ABSTRACT Introduction: Due to Brazilian population aging, prevalence of aortic stenosis, and limited number of scores in literature, it is essential to develop risk scores adapted to our reality and created in the specific context of this disease. Methods: This is an observational historical cohort study with analysis of 802 aortic stenosis patients who underwent valve replacement at Hospital São Lucas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, from 1996 to 2018. With the aid of logistic regression, a weighted risk score was constructed based on the magnitude of the coeficients β of the logistic equation. Two performance statistics were obtained: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and the chi-square (χ2) of Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit with Pearson’s correlation coeficient between the observed events and predicted as a model calibration estimate. Results: The risk predictors that composed the score were valve replacement surgery combined with coronary artery bypass grafting, prior renal failure, New York Heart Association class III/IV heart failure, age > 70 years, and ejection fraction < 50%. The receiver operating characteristic curve area was 0.77 (95% confidence interval: 0.72-0.82); regarding the model calibration estimated between observed/predicted mortality, Hosmer-Lemeshow test χ2 = 3,70 (P=0.594) and Pearson’s coeficient r = 0.98 (P<0.001). Conclusion: We propose the creation of a simple score, adapted to the Brazilian reality, with good performance and which can be validated in other institutions. Introduction aging literature disease Methods 80 Lucas Sul 199 2018 regression equation obtained chisquare chi square χ (χ2 HosmerLemeshow Hosmer Lemeshow goodnessoffit goodness fit Pearsons Pearson s estimate Results grafting failure IIIIV III IV 7 years 50 50% 077 0 77 0.7 95% 95 (95 interval 0.720.82 072082 0.72 0.82 72 82 0.72-0.82) observedpredicted mortality 370 3 3,7 P=0.594 P0594 P 594 (P=0.594 098 98 0.9 P<0.001. P0001 P<0.001 . 001 (P<0.001) Conclusion institutions 8 19 201 (χ 5 07 0. 9 (9 720 0.720.8 07208 072 082 0.8 0.72-0.82 37 3, P=0.59 P059 59 (P=0.59 09 P000 P<0.00 00 (P<0.001 1 20 ( 0.720. 0720 08 0.72-0.8 P=0.5 P05 (P=0.5 P00 P<0.0 (P<0.00 2 0.720 0.72-0. P=0. P0 (P=0. P<0. (P<0.0 0.72-0 P=0 (P=0 P<0 (P<0. 0.72- P= (P= P< (P<0 (P (P<

ABSTRACT Introduction: Due to Brazilian population aging, prevalence of aortic stenosis, and limited number of scores in literature, it is essential to develop risk scores adapted to our reality and created in the specific context of this disease. Methods: This is an observational historical cohort study with analysis of 802 aortic stenosis patients who underwent valve replacement at Hospital São Lucas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, from 1996 to 2018. With the aid of logistic regression, a weighted risk score was constructed based on the magnitude of the coeficients β of the logistic equation. Two performance statistics were obtained: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and the chi-square (χ2) of Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit with Pearson’s correlation coeficient between the observed events and predicted as a model calibration estimate. Results: The risk predictors that composed the score were valve replacement surgery combined with coronary artery bypass grafting, prior renal failure, New York Heart Association class III/IV heart failure, age > 70 years, and ejection fraction < 50%. The receiver operating characteristic curve area was 0.77 (95% confidence interval: 0.72-0.82); regarding the model calibration estimated between observed/predicted mortality, Hosmer-Lemeshow test χ2 = 3,70 (P=0.594) and Pearson’s coeficient r = 0.98 (P<0.001). Conclusion: We propose the creation of a simple score, adapted to the Brazilian reality, with good performance and which can be validated in other institutions.

Abstract Introduction: Stroke is a complication that causes considerable morbidity and mortality during the heart surgery postoperative period (incidence: 1.3 to 5%; mortality: 13 to 41%). Models for assessing the risk of stroke after heart surgery have been proposed, but most of them do not evaluate postoperative morbidity. The aim of this study was to develop a risk score for postoperative stroke in patients who undergo heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: A cohort study was conducted with data from 4,862 patients who underwent surgery from 1996 to 2016. Logistic regression was used to assess relationships between risk factors and stroke. Data from 3,258 patients were used to construct the model. The model’s performance was then validated using data from the remainder of the patients (n=1,604). The model’s accuracy was tested using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: The prevalence of stroke during the postoperative period was 3% (n=149); 59% of the patients who exhibited this outcome were male, 51% were aged ≥ 66 years, and 31.5% of the patients died. The variables that remained as independent predictors of the outcome after multivariate analysis were advanced age, urgent/emergency surgery, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, history of cerebrovascular disease, and cardiopulmonary bypass time ≥ 110 minutes. The area under the ROC curve was 0.71 (95% confidence interval 0.66 - 0.75). Conclusion: We were able to develop a risk score for stroke after heart surgery. This score classifies patients as low, medium, high, or very high risk of a surgery-related stroke.

Abstract Background Prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) after cardiac surgery imposes a significant burden on the patient in terms of morbidity and financial hospital costs. Objective To develop a risk score model to predict prolonged MV in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. Methods This was a historical cohort study of 4165 adult patients undergoing CABG between January 1996 and December 2016. MV for periods ≥ 12 hours was considered prolonged. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between risk predictors and prolonged MV. The variables were scored according to the odds ratio. To build the risk score, the database was randomly divided into 2 parts: development data set (2/3) with 2746 patients and internal validation data set (1/3) with 1419 patients. The final score was validated in the total database and the model's accuracy was tested by performance statistics. Significance was established at p < 0.05. Results Prolonged MV was observed in 783 (18.8%) patients. Predictors of risk were age ≥ 65 years, urgent/emergency surgery, body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiopulmonary bypass time ≥ 120 minutes. The area under the ROC curve was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.64-0.68; p<0.001), the Hosmer-Lemeshow chi-square test was χ2: 3.38 (p=0.642), and Pearson's correlation was r = 0.99 (p<0.001), indicating the model’s satisfactory ability to predict the occurrence of prolonged MV. Conclusion Selected variables allowed the construction of a simplified risk score for daily practice, which may classify the patients as having low, moderate, high, and very high risk. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0

ResumoFundamento:Ainda é desafiador prever a mortalidade de pacientes que se submetem ao TAVI (sigla do inglês Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation).Objetivos:Avaliar o desempenho de cinco escores de risco para cirurgia cardíaca em prever mortalidade em 30 dias de pacientes inscritos no Registro Brasileiro de TAVI.Métodos:O Registro Multicêntrico Brasileiro inscreveu prospectivamente 418 pacientes submetidos ao TAVI em 18 centros entre 2008 e 2013. Os seguintes escores cirúrgicos foram usados para calcular o risco de mortalidade no período de 30 dias: EuroSCORE I (ESI) logístico, EuroSCORE II (ESII), STS Score (STS), Ambler Score (AS) e Guaragna Score (GS). O desempenho dos escores de risco foram avaliados através de sua calibração (teste Hosmer-Lemeshow) e discriminação [área sob a curva (AUC) do inglês receiver-operating characteristic curve)].Resultados:A idade média foi de 81,5 ± 7,7 anos. A prótese aórtica CoreValve (Medtronic) foi usada em 86,1% da coorte e a abordagem transfemural usada em 96,2%. A mortalidade observada no período de 30 dias foi de 9,1%. A mortalidade no período de 30 dias prevista pelos escores foi: ESI, 20,2 ± 13,8%; ESII, 6,5 ± 13,8%; STS, 14,7 ± 4,4%; AS, 7,0 ± 3,8%; GS, 17,3 ± 10,8%. Nenhum dos escores testados com a AUC foi capaz de prever a mortalidade no período de 30 dias de forma precisa. As AUC para os escores foram: 0,58 [95% de intervalo de confiança (IC): 0,49 a 0,68, p = 0,09] para ESI; 0,54 (IC de 95%: 0,44 a 0,64, p = 0,42) para ESII; 0,57 (IC de 95%: 0,47 a 0,67, p = 0,16) para AS; 0,48 (IC de 95%: 0,38 a 0,57, p = 0,68) para STS e 0,52 (IC de 95%: 0,42 a 0,62, p = 0,64) para GS. O teste Hosmer-Lemeshow indicou uma calibração aceitável para todos os escores (p > 0,05).Conclusões:Neste registro brasileiro de mundo real, os escores de risco cirúrgico foram imprecisos para prever a mortalidade após o TAVI. São necessários modelos de risco desenvolvidos especificamente para o TAVI.

AbstractBackground:Predicting mortality in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) remains a challenge.Objectives:To evaluate the performance of 5 risk scores for cardiac surgery in predicting the 30-day mortality among patients of the Brazilian Registry of TAVI.Methods:The Brazilian Multicenter Registry prospectively enrolled 418 patients undergoing TAVI in 18 centers between 2008 and 2013. The 30-day mortality risk was calculated using the following surgical scores: the logistic EuroSCORE I (ESI), EuroSCORE II (ESII), Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score, Ambler score (AS) and Guaragna score (GS). The performance of the risk scores was evaluated in terms of their calibration (Hosmer–Lemeshow test) and discrimination [area under the receiver–operating characteristic curve (AUC)].Results:The mean age was 81.5 ± 7.7 years. The CoreValve (Medtronic) was used in 86.1% of the cohort, and the transfemoral approach was used in 96.2%. The observed 30-day mortality was 9.1%. The 30-day mortality predicted by the scores was as follows: ESI, 20.2 ± 13.8%; ESII, 6.5 ± 13.8%; STS score, 14.7 ± 4.4%; AS, 7.0 ± 3.8%; GS, 17.3 ± 10.8%. Using AUC, none of the tested scores could accurately predict the 30-day mortality. AUC for the scores was as follows: 0.58 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49 to 0.68, p = 0.09] for ESI; 0.54 (95% CI: 0.44 to 0.64, p = 0.42) for ESII; 0.57 (95% CI: 0.47 to 0.67, p = 0.16) for AS; 0.48 (95% IC: 0.38 to 0.57, p = 0.68) for STS score; and 0.52 (95% CI: 0.42 to 0.62, p = 0.64) for GS. The Hosmer–Lemeshow test indicated acceptable calibration for all scores (p > 0.05).Conclusions:In this real world Brazilian registry, the surgical risk scores were inaccurate in predicting mortality after TAVI. Risk models specifically developed for TAVI are required.

ResumoIntrodução:Os distúrbios do sistema de condução cardíaca são frequentes no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. Majoritariamente reversíveis, estão associados com alguma injúria do tecido de condução, causada pela própria cardiopatia isquêmica ou por fatores perioperatórios.Objetivo:Primário: investigar a associação entre fatores perioperatórios com o surgimento de bloqueio atrioventricular no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. Secundários: determinar a necessidade de estimulação cardíaca artificial temporária e de marca-passo definitivo no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio e seu impacto na permanência e na mortalidade hospitalar.Métodos:Análise de Coorte retrospectiva de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, do banco de dados da unidade de Pós-Operatório de Cirurgia Cardíaca do Hospital São Lucas da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, pelo método de regressão logística.Resultados:No período de janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 2012, foram realizadas 3532 cirurgias de revascularização do miocárdio. Duzentos e oitenta e oito (8,15%) pacientes apresentaram bloqueio atrioventricular durante o pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, necessitando de estimulação cardíaca artificial temporária. Oito dos que apresentaram bloqueio atrioventricular evoluíram para implante de marcapasso definitivo (0,23% do total da amostra). A análise multivariada evidenciou associação significativa de bloqueio atrioventricular com idade acima de 60 anos (OR=2,34; IC 95% 1,75-3,12; P<0,0001), sexo feminino (OR=1,37; IC 95% 1,06-1,77; P=0,015), doença renal crônica (OR=2,05; IC 95% 1,49-2,81; P<0,0001), fibrilação atrial (OR=2,06; IC 95% 1,16-3,66; P=0,014), classe funcional III e IV da New York Heart Association (OR=1,43; IC 95% 1,03-1,98; P=0,031), infarto agudo do miocárdio perioperatório (OR=1,70; IC 95% 1,26-2,29; P<0,0001) e com o uso do balão intra-aórtico no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (OR=1,92; IC 95% 1,21-3,05; P=0,006). A presença de bloqueio atrioventricular acarretou um aumento significativo da mortalidade (17,9% vs. 7,3% nos que não desenvolveram bloqueio atrioventricular) (OR=2,09; IC 95% 1,46-2,99; P<0,0001) e um tempo mais prolongado de permanência hospitalar (12,75 dias vs. 10,53 dias nos que não desenvolveram bloqueio atrioventricular) (OR=1,01; IC 95% 1,00-1,02; P=0,01).Conclusão:O bloqueio atrioventricular, no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, é, na maioria dos casos, transitório, sendo associado a diversos fatores perioperatórios: idade acima de 60 anos, sexo feminino, doença renal crônica, fibrilação atrial, classe funcional III e IV da New York Heart Association, infarto agudo do miocárdio perioperatório e uso do balão intra-aórtico. Sua ocorrência prolonga a internação hospitalar e, sobretudo, duplica o risco de mortalidade.

AbstractIntroduction:Disturbances of the cardiac conduction system are frequent in the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass surgery. They are mostly reversible and associated with some injury of the conduction tissue, caused by the ischemic heart disease itself or by perioperative factors.Objective:Primary: investigate the association between perioperative factors and the emergence of atrioventricular block in the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass surgery. Secondary: determine the need for temporary pacing and of a permanent pacemaker in the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass surgery and the impact on hospital stay and hospital mortality.Methods:Analysis of a retrospective cohort of patients submitted to coronary artery bypass surgery from the database of the Postoperative Heart Surgery Unit of the Sao Lucas Hospital of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, using the logistic regression method.Results:In the period from January 1996 to December 2012, 3532 coronary artery bypass surgery were carried out. Two hundred and eighty-eight (8.15% of the total sample) patients had atrioventricular block during the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass surgery, requiring temporary pacing. Eight of those who had atrioventricular block progressed to implantation of a permanent pacemaker (0.23% of the total sample). Multivariate analysis revealed a significant association of atrioventricular block with age above 60 years (OR=2.34; CI 95% 1.75-3.12; P<0.0001), female gender (OR=1.37; CI 95% 1.06-1.77; P=0.015), chronic kidney disease (OR=2.05; CI 95% 1.49-2.81; P<0.0001), atrial fibrillation (OR=2.06; CI 95% 1.16-3.66; P=0.014), functional class III and IV of the New York Heart Association (OR=1.43; CI 95% 1.03-1.98; P=0.031), perioperative acute myocardial infarction (OR=1.70; CI 95% 1.26-2.29; P<0.0001) and with the use of the intra-aortic balloon in the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass surgery (OR=1.92; CI 95% 1.21-3.05; P=0.006). The presence of atrioventricular block resulted in a significant increase in mortality (17.9% vs. 7.3% in those who did not develop atrioventricular block) (OR=2.09; CI 95% 1.46-2.99; P<0.0001) and a longer hospital stay (12.75 days x 10.53 days for those who didn't develop atrioventricular block) (OR=1.01; CI 95% 1.00-1.02; P=0.01).Conclusions:In most cases, atrioventricular block in the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass surgery is transient and associated with several perioperative factors: age above 60 years, female sex, chronic kidney disease, atrial fibrillation, New York Heart Association functional class III or IV, perioperative acute myocardial infarction and use of an intra-aortic balloon. Its occurrence prolongs hospitalization and, above all, doubles the risk of mortality.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar os preditores de risco relacionados ao desenvolvimento de acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes que realizaram cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos: Estudo de coorte histórico. Incluímos 4626 pacientes com idade > 18 anos submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, cirurgia cardíaca valvar isolada ou cirurgia valvar associada com revascularização do miocárdio, de janeiro de 1996 e dezembro de 2011. A relação entre os preditores de risco e o acidente vascular cerebral foi avaliada por modelo de regressão logística com nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: A incidência de acidente vascular cerebral foi 3% na amostra total. A análise multivariada identificou como preditores de risco para o acidente vascular cerebral: idade 50-65 anos (OR=2,11 - 95% IC 1,05-4,23 - P=0,036) e idade > 66 anos (OR=3,22 - 95% IC 1,6-6,47 - P=0,001), cirurgia de urgência/emergência (OR=2,03 - 95% IC 1,20-3,45 - P=0,008), valvulopatia aórtica (OR=2,32 - 95% IC 1,18-4,56 - P=0,014), fibrilação atrial (OR=1,88 - 95% IC 1,05-3,34 - P=0,032), doença arterial obstrutiva periférica (OR=1,81 - 95% IC 1,13-2,92 - P=0,014), história de doença cerebrovascular (OR=3,42 - 95% IC 2,19-5,35 - P<0,001) e tempo de circulação extracorpórea >110 minutos (OR=1,71 - 95% IC 1,16-2,53 - P=0,007). A mortalidade foi 31,9% nos pacientes que sofreram AVC e 8,5% nos sem AVC (OR=5,06 - 95% IC 3,5-7,33 - P<0,001). Conclusão: Idade, cirurgia de urgência/emergência, doença de valva aórtica, história de fibrilação atrial, doença arterial obstrutiva periférica, história de doença cerebrovascular e tempo de circulação extracorpórea > 110 minutos foram preditores independentes para o desenvolvimento de AVC intra-hospitalar, em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca.

Objective: To determine the risk factors related to the development of stroke in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: A historical cohort study. We included 4626 patients aged > 18 years who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery, heart valve replacement surgery alone or heart valve surgery combined with coronary artery bypass grafting between January 1996 and December 2011. The relationship between risk predictors and stroke was assessed by logistic regression model with a significance level of 0.05. Results: The incidence of stroke was 3% in the overall sample. After logistic regression, the following risk predictors for stroke were found: age 50-65 years (OR=2.11 - 95% CI 1.05-4.23 - P=0.036) and age >66 years (OR=3.22 - 95% CI 1.6-6.47 - P=0.001), urgent and emergency surgery (OR=2.03 - 95% CI 1.20-3.45 - P=0.008), aortic valve disease (OR=2.32 - 95% CI 1.18-4.56 - P=0.014), history of atrial fibrillation (OR=1.88 - 95% CI 1.05-3.34 - P=0.032), peripheral artery disease (OR=1.81 - 95% CI 1.13-2.92 - P=0.014), history of cerebrovascular disease (OR=3.42 - 95% CI 2.19-5.35 - P<0.001) and cardiopulmonary bypass time > 110 minutes (OR=1.71 - 95% CI 1.16-2.53 - P=0.007). Mortality was 31.9% in the stroke group and 8.5% in the control group (OR=5.06 - 95% CI 3.5-7.33 - P<0.001). Conclusion: The study identified the following risk predictors for stroke after cardiac surgery: age, urgent and emergency surgery, aortic valve disease, history of atrial fibrillation, peripheral artery disease, history of cerebrovascular disease and cardiopulmonary bypass time > 110 minutes.

FUNDAMENTO: Os inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) reduzem o risco de óbito, infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) e acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) em portadores de doença coronariana. No entanto, não há consenso quanto à sua indicação em pacientes que serão submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre uso pré-operatório de IECA e eventos clínicos após realização da CRM. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo. Foram incluídos dados de 3.139 pacientes consecutivos submetidos à CRM isolada em hospital terciário brasileiro, entre janeiro de 1996 e dezembro de 2009. O seguimento dos pacientes foi realizado até a alta hospitalar ou óbito. Desfechos clínicos no pós-operatório foram analisados entre os usuários e os não-usuários de IECA no pré-operatório. RESULTADOS: Cinquenta e dois por cento (1.635) dos pacientes receberam IECA no pré-operatório. O uso de IECA foi preditor independente da necessidade de suporte inotrópico (RC 1,24, IC 1,01-1,47; P=0,01), de insuficiência renal aguda (IRA, RC 1,23, IC 1,01-1,73; P=0,04) e de evolução para fibrilação atrial (FA, RC 1,32, IC 1,02-1,7; P=0,03) no pós-operatório. A mortalidade entre os pacientes que receberam ou não IECA no pré-operatório foi semelhante (10,3 vs. 9,4%, P=0,436), bem como a incidência de IAM e AVE (15,6 vs. 15,0%, P=0,694 e 3,4 vs. 3,5%, P=0,963, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: O uso pré-operatório de IECA foi associado a maior necessidade de suporte inotrópico e maior incidência de IRA e FA no pós-operatório, não estando associado ao aumento das taxas de IAM, AVE ou óbito

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors reduce the chance of death, myocardial infarction (MI) and cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in patients with coronary disease. However there is no consensus as to its indication in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between preoperative use of ACE inhibitors and clinical outcomes after CABG. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. We included data from 3,139 consecutive patients undergoing isolated CABG in Brazilian tertiary care hospital between January 1996 and December 2009. Follow-up was until discharge or death. Clinical outcomes after surgery were analyzed between users and nonusers of ACE inhibitors preoperatively. RESULTS: Fifty-two percent (n=1,635) of patients received ACE inhibitors preoperatively. The use of ACE inhibitors was an independent predictor of need for inotropic support (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.47, P = 0.01), acute renal failure (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.73, P = 0.04) and progression to atrial fibrillation (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.7, P = 0.03) postoperatively. The mortality rate among patients receiving or not preoperative ACE inhibitors was similar (10.3% vs. 9.4%, P = 0.436), as well as the incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke (15.6% vs. 15.0%, P = 0.694 and 3.4% vs. 3.5%, P = 0.963, respectively). CONCLUSION: The use of preoperative ACE inhibitors was associated with increased need for inotropic support and higher incidence of acute renal failure and postoperative atrial fibrillation, not associated with increased rates of myocardial infarction, stroke or death

INTRODUÇÃO: Distúrbios do sistema de condução cardíaco são complicações potenciais e conhecidas dos procedimentos de cirurgia cardíaca valvar. OBJETIVOS: Investigar a associação entre fatores peri-operatórios com bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV) e a necessidade de estimulação cardíaca artificial temporária (ECAT) e, se necessário, implante de marcapasso definitivo no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca (POCC) valvar. MÉTODOS: Coorte histórica de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca valvar, sendo realizada análise de banco de dados por regressão logística. RESULTADOS: No período de janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 2008, foram realizadas 1102 cirurgias cardíacas valvares: 718 (65,2%) na valva aórtica e 407 (36,9%) na valva mitral; destas, 190 (17,2%) cirurgias de revascularização miocárdica associadas à cirurgia valvar e 23 (2,1%) cirurgias valvares combinadas (aórtica+mitral). Cento e oitenta e sete (17%) pacientes apresentaram quadro clínico e eletrocardiográfico de BAV durante o POCC valvar, necessitando de ECAT. Quatorze (7,5%) pacientes evoluíram para implante de marcapasso definitivo (1,27% do total da amostra). A análise multivariada evidenciou associação significativa de BAV com cirurgia de valva mitral (OR=1,76; IC 95% 1,08-2,37; P=0,002), implante de prótese biológica (OR=1,59; IC 95% 1,02-3,91; P= 0,039), idade maior que 60 anos (OR = 1,99; IC 95% 1,35-2,85; P<0,001), uso prévio de medicações antiarrítmicas (propafenona e amiodarona) (OR = 1,86; IC 95% 1,04-3,14; P=0,026) e uso prévio de betabloqueador (OR = 1,76; IC 95% 1,25-2,54; P=0,002). Embora a presença do BAV e necessidade de ECAT não tenham se associado a aumento de mortalidade, prolongaram a permanência hospitalar significativamente (P<0,0001) e, portanto, o consumo de recursos hospitalares. CONCLUSÃO: Esse estudo evidencia um conjunto de fatores preditivos potenciais a um perfil de pacientes que determinam alto risco de bloqueio atrioventricular e necessidade de estimulação cardíaca artificial temporária no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca valvar

INTRODUCTION: Disturbances of the cardiac conduction system are potential complications after cardiac valve surgery. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to investigate the association between perioperative factors and atrio-ventricular block, the need for temporary cardiac artificial pacing and, if necessary, permanent pacemaker implantation after cardiac valve surgery. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the Cardiac Surgery Database - Hospital São Lucas/PUCRS. The data are collected prospectively and analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Between January 1996 and December 2008 were included 1102 valve surgical procedures: 718 aortic valves (65.2%), 407 (36.9%) mitral valve and 190 (17.2%) coronar artery bypass grafting combined with valve repair and 23 (2.1%) aortic and mitral combined surgery. 187 patients (17%) showed clinical and electrocardiographic pattern of atrio-ventricular block requiring artificial temporary pacing. Of these, 14 patients (7.5%) required permanent pacemaker implantation (1.27% of the total valve surgery patients). Multivariate analysis showed association of the incidence of atrio-ventricular block and temporary pacing with mitral valve surgery (OR 1,76; CI 95% 1.08-2.37; P=0.002), implantation of bioprosthetic devices (OR 1.59; CI 95% 1.02-3.91; P=0,039), age over 60 years (OR 1.99; CI 95% 1.352.85; P<0.001), prior use of anti-arrhythmic drugs (OR 1.86; CI 95% 1.04-3.14; P=0.026) and previous use of b-blocker (OR 1.76; CI 95% 1.25-2.54; P=0.002). Remarkably the presence of atrio-ventricular block did not significantly show association with increased mortality, but significantly prolonged (P<0.0001) hospital length-of-stay and, therefore, hospital costs. CONCLUSIONS: Our study presents a group of predictive factors referring to a specific patient profile by which high risk of atrio-ventricular block and the need of temporary cardiac pacing after cardiac valve surgery it is determined

OBJETIVOS: Analisar o impacto da hemotransfusão sanguínea na incidência de desfechos clínicos no pós-operatório (PO) de cirurgias cardíacas. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva. Foram analisados 4.028 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM), troca valvar (TV) ou ambas, em hospital terciário universitário brasileiro, entre 1996 e 2009. Foram comparadas as complicações no PO entre os pacientes hemotransfundidos (n=916) e não-hemotransfundidos (n=3112). Foi realizada análise univariada através do teste t de Student, e análise multivariada com o uso de regressão logística Bivariada (Stepwise Forward). Foram consideradas significativas as variáveis com P<0,05. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes que receberam hemotransfusão apresentaram mais episódios infecciosos como mediastinite (4,9% vs. 2,2%, P<0,001), infecção respiratória (27,8% vs 17,1%, P<0,001), e sepse (6,2% vs. 2,5%, P<0,001). Ocorreram mais episódios de fibrilação atrial (FA) (27% vs. 20,4%, P<0,001), insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) (14,5% vs. 7,3%, P<0,001) e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) (4,8% vs. 2,6%, P=0,001). O tempo de internação hospitalar no PO foi maior nos transfundidos (13±12,07 dias vs. 9,72±7,66 dias, P<0,001). Porém, a mortalidade não apresentou diferença entre os grupos (10,9% vs. 9,1%, P=0,112). A transfusão mostrou-se como fator de risco para: infecção respiratória (OR: 1,91; IC95%: 1,59-2,29; P<0,001), FA (OR:1,35; IC95%: 1,13-1,61; P=0,01), sepse (OR: 2,08; IC95%: 1,4-3,07; P<0,001), mediastinite (OR: 2,14; IC95%: 1,43-3,21; P<0,001), AVC (OR: 1,63; IC95%: 1,1-2,41; P=0,014) e IRA (OR: 1,8; IC95%: 1,39-2,33; P<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A hemotransfusão está associada ao aumento do risco de eventos infecciosos, episódios de FA, IRA e AVC, bem como aumentou o tempo de permanência hospitalar, mas não a mortalidade.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the impact of blood transfusion on the incidence of clinical outcomes postoperatively (PO) from cardiac surgery. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. We analyzed 4028 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve (TV), or both, in Brazilian tertiary university hospital between 1996 and 2009. We compared the postoperative complications between patients with blood transfusion (n = 916) and non-blood transfusion (n = 3112). Univariate analysis was performed using the Student t test, and multivariate logistic regression bivariate (stepwise forward). Were considered significant variables with P <0.05. RESULTS: Patients who received blood transfusions had more infectious episodes as mediastinitis (4.9% vs. 2.2%, P <0.001), respiratory infection (27.8% vs 17.1%, P <0.001) and sepsis (6.2% vs. 2.5%, P <0.001). There were more episodes of atrial fibrillation (AF) (27% vs. 20.4%, P <0.001), acute renal failure (ARF) (14.5% vs 7.3%, P <0.001) and stroke (4.8% vs. 2.6%, P = 0.001). The length of PO hospital stay was higher in transfused (13 ± 12.07 days vs. 9.72 ± 7.66 days, P <0.001). However, mortality didn't differ between groups (10.9% vs. 9.1%, P = 0.112). The transfusion was shown to be a risk factor for: respiratory infection (OR: 1.91, 95% CI 1.59-2.29, P <0.001), AF (OR: 1.35, 95% CI 1.13-1.61, P = 0.01), sepsis (OR: 2.08, 95% CI 1.4-3.07, P <0.001), mediastinitis (OR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.43-3.21, P <0.001), stroke (OR: 1.63, 95% CI 1.1-2.41, P = 0.014) and ARF (OR 1.8, 95% CI: 1.39-2.33, P <0.001). CONCLUSION: The blood transfusion is associated with increased risk of infectious events, episodes of AF, ARF and stroke, as well as the increased length of hospital stay but not mortality.

INTRODUÇÃO: Escores para avaliação de risco cirúrgico em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica são amplamente utilizados. OBJETIVO: Construir um escore capaz de predizer mortalidade em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. MÉTODOS: No período entre janeiro de 1996 e dezembro de 2007, foram coletados dados de 2809 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica no Hospital São Lucas da PUC-RS. Em cerca de 2/3 da amostra (n=1875), foi construído o escore, após análises uni e multivariada. No restante (n=934), o escore foi validado. O escore final foi construído com a amostra total, utilizando as mesmas variáveis (n=2809). A acurácia do modelo foi testada utilizando-se a área sob a curva ROC. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi 61,3 ± 10,1 anos (desvio padrão) e 34% eram mulheres. Os fatores de risco identificados como preditores independentes de mortalidade cirúrgica e utilizados para montagem do escore (parênteses) foram: idade > 60 anos (2), sexo feminino (2), vasculopatia extracardíaca (2), insuficiência cardíaca classe funcional III e IV (3), fração de ejeção < 45% (2), fibrilação atrial (2), doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (3), estenose aórtica (3), creatinina 1,5-2,4 (2), creatinina > 2,5 ou diálise (4) e cirurgia de emergência/urgência (16). A área sob a curva ROC obtida foi de 0,86 (IC 0,81-0,9). CONCLUSÃO: O escore desenvolvido por meio de variáveis clínicas de fácil obtenção (idade, sexo, vasculopatia extracardíaca, classe funcional, fração de ejeção, fibrilação atrial, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, estenose aórtica, creatinina e cirurgia de emergência/urgência) mostrou-se capaz de predizer mortalidade em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica no nosso Hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Scores to predict surgical risk in patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery are broadly used. OBJECTIVE: To develop a score capable to predict mortality in patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery. METHODS: From January 1996 to December 2007, data were collected from 2809 patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery at PUC-RS São Lucas Hospital. In 2/3 of the sample (n=1875), the score was developed, after uni and mutivariated analyses. In the remaining 1/3 (n =934) the score was validated. The final score was developed with the total sample, using the same variables (n=2809). The accuracy of the model was tested using the area under the ROC curve. RESULTS: The mean age was 61.3 ±10.1 years and 34% were women. The risk factors identified as independent predictors of surgical mortality and used for score development (parentheses) were: age > 60 years (2), female (2), extracardiac vasculopathy (2), heart failure functional class III and IV (3), ejection fraction<45% (2), atrial fibrillation (2), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3), aortic stenosis (3), creatinine 1.5-2.4 (2), creatinine > 2.5 or dialysis (4), emergency/urgency surgery (16). The area obtained under the ROC curve was 0.86 (CI 0.81-0.9). CONCLUSION: The score developed, using clinical variables easy to obtain (age, sex, extracardiac vasculopathy, functional class, ejection fraction, atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aortic stenosis, creatinine and emergency/urgency surgery) showed capability to predict mortality in patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery in our Hospital.

INTRODUÇÃO: A mediastinite é uma grave complicação do pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, com prevalência de 0,4 a 5% e mortalidade entre 14 e 47%. Vários modelos foram propostos para avaliar risco de mediastinite após cirurgia cardíaca. OBJETIVO: Desenvolver um modelo de escore de risco para prever mediastinite em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. MÉTODOS: A amostra do estudo inclui dados de 2.809 pacientes adultos que realizaram cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, entre janeiro de 1996 e dezembro de 2007, no Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS. Regressão logística foi usada para examinar a relação entre fatores de risco e o desenvolvimento de mediastinite. Dados de 1.889 pacientes foram usados para desenvolver o modelo e seu desempenho foi avaliado nos dados restantes (n=920). O modelo final foi criado com a análise dos dados de 2.809 pacientes. RESULTADOS: O índice de mediastinite foi de 3,3%, com mortalidade de 26,6%. Na análise multivariada, cinco variáveis permaneceram preditores independentes para o desfecho: doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, obesidade, reintervenção cirúrgica, politransfusão no pós-operatório e angina estável classe IV ou instável. A área sob a curva ROC foi 0,72 (IC 95%, 0,67-0,78) e P = 0,61. CONCLUSÃO: O escore de risco foi construído para uso na prática diária para calcular o índice de mediastinite após cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. O escore inclui variáveis coletadas rotineiramente e de fácil utilização.

INTRODUCTION: The mediastinitis is a serious postoperative complication of cardiac surgery, with an incidence of 0.4 to 5% and mortality between 14 and 47%. Several models were proposed to assess risk of mediastinitis after cardiac surgery. However, most of these models do not evaluate the postoperative morbidity. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to develop a score risk model to predict the risk of mediastinitis for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: The study sample included data from 2,809 adult patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting between January 1996 and December 2007 at Hospital São Lucas -PUCRS. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between risk factors and the development of mediastinitis. Data from 1,889 patients were used to develop the model and its performance was evaluated in the remaining data (n=920). The definitive model was created with the data analisys of 2,809 patients. RESULTS: The rate of mediastinitis was 3.3%, with mortality of 26.6%. In the multivariate analysis, five variables remained independent predictors of the outcome: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, surgical reintervention, blood transfusion and stable angina class IV or unstable. The area under the ROC curve was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.67-0.78) and P = 0.61. CONCLUSION: The risk score was constructed for use in daily practice to calculate the rate of mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass grafting. The score includes routinely collected variables and is simple to use.

FUNDAMENTO: Estabelecer escore de risco para cirurgias cardíacas permite avaliar risco pré-operatório, informar o paciente e definir cuidados durante a intervenção. OBJETIVO: Pesquisar fatores de risco pré-operatórios para óbito em cirurgia cardíaca valvar e construir um modelo de risco simples (escore) para mortalidade hospitalar para os pacientes candidatos à cirurgia no Hospital São Lucas da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS). MÉTODOS: A amostra do estudo inclui 1.086 pacientes adultos que realizaram cirurgia cardíaca valvar entre Janeiro de 1996 a Dezembro de 2007 no HSL-PUCRS. Regressão logística foi usada para identificar fatores de risco e mortalidade hospitalar. O modelo foi desenvolvido em 699 pacientes e seu desempenho foi testado nos dados restantes (n = 387). O modelo final foi criado com a análise da amostra total (n = 1.086). RESULTADOS: A mortalidade global foi 11,8%: 8,8% casos eletivos e 63,8% cirurgia de emergência. Na análise multivariada, 9 variáveis permaneceram preditores independentes para o desfecho: idade avançada, prioridade cirúrgica, sexo feminino, fração de ejeção < 45%, cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM) concomitante, hipertensão pulmonar, classe funcional III ou IV da NYHA, creatinina (1,5 a 2,49 mg/dl e > 2,5 mg/dl ou diálise). A área sob a curva ROC foi 0,83 (IC: 95%, 0,78 - 0,86). O modelo de risco mostrou boa habilidade para mortalidade observada/prevista: teste Hosmer-Lemeshow foi x² = 5,61; p = 0,691 e r = 0,98 (coeficiente de Pearson). CONCLUSÃO: As variáveis preditoras de mortalidade hospitalar permitiram construir um escore de risco simplificado para a prática diária, que classifica o paciente de baixo, médio, elevado, muito elevado e extremamente elevado risco pré-operatório.

BACKGROUND: To establish a risk score for heart surgery allows the assessment of preoperative risk, informing the patient and defining care during the intervention. OBJECTIVE: To assess preoperative risk factors for death in cardiac valve surgery and construct a simple risk model (score) for in-hospital mortality of patients candidate to surgery at Hospital São Lucas of Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS). METHODS: The study sample included 1,086 adult patients that underwent cardiac valve surgery between January 1996 and December 2007 at HSL-PUCRS. Logistic regression was used to identify risk and in-hospital mortality factors. The model was developed in 699 patients and its performance was tested in the remaining data (n = 387). The final model was created using the total study sample (n = 1,086). RESULTS: Global mortality was 11.8%: 8.8% of elective cases and 63.8% of emergency cases. At the multivariate analysis, 9 variables remained independent predictors for the outcome: advanced age, surgical priority, female sex, ejection fraction < 45%, concomitant myocardial revascularization (CABG), pulmonary hypertension, NYHA functional class III or IV, creatinine levels (1.5 to 2.49 mg/dl and > 2.5 mg/dl or undergoing dialysis). The area under the ROC curve was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.78-0.86). The risk model showed good capacity for observed/predicted mortality: the Hosmer-Lemeshow test was x² = 5.61; p = 0.691 and r = 0.98 (Pearson's coefficient). CONCLUSION: The variables predictive of in-hospital mortality allowed the construction of a simplified risk score for daily practice, which classifies the patient as having low, moderate, high, very high and extremely high preoperative risk.

FUNDAMENTO: Establecer un escore de riesgo para cirugías cardiacas permite evaluar el riesgo preoperatorio, informar al paciente y definir cuidados durante la intervención. OBJETIVO: Investigar factores de riesgo preoperatorios de muerte en cirugía cardiaca valvular y construir un modelo de riesgo simple (escore) para mortalidad hospitalaria para los pacientes candidatos a cirugía en el Hospital São Lucas de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS). MÉTODOS: La muestra del estudio incluyó 1.086 pacientes adultos a los que se realizó cirugía cardiaca valvular entre enero de 1996 y diciembre de 2007 en el HSL-PUCRS. Para identificar factores de riesgo y mortalidad hospitalaria se utilizó regresión logística. El modelo fue desarrollado en 699 pacientes y se probó su desempeño en los datos restantes (n = 387). El modelo final fue creado con el análisis de la muestra total (n = 1.086). RESULTADOS: La mortalidad global fue del 11,8%: un 8,8% de casos electivos y un 63,8% de cirugía de emergencia. En el análisis multivariado, 9 variables permanecieron como predictores independientes para el desenlace: edad avanzada, prioridad quirúrgica, sexo femenino, fracción de eyección < 45%, cirugía de revascularización miocárdica (CRM) concomitante, hipertensión pulmonar, clase funcional III o IV de la NYHA, creatinina (1,5 - 2,49 mg/dl y > 2,5 mg/dl o diálisis). El área bajo la curva ROC fue 0,83 (IC: 95%,0,78-0,86). El modelo de riesgo mostró buena habilidad para mortalidad observada/prevista: el test Hosmer-Lemeshow fue x² = 5,61; p = 0,691 y r = 0,98 (coeficiente de Pearson). CONCLUSIÓN: Las variables predictoras de mortalidad hospitalaria permitieron construir un escore de riesgo simplificado para la práctica diaria, que clasifica al paciente en bajo, medio, elevado, muy elevado y extremadamente elevado riesgo preoperatorio.

OBJETIVO: Determinar o valor preditivo do nível sérico de fibrinogênio pré-operatório para a ocorrência de infarto do miocárdio (IM) no período perioperatório de cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM), bem como para outros desfechos de impacto, como acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico (AVEI), tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) e morte, isoladamente e de maneira composta. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo com análise do banco de dados de cirurgia cardíaca do Hospital São Lucas da PUC-RS, com 1.471 pacientes consecutivos que realizaram CRM com circulação extracorpórea entre janeiro de 1998 e dezembro de 2002. RESULTADOS: IM perioperatório ocorreu em 14% dos pacientes da amostra. Não foi observada associação entre o fibrinogênio pré-operatório e IM perioperatório (410,60 ± 148,83 mg/dl para o grupo em estudo x 401,57 ±135,23 mg/dl para o grupo controle - p = 0,381 - RC = 1,000 - IC95%: 0,998-1,002 - p = 0,652), o desfecho combinado de IM, AVEI, TEP e morte (411,40 ± 153,52 mg/dl para o grupo com o desfecho x 400,31 ± 131,98 mg/dl para o grupo sem o desfecho - p = 0,232) e nem com cada um destes isoladamente. CONCLUSÃO: Nesta amostra, o nível sérico de fibrinogênio pré-operatório não apresentou associação com a ocorrência de IM perioperatório nas CRM, nem mesmo com outros desfechos de impacto, incluindo AVEI, TEP e morte, isoladamente ou em conjunto.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the predictive level of preoperative serum fibrinogen level for the occurrence of MI in perioperative surgical myocardial revascularization (SMR), as well as for other impacting outcomes, such as stroke, pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), and death, separately or in combination. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study based on the heart surgery database analysis from São Lucas Hospital, at Rio Grande do Sul Catholic University with 1,471 consecutive patients submitted to extracorporeal SMR between January, 1998 and December, 2002. RESULTS: Perioperative MI occurred in 14% of sample patients. No association was shown between preoperative fibrinogen and perioperative MI (410.60 ± 148.83 mg/dl for the study group x 401.57 ± 135.23 mg/dl for control group - p = 0.381 - RC = 1.000 - CI95%: 0.998-1.002 - p = 0.652), combined outcome for MI, stroke, PTE, and death (411.40 ± 153.52 mg/dL for the group reporting outcome x 400.31 ± 131.98 mg/dL for the group with no outcome - p = 0.232) and neither separately. CONCLUSION: In that sample, preoperative serum fibrinogen level did not show any association with the occurrence of perioperative MI in SMR, neither with other impacting outcomes, stroke, PTE, and mortality, whether separately or as composite endpoints.