ABSTRACT A study was undertaken comparing the water requirements of two common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars to generate specific recommendations aimed at optimizing water use. To accomplish this work, the agronomic performance, responsiveness to water and water productivity of these two common bean cultivars of determinate and indeterminate growth habits were identified. The 2-year experiment was carried out during the winter growing season in the southeast of Brazil. Cultivars IAC Imperador, with an early season of determinate growth habit, and IPR Campos Gerais, having a mid-season of indeterminate growth habit, were subjected to five irrigation levels (54, 70, 77, 100, and 132 % of the crop evapotranspiration). Water deficit affected agronomic performance, reducing plant height (by up to 29 %), leaf area index (by up to 40 %), soil cover fraction (by up to 28 %), and grain yield (GY - by up to 31 %), in both cultivars. In contrast, excess water was more detrimental to cultivar IAC Imperador. Cultivar IPR Campos Gerais produced 18 % more than GY, showing superior water productivity and response to irrigation depth than IAC Imperador. Out of all the variables evaluated, the soil cover fraction correlated the most with grain yield in both common bean cultivars during the 2-year study. In other words, cover fraction evaluation in common bean allows for estimating crop production potential, which helps producers and technicians in their decision making regarding management practices. Thus, a cultivar directly affects water use in common bean production, thereby suggesting the need for a or water conservation strategy and sustainability of irrigated common bean production. L. L work performance identified 2year year 2 Brazil Imperador habit midseason mid 54, 54 (54 70 77 100 13 evapotranspiration. evapotranspiration . evapotranspiration) %, , %) 4 GY 3 contrast 1 evaluated words potential practices Thus 5 (5 7 10

ABSTRACT The cultivation of Coffea arabica L. in a low-altitude region is a sustainable alternative for diversifying the income of farmers. On account of the variability of available cultivars, the use of indirect selection through initial vegetative development may be an auxiliary tool for identifying the most suitable genotypes for this environment. This study aimed to identify the dwarf Arabica coffee cultivars with better initial development in a low-altitude region and the morphological traits with greater relevance for the early selection of cultivars with high yield potential. The experiment was installed in the northeast of São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments consisted of 17 dwarf Arabica coffee cultivars. There is variability among dwarf Arabica coffee cultivars for initial vegetative development. The growth and increase in the number of nodes of the plagiotropic branch can be used in early selection to identify cultivars with greater yield potential. The cultivars IAC Obatã 4739, Obatã IAC 1669-20, and Tupi IAC 1669-33 present higher initial vegetative performance in low-altitude environments. The results obtained are useful to breeders and producers for choosing the cultivars best adapted to cultivation in this environment. L lowaltitude low altitude farmers environment potential Paulo Brazil replications 1 4739 166920, 166920 1669 20, 20 1669-20 166933 33 1669-3 environments 473 16692 166 2 1669-2 16693 3 1669- 47 16 4

RESUMO O uso de índices de vegetação apresenta bom potencial para a predição da produtividade de diversas culturas, porém fatores como a época de avaliação, cultivares e fenologia da planta podem influenciar na performance de modelos preditivos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar e comparar a precisão de estimativa da produtividade do feijoeiro, em função do índice de vegetação NDVI, utilizando modelos individuais por cultivar e geral com todas as cultivares. Foram avaliadas as cultivares IAC Imperador e IPR Campos Gerais, de hábitos de crescimento determinado e indeterminado, respectivamente. Foram submetidas a diferentes manejos de fornecimento de nitrogênio, a fim de proporcionar variação da produtividade. Foram realizadas avaliações do NDVI ao longo do ciclo da cultura, em 6 datas, durante estádios vegetativos e reprodutivos. A produtividade de grãos do feijão pode ser estimada com elevada performance em função do índice de vegetação NDVI, obtendo-se R2 de até 78% e erro médio próximo de 350 kg ha-1. Os melhores ajuste de estimativa são obtidas em estádios fenológicos reprodutivos do feijão, especialmente após o florescimento da cultura (R6). Modelos generalistas, compostos por dados de mais de uma cultivar, apresentam precisão semelhante e, em alguns casos, superior aos modelos ajustados para cada cultivar, demonstrando a viabilidade da utilização de um mesmo modelo para vários genótipos.

ABSTRACT The use of vegetation indices has good potential for predicting the productivity of several crops, but factors such as the time of assessment, cultivar, and plant phenology can influence the performance of predictive models. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the precision of estimating the common bean grain yield, according to the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), using individual models per cultivar and a general model with all cultivars. The cultivars IAC Imperador and IPR Campos Gerais, with determined and indeterminate growth habits, respectively, were evaluated. They were subjected to different nitrogen management methods to provide grain yield variability. NDVI evaluations were conducted throughout the culture cycle on six dates during the vegetative and reproductive stages. The common bean grain yield was estimated with high precision as a function of NDVI, obtaining a precision of up to 78% and an average error close to 350 kg ha-1. The greatest fit of estimation was obtained in the phenological reproductive stages of beans, especially after crop flowering. General models, composed of data from more than one cultivar, had similar precision and, in some cases, superiority to the fitted models for each cultivar, demonstrating the feasibility of using the same model for several genotypes.

ABSTRACT: Enhanced efficiency potassium fertilizers can be a management tool that is crucial to crop sustainability in maize (Zea mays L.). However, there is a need for studies aimed at validating the use of these fertilizers in different production environments. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of maize under sources and rates of K through conventional and enhanced efficiency fertilizers in soil with high available K content. The experiment was carried out for two years in an Oxisol (605 g kg–1 of clay) with high K content (6.7 mmolc dm–3). Three sources were used, one conventional (KCl), one obtained by additives sprayed on the fertilizer surface (KCl-C), and one obtained by compacting KCl powder and adding additives (KCl-CC), associated with three K2O rates as top-dressing (50, 100, 150 kg ha–1) and a control without K2O. In all treatments, 48 kg ha–1 of K2O was applied in the sowing furrow. In the first year, maize yield increased linearly for both the KCl and KCl-C sources. The maximum yield (7,967 kg ha–1) for the KCl-CC was obtained at 88 kg ha–1. In the second year, the maximum yields for the KCl (7,553 kg ha–1) and KCl-C (8,166 kg ha–1) were obtained with 20 and 67 kg ha–1 K2O, respectively, while for the KCl-CC maize yield did not change. Enhanced efficiency K sources promote increases in maize yield ranging from 4.3 % to 7.1 %. Top-dressing K fertilization in high-fertility soils is a viable alternative for producers focused on increasing maize yield, mainly when enhanced efficiency sources are used.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical quality of the soils by evaluating the variation of soil penetration resistance, resulting from tillage with chiseling in the planting row and in total area, and the possible interferences of the managements in sugarcane yield. The study was carried out in southeastern Brazil, in areas under Oxisol and Ultisol, which are the two soils with the greatest representativeness of sugarcane cultivation in the country. The treatments consisted of soil tillage in total area and localized tillage in the sugarcane planting row, with 10 replicates. Undisturbed soil samples were collected in the 0-0.10, 0.10-0.20, and 0.20-0.40-m soil layers in sugarcane rows and interrows in both soil types for penetration resistance determination in laboratory. Samplings were carried out at three times, the first after soil tillage, the second after sugarcane planting, and the third six months after planting. Compared to the system with tillage in total area, localized tillage promoted higher values of soil penetration resistance in sugarcane interrows. However, this was not enough to reduce the crop yield. In the planting row, there are no differences between tillage types for soil penetration resistance. Localized soil tillage in sugarcane crop is a conservation and sustainable alternative that can replace soil tillage in total area, not interfering in the PR determined in the crop row and not altering the stem yield, regardless of the soil type.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do cultivo antecessor e da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura sobre a produtividade e qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de feijão-comum. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram representadas por três cultivos antecessores (milho exclusivo, milho + Urochloa ruziziensis e U. ruziziensis exclusiva), antecedendo o feijão. As subparcelas foram constituídas de doses de N (ureia) aplicadas em cobertura (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg N.ha-1) quando o feijão estava com quatro folhas expandidas. Avaliou-se a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes por meio dos testes de germinação, primeira contagem, índice de velocidade de emergência, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência em campo e incidência de patógenos, além do teor de proteína bruta, massa de 100 e produtividade de sementes. Os fatores de estudo não interferiram na qualidade sanitária das sementes. Sobre palhada de U. ruziziensis, a maior produtividade de sementes foi obtida com a dose de N de 115 kg.ha-1, enquanto sobre as palhadas de milho exclusivo e do consórcio, o incremento de produtividade foi linear. O cultivo antecessor com U. ruziziensis, seja cultivada de forma exclusiva ou em consórcio com milho, proporciona maior qualidade fisiológica das sementes de feijão-comum, enquanto a adubação nitrogenada em cobertura não interfere na qualidade de sementes e na massa e teor de proteína das sementes.

Abstract: The aim was to evaluate the effects of previous crop and top-dressing nitrogen fertilization on the yield and physiological and sanitary quality of common bean seeds. The design used was in randomized blocks in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The plots were represented by three previous crops (sole maize, maize + Urochloa ruziziensis and sole U. ruziziensis), preceding common bean. The subplots consisted of N doses (urea) applied as top-dressing (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N.ha-1) when the common bean had four expanded leaves. Physiological quality and sanitary quality of the seeds were evaluated through germination tests, first count, emergence speed index, accelerated aging, seedling emergence in the field and pathogen incidence, in addition to crude protein content, 100-seed weight and yield. The study factors did not interfere in the sanitary quality of the seeds. Under U. ruziziensis straw, the highest seed yield was obtained with the N dose of 115 kg.ha-1, while under sole maize and intercropping straw, the increase in yield was linear. Previous crop with U. ruziziensis, whether cultivated as sole crop or intercropped with maize, promotes greater physiological quality of common bean seeds, while top-dressing nitrogen fertilization does not interfere with quality, weight and protein content of the seeds.

ABSTRACT The demand for specialty coffees in the national and international market grows and generates an excellent opportunity for the exploration of new business. The cup quality of coffee is defined by the genetic predisposition of varietal groups, effects of the production environment, crop management, and form of post-harvest processing. Genotypes of Yellow Bourbon have already shown a predisposition to the production of excellent cup quality, but it may differ in sensory attributes and cup quality. The aim of this article was to evaluate the agronomic and qualitative performance of Yellow Bourbon strains from the Active Germplasm Bank of the Agronomic Institute of Campinas, in order to identify the best genotypes for the production of specialty coffees. The experiment was conducted in São Sebastião da Grama, SP, Brazil, at 1,100 meters of altitude in a medium-textured Ultisol. Treatments consisted of 14 strains of Yellow Bourbon, arranged in a randomized block design with three replicates. Field, post-harvest and laboratory evaluations were carried out. The strains IAC J3-1, IAC J9-16 and IAC J19-18-10 stood out in terms of yield values and sensory quality above the average of the studied group. The strains IAC J9-16 and IAC J19-18-10 showed predominance of floral and honey nuances, respectively, indicating that they may have high potential to express these characteristics in the beverage. The results suggested that there are Yellow Bourbon strains suitable for production and with superior cup quality, which highlights the importance of the appropriate choice of genotypes for the production of differentiated specialty coffees.

ABSTRACT A long-term experiment (2013 to 2017) of treated sewage effluent (TSE) levels via fertigation in a humid tropical region was installed in Jaboticabal, state of São Paulo, Southeast of Brazil, to evaluate the impact of TSE on soil fertility and the potential for salinization and heavy metal contamination of an Oxisol. The area was cultivated with Urochloa brizantha under the application of four TSE levels at the irrigation depth (0, 11, 60, and 100% TSE) during the four years of the experiment. The TSE chemical composition was monitored throughout the experimental period. The heavy metal levels and soil fertility were evaluated in the 0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m layers at the end of the four years of the experiment. Fertigation using TSE did not increase the concentration of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) in the soil due to their low concentration in the effluent. A higher Na concentration was also observed at high TSE levels (60 and 100%). However, the sodium adsorption rate in the TSE was low, generating no potential for soil salinization and sodification. Fertigation with TSE levels increased soil fertility, increasing by more than 10% the P content and base saturation in the soil compared to control. According to the chemical attributes evaluated in the soil and effluent, this long-term study showed that TSE application via fertigation in humid tropical regions on clayey soils cultivated with forage grasses is recommended.

RESUMO Dependendo das condições edafoclimáticas e de manejo, o consórcio de milho com plantas de cobertura pode reduzir o desempenho agronômico do cereal. Objetivou-se verificar os efeitos do consórcio com Urochloa ruziziensis e Crotalaria spectabilis no desempenho agronômico de milho e na produção e qualidade de palhada após a colheita. Utilizaram-se três tratamentos (monocultivo de milho e milho consorciado com U. ruziziensis e C. spectabilis), distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualizados. Foram avaliados os componentes de crescimento e de produção e a produtividade de grãos de milho nos três sistemas, bem como a produção de palhada e acúmulo de nitrogênio em cada sistema. Os sistemas de consórcio não reduziram a produtividade e o desempenho agronômico do milho, em relação ao seu monocultivo, independentemente da espécie avaliada. Os sistemas consorciados com C. spectabilis e U. ruziziensis apresentaram produção de palhada 24 e 11 % maior, respectivamente, e o consórcio com C. spectabilis promoveu acúmulo de nitrogênio na palhada 39 % maior, em comparação ao monocultivo de milho.

ABSTRACT Depending on the climate and soil conditions and management, the intercropping of maize with soil cover plants may reduce the cereal agronomic performance. This study aimed to assess the effects of intercropping with Urochloa ruziziensis and Crotalaria spectabilis on the maize agronomic performance and the straw production and quality after the harvest. Three treatments (single maize and maize intercropped with U. ruziziensis and with C. spectabilis) were distributed into a randomized blocks design. The growth and production components and the maize grain yield were evaluated in the three systems, as well as the straw production and nitrogen accumulation in each system. The intercropping systems did not decrease the maize yield and agronomic performance, if compared to the single crop, regardless of the evaluated species. The intercropping with C. spectabilis and U. ruziziensis presented a straw production 24 and 11 % higher, respectively, and the intercropping with C. spectabilis resulted in a straw nitrogen accumulation 39 % higher, when compared to the single maize crop.

Abstract Water deficit is considered the most critical environmental factor for peanut production in Brazil, as it constitutes one of the major constraints to the expansion of its cultivation in the suitable crop zones of the country. Determining crop water demand is fundamental to increasing yield with lower water consumption. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of full and deficit irrigation levels (L1 = 8%, L2 = 27%, L3 = 63%, L4 = 94% and L5 = 100% replenishment of crop evapotranspiration) on the development, growth and yield of peanut crop sown in two times, February and March. Treatments were distributed in a split-plot randomized complete block design, with four replicates, using a line-source sprinkler system. Irrigation depths from 65 to 314 mm were applied with the levels L1 to L5 during the first and second cropping cycles. Full irrigation with sowing in March was more advantageous due to yield increase of up to 30% compared to sowing in February, but crop cycle was 25 days longer. Water stress caused by deficit irrigation reduced plant height, seed mass and pod yield, while full irrigation (L5) led to yields from 4,141 to 5,102 kg ha-1 for February and March, approximately three times higher than those obtained with the lowest irrigation level (L1).

Resumen El déficit de agua se considera el factor ambiental más crítico para la producción de maní en Brasil, ya que constituye una de las principales limitaciones para su expansión en las zonas adecuadas para su cultivo en el país. Determinar la demanda de agua de los cultivos es fundamental para aumentar el rendimiento con un menor consumo de agua. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de los niveles de riego deficitarios y completos (L1 = 8%, L2 = 27%, L3 = 63%, L4 = 94% y L5 = 100% de reposición de la evapo transpiración del cultivo) en el desarrollo, crecimiento y rendimiento de la cosecha de maní sembrado en dos veces, febrero y marzo. Los tratamientos se distribuyeron en un diseño de bloques completos aleatorios de parcelas divididas, con cuatro repeticiones y utilizando un sistema de aspersores de fuente de línea. Las láminas de riego aplicadas fueron entre 65 a 314 mm (L1 a L5) en ambos ciclos de cultivo. El nivel de riego total con siembra en marzo fue más ventajoso debido al aumento del rendimiento de hasta un 30% en comparación con la siembra en febrero, pero el ciclo de cultivo fue 25 días más largo. El estrés hídrico causado por el riego deficitario redujo la altura de la planta, la masa de semillas y el rendimiento de vainas. El cultivo de maní con riego completo (L5) tuvo rendimientos de 4,141 a 5,102 kg ha-1 (febrero y marzo respectivamente) siendo aproximadamente tres veces más que los obtenidos con el nivel de riego deficitario más bajo (L1).

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cropping systems (single and twin-rows) and N fertilizer rates in the second top-dressing on the agronomic performance and relative economic returns of maize. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with subplots and three repetitions. The plots were composed of two cropping systems: single and twin-rows. The subplots consisted of six rates of N fertilizer, applied in the second top-dressing fertilization in the V8 phenological stage (eight fully developed leaves) of maize: 0, 14, 28, 56, and 70 kg ha-1 of N. The first application of N top-dressing fertilization (rate of 140 kg ha-1 N) was during the V4 phenological stage (four fully developed leaves) in all treatments. The cropping system of twin-rows provides a higher grain yield and relative economic return of maize. The agronomic efficiency of the twin-row cropping system decreases with increasing N rates, but remains higher than that obtained in the single-row system, independent of the N fertilizer top-dressing rate.. The application of the second N top-dressing fertilization in the V8 phenological stage increases linearly with the grain yield and relative economic return of maize, independent of the cropping system.

ABSTRACT The crop succession and nitrogen splitting fertilization are managements that can affect the common bean technological quality and, consequently, the profitability of producer and the food biological value. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether crop succession and N splitting fertilization promote differences in the technological quality of common bean grains. The experiment was carried out during winter over two agricultural years in southeastern Brazil. A randomized block design was used in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The plots were composed of three crop successional systems (maize sole, maize + Urochloa ruziziensis, U. ruziziensis sole) and the subplots contained nine combinations of N splitting fertilization at a rate of 90 kg·ha-1 N top-dressing in the phenological stages V3, V4, and R5 of the common bean and a control without fertilization. The evaluated variables were: sieve yield greater than or equal to 12 (SY ? 12), crude protein content, cooking time, and hydration ratio. Crop succession promotes differences in the technological quality of common bean; however, the N splitting fertilization did not change the technological attributes of grains. The highest technological quality of common bean was obtained after succession with U. ruziziensis sole, generating large size and crude protein content of grain, followed by the succession with maize + U. ruziziensis intercropping, and finally, the succession with maize sole. Therefore, the crop succession is a fundamental factor for obtaining common bean with higher technological quality, affecting the food biological value and the profitability of producers. consequently grains Brazil splitplot split plot scheme replications sole U 9 kg·ha1 kgha1 kgha kg·ha 1 kg ha kg·ha- topdressing top dressing V3 V V4 R SY 12, , 12) time ratio however grain intercropping finally Therefore producers ha1

ABSTRACT The use of remote sensing in agriculture presents some practical applications in crop production forecast. In this context, studies with remote sensing are scarce for crops such as white oats, which may indicate the capacity of using this technique in the crop. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy in validation of white oat biomass and grain yield estimates by spectral models previously calibrated using two vegetation indices (NDVI and IRVI) at three phenological stages. The mean values of NDVI and IRVI were correlated with the grain and biomass yield of white oats to obtain regression equations. The accuracy was verified by the determination coefficient (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean bias error (MBE). The models were calibrated using data from a field experiment carried out in 2017 and validated with data from the same experiment, but conducted in 2018. The models had good generalization capacity for estimating yield of white oats, especially for biomass yield. Parametrized models in more advanced phenological stages, showed lower error of estimation. Models calibrated with the vegetation index IRVI had lower error of estimation than when calibrated with NDVI.

ABSTRACT Knowledge on nitrogen absorption rate by crops can indicate important managements, especially the definition of rates of this nutrient and the best time for topdressing application. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the accumulation of biomass and nitrogen in white oat cultivated under severe, moderate and no water deficit. Treatments consisted of levels of irrigation, with four repetitions. The treatments under severe water deficit (L1), moderate deficit (L3) and no deficit (L5) received 11%, 60% and 100% of the water volume evapotranspired by the crop (ETc). For each treatment, six plants were collected in each replicate. After collection, plants were separated into leaves, culm and reproductive structures (panicle + grains). Second and third order regressions were tested to model the behavior of biomass and nitrogen accumulation in white oat leaves, culms, reproductive structures and total over time. The maximum total nitrogen accumulation in white oat plants in the treatments L1, L3 and L5 was 50 kg ha-1, 163 kg ha-1 and 246 kg ha-1, respectively. Severe water deficit drastically reduced biomass and nitrogen accumulation in white oat. Severe water deficit causes earlier peak of biomass and nitrogen accumulation, reduces nitrogen accumulation rate and shortens cycle of white oats.

RESUMO Técnicas de sensoriamento remoto têm sido consideradas uma nova tecnologia na agricultura mundial para o diagnóstico da demanda nutricional das plantas. A eficiência no manejo de fertilizantes é uma meta a ser alcançada, e ferramentas modernas baseadas em sensoriamento remoto são promissoras para monitorar as necessidades das culturas. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho agronômico e o retorno econômico relativo de aveia-branca sob doses de nitrogênio, bem como verificar se o índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI) e o índice de clorofila foliar (ICF) podem ser utilizados para o manejo da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura, em aveia-branca. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco estratégias de manejo de adubação nitrogenada em cobertura: T1 - 160 kg ha-1 (dose referência); T2 - 90 kg ha-1 (dose recomendada); T3 - 60 kg ha-1 (dose econômica); T4 - 30 kg ha-1 (quando NDVI < 90 % de T1); e T5 - 30 kg ha-1 (quando LCI < 90 % de T1). A aveia-branca não respondeu à adubação nitrogenada em cobertura. O seu monitoramento temporal por meio de índices espectrais permitiu dispensar a adubação nitrogenada em cobertura sem reduzir a produtividade de grãos e de biomassa e o teor de nitrogênio foliar, em relação ao manejo recomendado (90 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura), não existindo diferenças entre os índices espectrais avaliados. Assim, os índices espectrais NDVI e LCI são ferramentas promissoras para o manejo da fertilização nitrogenada em cobertura na cultura da aveia-branca.

ABSTRACT Remote sensing techniques have been considered a new technology in worldwide agriculture for diagnosing the plant nutritional demand. Fertilizer management efficiency is a goal to be achieved, and modern tools based on remote sensing are promising for monitoring the crop needs. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance and relative economic return of white oat under nitrogen rates, as well as to verify whether the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and leaf chlorophyll index (LCI) could be used for topdressing nitrogen fertilization management, in white oat. Treatments consisted of five topdressing nitrogen fertilization strategies: T1 - 160 kg ha-1 (reference rate); T2 - 90 kg ha-1 (recommended rate); T3 - 60 kg ha-1 (economic rate); T4 - 30 kg ha-1 (when NDVI < 90 % of T1); and T5 - 30 kg ha-1 (when LCI < 90 % of T1). The white oat did not respond to the topdressing nitrogen fertilization. Its temporal monitoring using spectral indices allowed dispensing the topdressing nitrogen fertilization without reducing the grain and biomass yields and the leaf nitrogen content, when compared to the recommended management (90 kg ha-1 of N as topdressing), with no differences between the evaluated spectral indices. Thus, both the NDVI and LCI spectral indices are promising tools for the topdressing nitrogen fertilization management in the white oat crop.