ABSTRACT The continuous demand for water in the agricultural sector has encouraged researchers worldwide to find alternatives to optimize this resource. The use of wastewater in irrigation is promising in this scenario, especially to produce tree seedlings. The growth, quality, and water productivity of Dalbergia nigra seedlings cultivated with sewage sludge were determined when irrigated with urban supply water (W1) and cattle wastewater (CWW) treated for 1 h (W2) and 2 h (W3) of ozonation, considering four irrigation depths and shading levels (0 % (C1), 37.6 % (C2), 49.4 % (C3), 75.8 % (C4)). The height, stem diameter, biomass, and the Dickson Quality Index (DQI) were evaluated. The largest volumes of water applied in each experiment were 2.342 L per plant in W2C1, 2.114 L per plant in W1C3 and 1.556 L per plant in W3C1. The CWW provided satisfactory seedling growth, especially W2, highlighting a DQI of 0.47 obtained in C1 and better water productivity (3.8 g L–1) in W2C1, with full depth. Using alternative inputs in the seedling production of tree species is a promising strategy and indicates benefits for waste disposal, such as sewage sludge and wastewater. resource scenario growth quality W1 W (W1 (CWW W2 (W2 W3 (W3 ozonation 0 ( C1, C , (C1) 376 37 6 37. C2, C2 (C2) 494 49 4 49. C3, C3 (C3) 758 75 8 75. C4. C4 . (C4)) height diameter biomass (DQI evaluated 2342 342 2.34 W2C1 WC 2114 114 2.11 W1C 1556 556 1.55 W3C1 047 47 0.4 3.8 38 3 (3. L–1 L1 depth disposal (W (C1 (C2 (C3 7 (C4) 234 34 2.3 W2C 211 11 2.1 155 55 1.5 W3C 04 0. 3. (3 L– (C (C4 23 2. 21 15 5 1.

ABSTRACT Black pepper is widely produced in Brazil, though there are few studies related to its water requirements and the effects of water deficit (WD) applied under tropical conditions. The growth, sensitivity to WD, and first-year productivity of irrigated plants from the Bragantina cultivar were evaluated, employing an irrigation system with automatic management. The plants were cultivated in plastic pots installed in the field for 391 days using emitters with different flow rates (2.2 [T1], 3.3 [T2], 4.3 [T3], and 5.3 L h–1 [T4 – control]). Fresh weight of the leaves, stems, and shoots, and dry weight of the leaves, stem, roots, and shoots as well as the total dry weight of the plant, were evaluated. Productivity was determined by evaluating the grains and spikes from a single harvest. Yield results and the actual versus maximum evapotranspiration rate for the entire growing season was used for calculating the Ky coefficient. Despite 1,346 mm of rainfall, the irrigation system was activated 165 times, distributing a mean volume of 19.0 (T1), 28.5 (T2), 37.1 (T3), and 45.8 L per plant (control). All traits were negatively affected by the WD, and the Ky values obtained (from 1.72 to 2.96) indicate the high sensitivity of black pepper to WD. In general, the spikes produced with at least 81 % of the crop water demand were larger and more numerous than those subjected to inferior treatments. WD occurring during the flowering stage severely hampers the size, weight, and quality of the spikes and grains of black pepper. Brazil (WD conditions growth firstyear first year evaluated management 39 2.2 22 2 (2. T1, T1 T , [T1] 33 3 3. T2, T2 [T2] 43 4 4. T3, T3 [T3] 53 5 5. h1 h 1 h– T4 [T control. control . control]) leaves stems stem roots harvest coefficient 1346 346 1,34 rainfall 16 times 190 19 0 19. (T1) 285 28 28. (T2) 371 37 37. (T3) 458 45 8 45. (control) 172 72 1.7 2.96 296 96 general treatments size 2. (2 [T1 [T2 [T3 control] 134 34 1,3 (T1 (T2 (T3 (control 17 7 1. 2.9 29 9 ( 13 1, (T

ABSTRACT. The center of origin and domestication of Piper nigrum L. are in high rainfall regions. But when grown in regions with irregular or insufficient rainfall, irrigation becomes essential. This study evaluated the impact of irrigation levels on the physiological and growth characteristics of black pepper plants, cv. Bragantina. It was carried out from April 2019 to May 2020, using automatic activation irrigation. We used emitters with different flow rates to apply water depths corresponding to 100, 81, 62, and 42% of the crop water requirement. The parameters evaluated comprised main stem length (MSL), stem diameter (SD), number of leaves (NL), leaf area (LA), chlorophyll contents, chlorophyll-a fluorescence, and some photosynthetic parameters. The treatments significantly influenced (p < 0.05, F-test) MSL and NL. Plants submitted to the control treatment showed MSL (65.8%) and NL (123%) greater than those irrigated with the smallest volume (p < 0.05, F-test). However, the treatments had no significant effect on SD. Moreover, chlorophyll b levels decreased by 26% and chlorophyll a/b ratio increased by 22% at 120 and 180 DAT, respectively. Some photosynthetic parameters such as FV/FM, ABS/RC, and DI0/RC were affected by water deficit at 120 DAT. Our results suggest the sensitivity of black peppers to water deficit and contribute to the proper management of this crop. ABSTRACT L essential plants cv Bragantina 201 2020 100 81 62 42 requirement MSL, , (MSL) SD, SD (SD) NL, (NL) LA, LA (LA) contents chlorophylla a fluorescence p 005 0 05 0.05 Ftest F test F-test 65.8% 658 65 8 (65.8% 123% 123 (123% Ftest. . However Moreover 26 ab 22 12 18 DAT respectively FVFM FV FM FV/FM ABSRC ABS RC ABS/RC DI0RC DIRC DI0 DI 20 202 10 6 4 (MSL (SD (NL (LA 00 0.0 65.8 (65.8 (123 2 1 0. 65. (65. (12 (65 (1 (6 (

Resumo As pesquisas envolvendo o uso de simuladores de chuva datam de 1930. Desde então, a evolução desse equipamento o tornou cada vez mais acessível, prático e preciso. Suas aplicações incluem a avaliação dos impactos da erosão hídrica na degradação do solo em função do uso e ocupação do solo e da taxa de infiltração da água no solo. A reprodução do padrão pluviométrico variando a intensidade da precipitação é uma das principais limitações do uso de simuladores. No entanto, a modificação recente no InfiAsper (Macedo et al., 2021) permite variar instantaneamente a intensidade de aplicação das chuvas e proporciona alta uniformidade nas chuvas de diferentes padrões.

Abstract Research involving the use of rain simulators dates to 1930. Since then, the evolution of this equipment has made it increasingly accessible, practical, and accurate. Its applications include the assessment of the impacts of water erosion on soil degradation as a function of land use and occupation and the rate of water infiltration into the soil. The reproduction of the rainfall pattern by varying the intensity of precipitation is one of the main limitations of the use of simulators. However, the recent modification in InfiAsper (Macedo et al., 2021) allows instantaneous varying the intensity of rainfall application and provides high uniformity in rainfall of different patterns.

ABSTRACT Optimization of the use of water and the possibility of using residues as substrate in the black pepper production chain can yield economic and environmental benefits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biometric and physiological traits of black pepper plantlets (Piper nigrum L.), cv. Bragantina, at different irrigation levels and soilless substrates. Plantlets were grown for 120 days on three substrates [biosolid + crushed coconut fiber (3:1, by volume); biosolid + granitic rock powder (3:1, by volume); and biosolid + crushed coconut fiber + granitic rock powder (2:1:1, by volume)] and at five irrigation levels [36 % (very low); 55 % (low); 85 % (moderate); 100 % (well-irrigated); and 126 % of the reference irrigation level (over-irrigated)]. The biometric traits evaluated increased as the irrigation levels increased, with the exception of root dry mass, which was not influenced by this factor, nor water use efficiency, which decreased as the irrigation levels increased. In general, plants grown with a mixture of the three wastes (biosolid + crushed coconut fiber + granitic rock powder) exhibited higher values for biometric variables and chlorophyll content when they were moderately, well or over-irrigated, in comparison with the other two substrates. It was possible to achieve the plantlet commercial standard using this three waste mixture and the moderate irrigation level.

RESUMO Em razão da quantidade de água utilizada no setor agropecuário, comparada às outras atividades, a irrigação deve ser feita de forma criteriosa e com base no conhecimento das relações hídricas vegetais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento fisiológico de plantas jovens de pimenta-do-reino (Piper nigrum L.), submetidas a restrições hídricas, assim como o potencial de recuperação após o estresse. As plantas, cultivadas em potes de 5 L, foram submetidas a diferentes níveis de irrigação (100; 78; 58 e 32% da lâmina controle), com manejo realizado por acionamento automático a partir de um sensor de tensão da água no solo. Foram avaliados: potencial osmótico foliar (Ψo), conteúdo relativo de água (CRA), condutância estomática (gs) e pigmentos fotossintéticos. Para avaliar a capacidade de recuperação das plantas, houve reidratação do substrato quando cerca de 50% das plantas de um tratamento apresentassem condutância estomática (gs) próxima a zero. Os diferentes níveis de déficit hídrico reduziram os valores de todas as variáveis. No tratamento 32% foram observados valores de −2,39 MPa para Ψo, 60% para CRA e gs próxima a zero no 28º dia de restrição hídrica. Após três dias de reidratação deste tratamento, a recuperação desses valores foi parcial, não atingindo os valores dos tratamentos 100 e 78%. Plantas de pimenta do reino exibiram elevada susceptibilidade a restrições hídricas e baixa capacidade de recuperação após estresse.

ABSTRACT Due to the amount of water used in the agricultural sector, compared to other activities, irrigation must be done carefully and based on knowledge of plant water relations. The aim of this work was to evaluate the physiological behavior of young black pepper plants (Piper nigrum L.), subjected to water deficit, as well as the potential for recovery after stress. In 5 L pots, the plants were subjected to different irrigation levels (100; 78; 58 and 32% of the control depth), with irrigation management performed by an automatic controller from a water tension sensor in the soil. The following traits were evaluated: leaf osmotic potential (Ψo), relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthetic pigments. To evaluate the plants’ recovery capacity, substrate rehydration was performed when about 50% of the plants in a treatment had stomatal conductance (gs) close to zero. The different levels of water deficit reduced the values of all traits. In the treatment 32%, values of −2.39 MPa for Ψo, 60% for RWC and gs close to zero were observed on the 28 th day of water restriction. After three days of rehydration of this treatment, the recovery of these values was partial, not reaching the values of the treatments 100 and 78%. Black pepper plants showed high susceptibility to water restrictions and low capacity for recovery after stress.

RESUMO O aumento da demanda por mudas de espécies arbóreas nativas torna importante a determinação de suas necessidades hídricas e de luminosidade, que são fatores importantes na otimização dos custos e do tempo de produção. O uso e a produtividade da água no crescimento de mudas de Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth., Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F.Macbr e Hymenaea courbaril L. foram determinados em quatro níveis de luminosidade (três níveis de sombreamento e controle), utilizando delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A altura, o diâmetro do coleto, a área foliar e a biomassa foram avaliadas, assim como o índice de qualidade de Dickson (IQD). As mudas foram transplantadas em tubetes de 280 cm3, preenchidos com biossólido puro, e irrigadas por gotejamento com manejo automático. Os maiores volumes totais aplicados 3,1 L por muda de D. nigra (com 37 e 58% de sombreamento), 2,5 L por muda de A. leiocarpa (37% de sombreamento) e 3,8 L por muda de H. courbaril (a pleno sol). Os índices de crescimento, confirmados pelo IQD, indicam que os sombreamentos de 37 e 58 % para D. nigra, 37 % para A. leiocarpa e a pleno sol para H. courbaril são os mais recomendados. Os maiores volumes de irrigação promoveram maior desenvolvimento das espécies, em geral com sombreamento intermediário, os quais proporcionaram os maiores valores de IQD e produtividade da água de irrigação.

ABSTRACT The increase in the demand for seedlings of native tree species makes it important to determine their water and light requirements, which are important factors in their production, in terms of costs and time. Water use and productivity in the growth of seedlings of Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth., Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F. Macbr and Hymenaea courbaril L. were determined under four light levels (three shading levels and control), using a randomized block design with four replicates. Height, stem diameter, leaf area and biomass, as well as Dickson quality index (DQI) were evaluated. The seedlings were transplanted into 280-cm3 plugs, filled with substrate composed of pure biosolids, and irrigated by a drip system with automatic management. The highest total volumes applied were 3.1 L per D. nigra seedling (in 37 and 58% shading), 2.5 L per A. leiocarpa seedling (in 37% shading) and 3.8 L per H. courbaril seedling (in full sun). Growth indices, confirmed by the DQI, indicate that shading levels of 37 and 58% for D. nigra, 37% for A. leiocarpa, and full sun for H. courbaril are the most recommended. The highest volumes of irrigation promoted the greatest development of the species, in general for intermediate shading, which provided the highest values of DQI and irrigation water productivity.

RESUMO A zínia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) é uma planta de rápido crescimento e fácil cultivo que apresenta flores de variadas colorações. Essa espécie tem se tornado uma opção a ser introduzida comercialmente em vários países como flor de corte e sua qualidade floral é influenciada por diferentes técnicas de cultivo. Neste trabalho, nós avaliamos a produção e a qualidade de hastes florais de zínia (cv. Gigante da Califórnia Vermelha) em resposta a épocas de cultivo e níveis de irrigação. Em casa de vegetação localizada no Rio de Janeiro (Brasil), plantas de zínia foram cultivadas em dois ciclos (outono-inverno e inverno-primavera) em vasos com reposição de água correspondente a 46, 64, 75 e 100% da sua necessidade hídrica. Com base no comprimento e diâmetro de hastes e no diâmetro de flores, houve variação na qualidade das hastes florais produzidas nas épocas de cultivo avaliadas. Todas as hastes do ciclo outono-inverno foram classificadas como A1 (alta qualidade), enquanto, aproximadamente, 9% das hastes do ciclo inverno-primavera foram classificadas como A2 (média qualidade). Houve tendência de crescimento linear na produção e qualidade das hastes florais de zínia com o aumento do nível de irrigação na maioria dos casos, assim como efeito significativo dos ciclos, sendo os melhores resultados de número de hastes, peso fresco, comprimento e diâmetro de haste e diâmetro de flor encontrados no ciclo outono-inverno. As condições meteorológicas deste ciclo favorecem a produção e a qualidade de hastes florais de zínia, e a reposição de 100% da necessidade hídrica da espécie é recomendada em ambos ciclos de cultivo.

ABSTRACT Zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) is a fast-growing and easy to cultivate plant that has flowers of different colors. This species has become an option to be introduced commercially in many countries as cut flower and its floral quality is influenced by different cultivation techniques. We evaluated the production and the quality of floral stems of zinnia (cv. Red California Giant) in response to growing seasons and irrigation levels. In a greenhouse located in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), zinnia plants were grown in two cycles (autumn-winter and winter-spring) in pots with water replacement corresponding to 46, 64, 75 and 100% of their water requirement. Based on the stem length and diameter and on the flower diameter, there was variation in the quality of the stems produced in the growing seasons evaluated. All stems from the autumn-winter cycle were classified as A1 (high quality), while almost 9% of the stems from the winter-spring cycle were classified as A2 (medium quality). There was a linear growth trend in the production and quality of zinnia stems with the increase of the irrigation level in most cases, as well as significant effect of the growing seasons, with the best results of number of stems, fresh weight, length and diameter of the stem and flower diameter found in the autumn-winter cycle. The weather conditions of this cycle favor the production and quality of zinnia floral stems, and the replacement of 100% of the specie’s water requirement is recommended in both cultivation cycles.

RESUMO As flores de corte são produtos delicados cuja qualidade e longevidade dependem das condições de cultivo e pós-colheita. O trabalho foi desenvolvido objetivando-se avaliar o antocrono e a pós-colheita de hastes de gladíolo produzidas sob diferentes épocas de cultivo e níveis de irrigação. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil), durante os períodos de inverno/primavera de 2018 e outono/inverno de 2019. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro níveis de irrigação (45%, 60%, 80% e 100% da necessidade hídrica da cultura) e 5 repetições. O manejo da irrigação foi realizado pelo acionador automático para irrigação, instalado no tratamento 100%. A medida em que alcançavam o ponto de colheita, considerado como “mostrando a cor” dos três floretes basais, as hastes florais eram colhidas, sempre no período da manhã, e imediatamente levadas ao laboratório para padronização do tamanho (75 cm). Durante o armazenamento, as hastes foram mantidas à temperatura de 25 ºC, com a base imersa em recipiente contendo 300 mL de água. As avaliações de massa fresca, absorção de água, antocrono e longevidade foram realizadas diariamente, além de uma avaliação visual, realizada por meio de uma escala de senescência proposta. A ocorrência de déficit hídrico acentuado durante o cultivo interfere na massa fresca das hastes em pós-colheita e aumenta a velocidade de abertura das flores. A longevidade das hastes florais é reduzida quando gladíolo é produzido com o nível de irrigação de 45%. Não há diferenças significativas na longevidade das flores cultivadas nas diferentes estações e o valor do antocrono é influenciado pela disponibilidade de água, sendo menor nas hastes mantidas em condição de campo (0,70 a 0,80) em comparação à condição pós-colheita (0,83 a 0,92).

ABSTRACT Cut flowers are delicate products whose quality and longevity depends on growing and postharvest conditions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the anthochron and the postharvest of gladiolus stems produced under different growing seasons and irrigation levels. The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse in the State of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) during the winter/spring 2018 and autumn/winter 2019 periods. A randomized block design with 5 replications was used, considering irrigation levels of 45%, 60%, 80% and 100% of the crop water requirement. Irrigation management was performed by the automatic irrigation controller, installed in the 100% irrigation level treatment. As they reached the harvest point, considered to be “showing the color” of the three basal florets, the floral stems were harvested, always in the morning, and immediately taken to the laboratory for standardization of size (75 cm). During the storage period, the stems were kept at a temperature of 25 ºC, with the base immersed in a container with 300 mL of water. Fresh mass, water absorption, anthochron and longevity evaluations were performed daily, in addition to a visual evaluation, performed using a proposed senescence scale. The occurrence of severe water deficit during cultivation interferes with the fresh mass of the stems in postharvest and increases the opening speed of the flowers. The floral stems’ longevity is reduced when gladiolus is produced under the 45% irrigation level. There are no significant differences in the longevity of flowers grown in the different seasons and the anthochron value is influenced by the water availability, being lower in the stems kept in field condition (0.70 to 0.80) in comparison to the postharvest condition (0.83 to 0.92).

RESUMO O uso de água produzida torna-se opção na irrigação de culturas não alimentícias e que apresentam potencial para a produção de biocombustível. Contudo, seus efeitos devem ser conhecidos em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento das plantas e, principalmente, na germinação das sementes. O trabalho foi desenvolvido visando avaliar o desempenho de plântulas de girassol submetidas a diferentes tipos de água produzida. Adotando delineamento experimental em esquema fatorial, foram avaliados 3 cultivares (Catissol 01, Embrapa 122 e IAC Iaramã) e 6 tipos de água (água destilada - testemunha, água de abastecimento, água resultante do processo de separação água e óleo - WOS, da filtragem em filtro de areia - SAF, da filtragem em filtro de areia e carvão - SCF, e da filtragem em filtro de areia + osmose - SOF). Também foi usado o umedecimento do substrato com soluções de polietilenoglicol, simulando os potenciais osmóticos das águas avaliadas, e realizado o teste de sensibilidade com sementes de alface sob condições similares às adotadas para girassol. A cv. Catissol apresentou maiores porcentagens de germinação e vigor de plântulas, independente da água utilizada. Houve tendência de redução da germinação e do vigor das plântulas com o uso da água produzida tratada com os sistemas WOS, SAF e SCF. Todos os potenciais hídricos simulados por soluções de PEG reduziram a germinação e vigor das sementes de alface, sendo esta mais acentuada para o sistema WOS. A SOF foi a única capaz de tornar a água produzida não tóxica para as sementes de girassol e plântulas de alface.

ABSTRACT The use of produced water becomes an option in the irrigation of non-food crops with potential for biofuel production. However, its effects on different stages of plant development and mainly on seed germination should be known. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of sunflower seedlings subjected to different types of produced water. An experimental design in a factorial scheme was adopted to evaluate 3 cultivars (Catissol 01, Embrapa 122 and IAC Iaramã) and 6 types of water (distilled water - control, public-supply water, water resulting from the water and oil separation process - WOS, filtration in sand filter - SAF, filtration in sand + charcoal filter - SCF, and filtration in sand + osmosis filter - SOF). In addition, the substrate was moistened with polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions, simulating the osmotic potentials of the evaluated waters, and a sensitivity test was conducted with lettuce seeds under conditions similar to those adopted for sunflower. The cv. Catissol showed higher percentages of germination and vigor of seedlings, regardless of the water used. There was a trend of reduction in germination and vigor of seedlings with the use of produced water treated with the WOS, SAF and SCF systems. All water potentials simulated by PEG solutions reduced the germination and vigor of lettuce seeds, and the effect was more pronounced for the WOS system. SOF was the only one capable of making the produced water non-toxic to sunflower seeds and lettuce seedlings.

RESUMO Tradicionalmente, viveiros florestais não utilizam manejo da irrigação, comprometendo a eficiência do sistema e a qualidade das mudas. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a qualidade de mudas sob diferentes níveis de irrigação e do substrato composto por biossólido puro, e o crescimento inicial de três espécies arbóreas de Mata Atlântica, produzidas com manejo automático da irrigação. Quatro níveis de irrigação (V1 a V4) foram aplicados por gotejamento em mudas de Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Cytharexyllum myrianthum Chamiáo e Ceiba speciosa Ravenna. Em seguida, as mudas foram plantadas para avaliar seu crescimento inicial em vasos. A água foi aplicada em resposta à necessidade das espécies e os volumes foram medidos por sensores de fluxo de água, conectados a uma placa Arduino MEGA. Medidas de altura, diâmetro do colo, área foliar, massa seca e teor de clorofila foram utilizadas para avaliar o desenvolvimento das plantas na fase de mudas e nos estágios iniciais de crescimento. Mudas que receberam o maior volume médio de água (V4) tiveram maior taxa de crescimento em altura e diâmetro do colo para as três espécies estudadas. Apesar disso, as mudas que receberam menor volume de água (V1) atingem tamanhos semelhantes às do tratamento V4 em vasos. Os dados de crescimento e qualidade das plantas, nas duas fases analisadas, juntamente com a agregação do substrato, indicam que o nível ideal de irrigação está vinculado aos tratamentos que receberam os maiores volumes de água (V3 e V4) na fase de produção de mudas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que é possível economizar água e produzir mudas de espécies florestais com qualidade, garantindo sua sobrevivência no campo.

ABSTRACT Traditionally, irrigation management has not been used in forest nurseries, compromising the efficiency of the system and the quality of seedlings. In this study, we evaluated the quality of seedlings under different irrigation levels and the substrate composed of pure biosolid, and the initial growth of three Atlantic Forest tree species, produced with automated irrigation management. Four irrigation levels (V1 to V4) were applied by dripping on Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Cytharexyllum myrianthum Chamiáo and Ceiba speciosa Ravenna seedlings. After that, the seedlings were planted to evaluate their early growth in pots. The water was applied in response to species requirement and the volume was measured by water flow sensors, connected to an Arduino MEGA board. Height, collar diameter, leaf area, dry mass and chlorophyll content measurements were used to assess plant development on the seedling and early growth stages. Seedlings that received the highest average volume of water (V4) had a higher rate of growth in height and collar diameter for the three species studied. Despite this, the seedlings that received a smaller volume of water (V1) achieve similar size than V4 ones in pots. The plant growth and quality data, in the two phases analyzed, together with the aggregation of the substrate, indicate that the ideal irrigation level is linked to treatments that received the highest volumes of water (V3 and V4) in the seedling production phase. The results obtained indicate that it is possible to save water and produce seedlings of forest species with quality, ensuring their survival in the field.

RESUMO O manejo da irrigação e as condições meteorológicas durante a fase de cultivo desempenham um papel essencial na manutenção da qualidade comercial de flores de corte. Este estudo avalia a necessidade de água, a sensibilidade ao déficit hídrico e a qualidade comercial do gladíolo ‹Amsterdam’ produzido com irrigação automatizada em diferentes períodos de crescimento. O delineamento experimental foi blocos casualizados com cinco repetições, composto pelo fator época de plantio (inverno/primavera de 2018 e outono/inverno de 2019) e o fator níveis de irrigação (45% - L1, 60% - L2, 80% - L3, 100% - L4 da necessidade hídrica da cultura). A irrigação foi feita com uso do acionador automático para irrigação (AAI). No ponto de colheita nós avaliamos as hastes quanto ao diâmetro, número de flores, comprimento do pendão e da haste floral. Foram realizadas também avaliações de condutância estomática, área foliar e duração das fases fenológicas em graus-dias. A aplicação de 100% da necessidade hídrica da cultura em cultivo usando o acionador automático de irrigação no outono/inverno resulta em melhor classificação comercial. O tratamento correspondente a 45% da necessidade hídrica da cultura estendeu a duração total do ciclo do gladíolo. Hastes florais de melhor qualidade comercial são obtidas com 100% da necessidade hídrica da cultura durante o cultivo de outono/inverno.

ABSTRACT Water management and meteorological conditions during the cropping phase play an essential role in maintaining the commercial quality of cut flowers. This study evaluates water requirement, sensitivity to water deficit, and commercial quality of gladiolus ‘Amsterdam’ produced with automated irrigation in different growing periods. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with five replicates and consisted of the growing period factors (winter/spring 2018 and autumn/winter 2019) and the irrigation level factors (45% - L1, 60% - L2, 80% - L3, and 100% - L4 of crop water requirement). An automatic irrigation controller was used for irrigation management. At the harvest point, we evaluated the stems for the diameter, number of flowers, spike length, and floral stem length. We also evaluated stomatal conductance, leaf area, and duration of phenological phases on degree-days. The application of 100% crop water requirement using an automatic irrigation controller in the autumn/winter cycle results in better commercial classification. The treatment with 45% of the crop water requirement extended the total duration of the cycle. In conclusion, flower stems of better commercial classification are obtained with 100% of crop water requirement during the autumn/winter cycle.

ABSTRACT: Seedling production is an important step in the lettuce production system. However, there is a tendency to apply excessive irrigation at this stage. The aim of this study was to test the use of the Simplified Irrigation Controller (SIC) under two conditions: first, with the sensor installed in the substrate (measuring the soil water tension) and second, in the atmosphere (“atmospheric” - responding to vapor demand in the atmosphere) to control the irrigation of lettuce seedlings. The performance of the SIC was evaluated by monitoring plant traits. The lettuce seeds of the Regina cultivar were sown in styrofoam trays with commercial organic substrate. Both experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions and evaluated under different SIC activation tensions. Shoot fresh weight and dry weight, height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf area, water use efficiency (WUE) (ratio between the dry mass of plant produced by the volume of water applied), chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll a fluorescence were assessed. In the experiment with the substrate sensor, the tension of 11.5 kPa caused death in 94 % of the seedlings and was disregarded in the statistical analysis. All biometric and physiological traits evaluated decreased as the SIC tensions increased. Thus, tensions of 4.0 (substrate sensor) and 3.5 kPa (atmospheric sensor) showed greater potential for producing vigorous seedlings, with WUE average values of 1.86 and 1.37 g L−1, respectively. Cultivation of lettuce seedlings proved viable under both conditions when the SIC was used, with the emergence of a number of practical advantages of the atmospheric sensor over the substrate one.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre diferentes dados de sensoriamento remoto, derivados de imagens de satélite, e perdas de solo em entressulcos obtidas em campo por meio de um simulador de chuvas portátil. O estudo foi realizado em uma microbacia hidrográfica localizada no Médio Paraíba do Sul, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro - uma das regiões mais afetadas por erosão hídrica no Brasil. Foram avaliados diferentes índices de vegetação (NDVI, Savi, EVI e EVI2) e frações de componentes puros (FCP), derivados de modelos lineares de mistura espectral (MLME), obtidos de imagens RapidEye, Sentinel2A e Landsat 8 OLI. Os índices de vegetação são mais adequados à predição da perda de solo do que as FCP, com destaque para o EVI2, cujo modelo exponencial apresentou R2 de 0,74. Os melhores modelos de predição são gerados a partir da imagem RapidEye, que apresenta maior resolução espacial entre os sensores avaliados.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between different remote sensing data, derived from satellite images, and interrill soil losses obtained in the field by using a portable rainfall simulator. The study was carried out in an area of a hydrographic basin, located in Médio Paraíba do Sul, in the state of Rio de Janeiro - one of the regions most affected by water erosion in Brazil. Evaluations were performed for different vegetation indices (NDVI, Savi, EVI, and EVI2) and fraction images (FI), derived from linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA), obtained from RapidEye, Sentinel2A, and Landsat 8 OLI images. Vegetation indices are more adequate to predict soil loss than FI, highlighting EVI2, whose exponential model showed R2 of 0.74. The best prediction models are generated from the RapidEye image, which shows the highest spatial resolution among the sensors evaluated.

ABSTRACT: Concerns with water crisis involve all sectors of society and irrigated agriculture remains the main water consumer. This study evaluated an agricultural production system for lettuce cultivation in greenhouse, “organic potponics”, to economize water and manure use, using a Simplified Irrigation Controller (SIC), based on soil matric potential monitoring. Five irrigation volumes were evaluated in pots with 4.8 L, fertilized with 200 g of vermicompost. One of the volumes was controlled with the SIC. The other volumes represented 130, 80, 60 and 33 % of that controlled by the SIC and all treatments received water at the same time. Shoot fresh weight, head diameter and stomatal conductance (gs) increased linearly with irrigation volumes. For shoot dry weight, number of leaves and water use efficiency (WUE), the regression was quadratic with maximum values at 126, 114 and 83 %, respectively. Leaf relative water content did not show variation among treatments and changes in some fluorescence parameters (Reo/RC, Sm, N and φR0) were much more remarkable to drought compared with the FV/ FM ratio, one of the most commonly used stress indicators. The data indicated a tradeoff between WUE and plant growth thus the economic values of water and lettuce should be taken into account to indicate the best SIC irrigation volume. Organic potponics is promising and should be further improved to save on water, labor and fertilizer use.