 ± 2.40 vs 9.73 ± 2.58 weeks; p = 0.71) and endometrial thickness before surgery (22.14 ± 4.80 vs 22.68 ± 5.68 mm; p = 0.65). There were no surgical or anesthetic complications in either group. Durations of the procedure and of hospitalization were significantly shorter in the MVA group (3.71 vs 10.18 min, p < 0.001, and 14.18 vs 23.06 h, p = 0.03, respectively). Decrease of hemoglobin levels was greater after the surgical procedure in the D&C group (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: MVA caused less blood loss, was less time consuming, and resulted in shorter hospitalization. However, both surgical procedures were found to be efficient for treatment of incomplete abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, with no complications after both treatments.

OBJETIVO: verificar os padrões da freqüência cardíaca de fetos grandes para a idade gestacional (GIG), em gestantes com diabete melito pré-gestacional. MÉTODOS: sessenta e quatro gestantes diabéticas pré-gestacionais foram avaliadas semanalmente quanto à vitalidade fetal. Os critérios de inclusão foram: diagnóstico pré-gestacional de diabetes melito, gestação única, feto vivo, ausência de anomalia fetal e cardiotocografia computadorizada realizada na 37ª semana. Os critérios de exclusão foram: diagnóstico pós-natal de anomalia fetal e parto não realizado na instituição. Os padrões da freqüência cardíaca fetal (FCF) foram investigados pela cardiotocografia computadorizada (Sistema-8002 Sonicaid). Os parâmetros foram analisados de acordo com a classificação pela adequação do peso do recém-nascido em GIG (acima do percentil 90 para a idade gestacional). Os parâmetros cardiotocográficos incluíram: FCF basal, acelerações, episódios de alta variação, episódios de baixa variação e variação de curto prazo. RESULTADOS: do total, 42 pacientes preencheram os critérios propostos. Houve 10 recém-nascidos GIG (23,8%). A cardiotocografia apresentou resultado normal em todos os casos. As acelerações da FCF (superiores a 15 bpm) estavam presentes em 7 (70%) dos casos GIG e em 29 (90,6%) dos casos não GIG (p=0,135). A freqüência dessas acelerações foi maior no grupo não GIG (1,5±1,3 acelerações/10 min) quando comparado ao grupo GIG (0,8±0,9 acelerações/10 min, p=0,04, teste de Mann-Whitney). Os episódios de alta variação foram detectados em todos os casos. A média da variação nesses episódios foi diferente no grupo GIG (16,2±2,5 bpm) quando comparado ao não GIG (19,7±4,2 bpm, p=0,02, teste de Mann-Whitney). CONCLUSÕES: os padrões da FCF verificados em fetos não GIG (maior freqüência de acelerações e a maior variação da FCF em episódios de alta variação) refletem parâmetros comumente analisados pela cardiotocografia tradicional na higidez fetal. Esse fato sugere a existência de padrões indicativos de melhor condição de oxigenação dos fetos menos comprometidos pelos efeitos do diabetes na gravidez.

PURPOSE: to verify the fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns of large for gestational age (LGA) fetuses in pregnancies at term complicated by pregestational diabetes. METHODS: fetal surveillance was performed weekly in 64 fetuses of mothers with pregestational diabetes. Inclusion criteria were: diagnosis of pregestational diabetes mellitus, single pregnancy, alive fetus, absence of fetal anomalies, and computerized cardiotocography performed at the 37th week of gestation. Exclusion criteria included: postnatal diagnosis of fetal anomalies and delivery not performed at the local hospital. The FHR patterns were studied with computerized cardiotocography and the parameters were analyzed according to a fetal weight as LGA (birth weight above percentile 90). The cardiotocography parameters included: basal FHR, episodes of high variation, episodes of low variation, and short-term variation. RESULTS: forty-two patients fulfilled the proposed criteria. Ten (23.8%) newborns were LGA. Normal criteria were met in all performed examinations. FHR accelerations (above 15 bpm) were present in 7 (70%) LGA cases and in 29 (90.6%) non-LGA (p=0.135). Accelerations were more frequent in the non-LGA group (1.5±1.3 accelerations/10 min) when compared to LGA group (0.8±0.9 accelerations/10min, p=0.04, Mann-Whitney test). The high variation episodes were detected in all cases. The mean FHR variation in these episodes was different in the LGA group (16.2±2.5 bpm) when compared to the non-LGA group (19.7±4.2 bpm, p=0.02, Mann-Whitney test). CONCLUSION: the FHR patterns of non-LGA (higher frequency of accelerations and higher FHR variation in the high variation episodes) reflect parameters commonly analyzed by traditional cardiotocography of a healthy fetus. This fact appears to confirm the patterns of better oxygen supply to the fetuses less compromised by diabetes in pregnancy.

Neste artigo, os autores analisam os mais recentes avanços no tratamento do diabetes gestacional, enfatizando pontos importantes na abordagem terapêutica: dieta, exercícios, controle glicêmico, utilização da insulina, assim como a utilização de hipoglicemiantes orais. O artigo traz propostas atuais para o tratamento do diabetes melito gestacional bem como ressaltar suas peculiaridades quanto patologia clínico-obstétrica.

The authors go review recent advanes in the treatment of gestational diabetes, giving emphasis to the peculiarities of this both clinical and obstetric disease. The covered topics covered include diet, exercise, metabolic control, insulin therapy and new therapeutic approaches, such as the use of oral hipoglycaemic agents.

Objetivos: estabelecer parâmetros dos testes de vitalidade fetal em gestações com diabete melito pré-gestacional que se correlacionam com a ocorrência de recém-nascidos (RN) grandes para idade gestacional (GIG). Métodos: entre março de 1999 e junho de 2001, 46 gestações simples sem malformações com diabete melito pré-gestacional foram acompanhadas prospectivamente e foram realizados semanalmente, a partir da 28ª semana: perfil biofísico fetal (PBF), índice de líquido amniótico (ILA) e dopplervelocimetria das artérias umbilical e cerebral média. Os RN foram classificados como GIG quando apresentavam peso superior ao percentil 90. Testes estatísticos: teste exato de Fisher e t de Student. Resultados: a média da idade gestacional no nascimento foi de 37,6 semanas e 15 RN foram GIG (32,6%). Os resultados do ILA demonstraram média significativamente superior nos casos com RN GIG, nas semanas: 32ª (16,5 cm, p=0,02), 33ª (16,7 cm, p=0,03), 34ª (17,0 cm, p=0,02), 35ª (17,9 cm, p=0,000), 36ª (15,8 cm, p=0,03) e 37ª (17,5 cm, p=0,003). Nos RN não GIG, os resultados do ILA demonstraram as seguintes médias: 13,5 cm (32ª semanas), 13,1 cm (33ª semanas), 13,4 cm (34ª semanas), 12,8 cm (35ª semanas), 12,5 cm (36ª semanas) e 12,8 cm (37ª semanas). Constatou-se associação significativa entre a ocorrência de valores superiores ou iguais a 18,0 cm no ILA e RN GIG, nas semanas: 34ª (60%, p=0,03), 35ª (71,4%, p=0,01), 36ª (80%, p=0,02) e 37ª (66,7%, p=0,04). Nos RN não GIG, verificou-se que as proporções de casos com ILA de valor superior ou igual a 18,0 cm, por semana, foram: 40,0% (34ª semana), 28,6% (35ª semana), 20,0% (36ª semana) e 33,3% (37ª semana). Conclusões: as alterações do ILA, principalmente aqueles superiores a 18,0 cm, estão relacionadas ao RN GIG. A terapêutica materna deve ser ajustada para que se obtenha o melhor resultado possível para o binômio mãe-feto, de acordo com os valores do ILA calculado durante a gestação.

Purpose: to study fetal surveillance examinations in pregnancies complicated by pregestational diabetes mellitus, and to correlate them with large for gestational age (LGA) newborns. Methods: Between March 1999 and June 2001, 46 singleton pregnancies with pregestational diabetes mellitus without fetal anomalies were followed prospectively. From the 28th gestational week on, the following examinations were performed weekly: fetal biophysical profile, amniotic fluid index (AFI), and dopplervelocimetry of umbilical and middle cerebral arteries. The newborns with birthweight above the 90th percentile according to local standard values were characterized as LGA infants. Fisher's exact test and Student's t test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean gestational age at delivery was 37.6 weeks and 15 (32.6%) newborns were LGA. LGA fetuses showed significant increase in the AFI mean performed in the 32nd (16.5 cm, p=0.02), 33rd (16.7 cm, p=0.03), 34th (17.0 cm, p=0.02), 35th (17.9 cm, p=0.000), 36th (15.8 cm, p=0.03) and 37th (17.5 cm, p=0.003) weeks. Non-LGA fetuses presented the following mean AFI values: 13.5cm (32nd week), 13.1cm (33th week), 13.4 (34th week), 12.8 (35th week), 12.5 (36th week) and 12.8cm (37th week). AFI values equal to or above 18.0 cm were associated with the occurrence of LGA infants, when detected at the following gestational ages: 34th (60%, p=0.03), 35th (71.4%, p=0.01), 36th (80%, p=0.02) and 37th (66.7%, p=0.04) week. Non-LGA infants presented the following proportion of AFI values equal to or above 18.0 cm: 40.0% (34th week), 28.6% (35th week), 20.0% (36th week), and 33.3% (37th week). Conclusions: abnormal increase in AFI, mainly with values equal to or above 18.0 cm, is related to LGA infants at delivery. The maternal treatment should be adjusted to achieve the best result for maternal-fetal control, according to the AFI values during pregnancy.