Resumo Objetivo: analisar os impactos psicossociais da pandemia de COVID-19 entre mulheres brasileiras de assentamentos rurais. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo longitudinal com 13 mulheres assentadas. Os dados foram coletados entre janeiro de 2020 e setembro de 2021 utilizando questionários sobre a percepção do ambiente social (qualidade de vida, apoio social, autoeficácia), sintomas de transtorno mental comum e aspectos sociodemográficos. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, análise de agrupamento e de variância. Resultados: foram identificadas condições de vulnerabilidade interseccionadas que, possivelmente, exacerbaram os desafios decorrentes da pandemia. O domínio físico da qualidade de vida oscilou diferentemente e inversamente de acordo com os sintomas de transtorno mental. Quanto ao domínio psicológico, no final do segmento, identificou-se em toda a amostra um incremento ao longo do tempo, pois a percepção das mulheres estava melhor do que antes da pandemia. Conclusão: a piora na saúde física das participantes merece destaque e, provavelmente, pode estar relacionada à dificuldade de acesso aos serviços de saúde neste período bem como ao medo da contaminação. Apesar disso, as participantes apresentaram-se emocionalmente resilientes em todo o período, inclusive, com sinais de melhora em relação aos aspectos psicológicos, sugerindo um possível efeito da organização comunitária do assentamento.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic among Brazilian women from rural settlements. Method: this is a quantitative and longitudinal study conducted with 13 settled women. The data were collected between January 2020 and September 2021 using questionnaires on the perception of the social environment (quality of life, social support, self-efficacy), common mental disorder symptoms and sociodemographic aspects. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis and variance analysis. Results: intersecting vulnerability conditions were identified that possibly intensified the challenges arising from the pandemic. The Quality of Life physical domain fluctuated differently and inversely according to the mental disorder symptoms. As for the psychological domain, at the end of the segment, an increase over time was identified in the entire sample, as the women’s perception was better than before the pandemic. Conclusion: worsening of the participants’ physical health deserves to be highlighted and, probably, it can be related to the difficulty accessing health services in this period as well as to the fear of contamination. Despite this, the participants were emotionally resilient throughout the period, including signs of improvement in terms of psychological aspects, suggesting a possible effect of the community organization of the settlement.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar los impactos psicosociales de la pandemia de COVID-19 en mujeres brasileñas de asentamientos rurales. Método: se trata de un estudio longitudinal cuantitativo con 13 mujeres asentadas. Los datos se recolectaron entre enero de 2020 y septiembre de 2021 mediante cuestionarios sobre percepción del entorno social (calidad de vida, apoyo social, autoeficacia), síntomas de trastorno mental común y aspectos sociodemográficos. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva, análisis de conglomerados y análisis de varianza. Resultados: se identificaron condiciones de vulnerabilidad entrelazadas que posiblemente exacerbaron los desafíos impuestos por la pandemia. El dominio físico de la calidad de vida fluctuó de manera diferente e inversa de acuerdo a los síntomas del trastorno mental. En cuanto al dominio psicológico, al final del segmento, se identificó un aumento en el tiempo en toda la muestra, dado que la percepción de las mujeres era mejor que antes de la pandemia. Conclusión: hay que destacar el empeoramiento de la salud física de las participantes que, probablemente, puede estar relacionado con la dificultad para acceder a los servicios de salud durante ese período y el miedo al contagio. A pesar de eso, las participantes fueron resilientes emocionalmente durante todo el período e, inclusive, tuvieron signos de mejoría en los aspectos psicológicos, lo que sugiere un posible efecto de la organización comunitaria del asentamiento.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar a prevalência de tuberculose, coronavírus, condições crônicas e vulnerabilidades entre migrantes e refugiados no Brasil. Método: trata-se de estudo transversal, do tipo inquérito eletrônico, realizado com migrantes internacionais durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Para a análise, aplicou-se estatística descritiva, com cálculo de medidas de posição e de dispersão. Quanto às variáveis categóricas, estimaram-se as frequências relativas e absolutas. Resultados: participaram do estudo 553 migrantes e refugiados, verificando-se prevalência de 3,07% de tuberculose, 7,2% de COVID-19 e 27,3% de condições crônicas. Entre as vulnerabilidades, 32% referiram desemprego, 37,6% mudaram para o Brasil em decorrência da situação social do seu país e 33,6% residiam em asilo e ou abrigo. Conclusão: a tuberculose, as doenças crônicas e a COVID-19 apresentaram maior prevalência em migrantes e refugiados que na população em geral. Por tratar-se de uma população ainda com grande dificuldade de acesso aos serviços de saúde e aos sistemas de proteção social, o estudo subsidiará, com base em evidências, as políticas públicas, o atendimento do enfermeiro e a incorporação de novas rotinas no serviço.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the prevalence of tuberculosis, coronavirus, chronic conditions and vulnerabilities among migrants and refugees in Brazil. Method: this is a cross-sectional study of the electronic survey type conducted with international migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive statistics was applied for the analysis, with calculation of position and dispersion measures. Regarding the categorical variables, relative and absolute frequencies were estimated. Results: the study participants were 553 migrants and refugees, verifying 3.07%, 7.2% and 27.3% prevalence of tuberculosis, COVID-19 and chronic conditions, respectively. Among the vulnerabilities, 32% reported unemployment, 37.6% moved to Brazil as a result of the social situation in their countries and 33.6% were living as refugees or sheltered people. Conclusion: tuberculosis, chronic diseases and COVID-19 presented higher prevalence values in migrants and refugees than in the general population. As this is a population group that still has significant difficulty accessing health services and social protection systems, based on diverse evidence, the study will subsidize public policies, Nursing care and the incorporation of new routines in the service.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia de tuberculosis, coronavirus, condiciones crónicas y vulnerabilidades en inmigrantes y refugiados en Brasil. Método: se trata de un estudio transversal, del tipo encuesta electrónica, realizado con migrantes internacionales durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Para el análisis se aplicó estadística descriptiva, con cálculo de medidas de posición y dispersión. En cuanto a las variables categóricas, se estimaron las frecuencias relativas y absolutas. Resultados: participaron del estudio 553 inmigrantes y refugiados, la prevalencia de tuberculosis era del 3,07%, de COVID-19 del 7,2% y de condiciones crónicas del 27,3%. Entre las vulnerabilidades, el 32% reportó desempleo, el 37,6% emigró a Brasil por la situación social de su país y el 33,6% vivía en un asilo o albergue. Conclusión: la tuberculosis, las enfermedades crónicas y el COVID-19 fueron más prevalentes en inmigrantes y refugiados que en la población general. Por tratarse de una población que aún tiene grandes dificultades para acceder a los servicios de salud y sistemas de protección social, el estudio contribuirá, con base en la evidencia, a las políticas públicas, la atención de enfermería y la incorporación de nuevas rutinas en el servicio.

Abstract The relationship between the social vulnerability of microenterprises and their economic performance in the presence of crime in the neighborhood where they are located, was analyzed for a sample of 401 establishments in Ixtaczoquitlan and Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico. Using two statistical methods: Multiple Correspondence Analysis and the Logit model, we identified that the degree of schooling and the experience of the owner of the company help micro-businesses reduce their vulnerable social status facing the negative impacts of crime in their sales strategies, strengthening their crime prevention and recovery capabilities.

Resumen Se analizó la relación entre la vulnerabilidad social de las microempresas en su desempeño económico ante la presencia de delitos en el vecindario en donde radican, para una muestra de 401 establecimientos en Ixtaczoquitlán y Orizaba, Veracruz, México. Se emplearon dos métodos estadísticos: Análisis de Correspondencias Múltiples y el Modelo Logit, se demostró que el grado de escolaridad y la experiencia del dueño de la empresa ayudan a los micronegocios a disminuir su estado social vulnerable ante la influencia de los impactos negativos de la delincuencia en sus estrategias de venta, fortaleciendo sus capacidades de prevención y recuperación del delito.

Abstract Great uncertainty prevails in the world today because of both zoo noses and geo economics. The importance of this contribution derives from the fact that it clarifies the scenarios where we are forced to make uncertain decisions but adjusted to reality. Its justification is that reconstruction in resilient economies (adaptively efficient) will be different from reorganization in vulnerable ones (adaptively inefficient). In the former, their economies and societies were resilient, implementing post-Fordism in production (business innovation), and the Welfare State in social policy (social innovation). Such dependence on the trajectory in the centers of the Western World allows us to foresee that their productive reconversion will lead to the numerical economy with as much comparative efficiency as that achieved before the pandemic. Lagging economies, on the contrary, will recycle to vulnerability particularly because they suffer from the original sin of procreating artifactual structures whose offer is rigid in the face of variations in income, and therefore propellant of the structural deficit of external financing that forces them to borrow in foreign currencies. to finance the proceeding unproductive sequence. This is a research article that applies the institutional methodology to arrive at the result that identifies how the reconstruction of resilient economies will be different from that of vulnerable ones. We conclude by emphasizing the strategic importance of social action to transform vulnerability into economic resilience.

Resumen En el mundo del presente prevalece una gran incertidumbre a causa tanto de la zoonosis como de la geoeconomía. La importancia de esta contribución deriva del hecho que aclara los escenarios donde estamos forzados a tomar decisiones inciertas pero ajustadas a la realidad. Su justificación, es que distinta será la reconstrucción en las economías resilientes (adaptativamente eficientes), de la reorganización en las vulnerables (adaptativamente ineficientes). En las primeras, sus economías y sus sociedades fueron resilientes instrumentando al postfordismo en la producción (innovación empresarial), y el Estado Benefactor en la política social (innovación social). Tal dependencia de la trayectoria en los centros del mundo occidental permite prever que su reconversión productiva llevará a la economía numérica con tanta eficiencia comparativa como la lograda antes de la pandemia. Las economías rezagadas, por el contrario, reciclarán a la vulnerabilidad particularmente porque adolecen del pecado original de procrear estructuras artefactuales cuya oferta es rígida ante las variaciones del ingreso, y por esto propulsora del déficit estructural de financiamiento externo que las obliga a endeudarse en divisas extranjeras para financiar la procedente secuencia improductiva. Este es un artículo de investigación que aplica la metodología institucional para arribar al resultado que identifica cómo la reconstrucción de las economías resilientes será diversa de la de las vulnerables. Se concluye recalcando la importancia estratégica de la acción social racional a fin de transformar la vulnerabilidad en resiliencia económica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: It is transcendental to study access to health in various fields and especially in populations in a state of vulnerability. Women inmates are considered a special population group, the sustained increase in the prison population, locally and globally, and the fact that the health problems of persons deprived of liberty tend to be more prevalent than that of the population in general, it raises the need and the challenge of designing and establishing special strategies in reference to the care models necessary to carry out the tasks of care, prevention, and health promotion within prisons. Objective: The objective of the study was to detect access to gynecologist-obstetric health services in penitentiary establishments in Peru during the year 2021. Methods: The study is descriptive, cross, was carried out in the penitentiary setting and covers all the penitentiary establishments in the regions of Peru with a female penitentiary population distributed throughout the Peruvian territory during the year 2021. For data collection, the secondary source documentary technique, the instrument in which the information collected was lost was the documentary file. Results: It was found that 13 women's prisons and 31 women's pavilions, of which only 15 (34.09%) have gynecologist-obstetric service, while 29 (35.91%) do not have gynecologist-obstetric service. Of the total prison population studied, 4,360 inmates, not all of them received at least one gynecologist-obstetrician care during the year 2021. Discussion: Access to gynecologist-obstetric services in the women's prison population in Peru is restricted, placing women deprived of their liberty in a situation of vulnerability.

RESUMEN Introducción: Resulta trascendental estudiar el acceso a la salud en diversos campos y sobre todo en poblaciones en estado de vulnerabilidad. Las mujeres internas se consideran un grupo de población especial, el aumento sostenido de la población penitenciaria, a nivel local y mundial, y el hecho de que los problemas de salud de las personas privadas de libertad suelen ser de mayor prevalencia que la de la población general, plantea la necesidad y el desafío de diseñar y establecer estrategias especiales en referencia a los modelos de atención necesarios para llevar a cabo las tareas de atención, prevención y promoción de la salud dentro de los establecimientos penitenciarios. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue diagnosticar el acceso a los servicios de la salud gineco-obstetra en los establecimientos penitenciarios del Perú durante el año 2021. Metodología: El estudio tiene carácter descriptivo, transversal, se realizó en el ámbito penitenciario y abarca todos los establecimientos penitenciarios de las regiones del Perú con población penitenciaria femenina distribuidas en el territorio peruano durante el año 2021. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó la técnica documental de fuente secundaria, el instrumento en el cual se registró la información recogida fue la ficha documental. Resultados: Se encontró que, de 13 establecimientos penitenciarios de mujeres y 31 pabellones de mujeres, solo 15 (34,09 %) cuentan con servicio gineco-obstetra, mientras que 29 (65,91 %) no cuentan con servicio gineco-obstetra. Del total de la población penitenciaria estudiada (4360) internas, no todas recibieron al menos una atención gineco-obstetra durante el año 2021 Discusión: El acceso a los servicios gineco-obstetras en la población penitenciaria de mujeres del Perú se muestra restringida, colocando en situación de vulnerabilidad a las mujeres privadas de su libertad.

Resumen Las personas con padecimientos mentales han sido consideradas tradicionalmente como poblaciones vulnerables. Son frecuentemente objeto de discriminación, estigma, marginación de proyectos sociales, maltrato y abuso físico, psicológico y sexual. El modelo médico biológico dominante plantea que esta vulnerabilidad es biológica, excluyendo los elementos sociales tanto de la práctica como de la formación médicas. En este artículo, proponemos la vulnerabilidad como efecto de una injusticia epistémica, y no de desventajas biológicas. Para ello, haremos en primer lugar una crítica a la caracterización de los padecimientos mentales como enfermedades biológicas, por un lado, y la aplicación de medidas asistenciales poco incluyentes y sobremedicalizadas, por el otro. En segundo lugar, tomaremos el concepto de “injusticia epistémica” como central en la generación de tal vulnerabilidad en estas poblaciones. Este concepto propone una situación en la que un sujeto es excluido de la generación e interpretación del conocimiento de manera estructural por su sociedad, como es el caso de las personas con padecimientos mentales, condenados precisamente a ser excluidos de la generación e interpretación de conocimiento valioso para el desarrollo de un proyecto social en el que puedan participar. Por último, exploraremos algunas posibles soluciones a tales injusticias epistémicas, así como sus efectos en la vulnerabilidad en la que se encuentran quienes sufren tales padecimientos.

Abstract People with mental illness have traditionally been considered vulnerable populations. They are frequently subjected to discrimination, stigma, marginalization from social projects, mistreatment and physical, psychological and sexual abuse. The dominant biological medical model of medicine states that this vulnerability is biological, excluding social elements from both medical practice and training. In this article, we propose vulnerability as the effect of epistemic injustice, rather than biological disadvantage. To this end, we will first critique the characterization of mental illnesses only as biological diseases, on the one hand, and the application of under-inclusive and over-medicalized care measures, on the other. Secondly, we will take the concept of “epistemic injustice” as central to the generation of such vulnerability in these populations. This concept proposes a situation in which a subject is structurally excluded from the generation and interpretation of knowledge by his or her society, as is the case of people with mental illnesses, condemned precisely to be excluded from the generation and interpretation of valuable knowledge for the development of a social project in which they can participate. Finally, we will explore some possible solutions to such epistemic injustices, as well as their effects on the vulnerability of those who suffer from such conditions.

ABSTRACT The territorial productive vocation, conceived as the set of aptitudes, dispositions and productive potentialities that the inhabitants of a territory present, is a relatively little explored area of work and provided with important development potentialities, being interesting to study its concepts in contexts provided with economic, social and/or environmental contradictions. For this, the case of the Province of Arauco, in Chile, is proposed, a territory classified as a lag economic area due to its problems of poverty and connectivity, even when it houses one of the most important productive activities in the country, such as the forestry industry. In this way, the present article aims to explore the productive vocation present in the Province of Arauco and its relationship with the productive reality present there. The work is carried out with a qualitative approach, based on secondary data contained in the Communal Development Plans of seven communes of the territory, analyzing the visions, missions, objective images and objectives of productive development. The main finding is the identification of a mismatch between the large-scale productive structure (forestry) and the territorial productive vocation (oriented to sustainable local tourism). We conclude that this helps to explain the persistence in indicators of poverty, exclusion and vulnerability in this province. The study is limited by the characteristics of the instruments studied, while its originality lies in this.

RESUMEN La vocación productiva territorial, concebida como el conjunto de aptitudes, disposiciones y potencialidades productivas que presentan los habitantes de un territorio, es un área de trabajo relativamente poco explorada y provista de importantes potencialidades de desarrollo, resultando interesante estudiar sus conceptos en contextos provistos de contradicciones económicas, sociales y/o ambientales. Para ello se propone el caso de la Provincia de Arauco, en Chile, territorio clasificado como zona de rezago económico debido a sus problemas de pobreza y conectividad, aun cuando alberga a una de las actividades productivas más relevantes del país, como es la industria forestal. De este modo, el presenta artículo plantea como objetivo explorar la vocación productiva presente en la Provincia de Arauco y su relación con la realidad productiva allí presente. El trabajo se realiza con un enfoque cualitativo, basado en datos secundarios contenidos en los Planes de Desarrollo Comunales de siete comunas del territorio, analizándose las visiones, misiones, imágenes objetivo y objetivos de desarrollo productivo. El hallazgo principal es la identificación de un desajuste entre la estructura productiva de gran escala (forestal) y la vocación productiva territorial (orientada al turismo local sustentable). Concluimos que esto ayuda a explicar la persistencia en indicadores de pobreza, exclusión y vulnerabilidad en esta provincia. El estudio está limitado por las características de los instrumentos estudiados, al tiempo que en ello radica su originalidad.

Resumen: Una bienal ¿debe ser una plataforma para responder a problemas urbanos y sociales? Diego Ortiz escribe sobre la XXII Bienal de Arquitectura de Chile, que tuvo lugar en enero 2023, revisando ejemplos de prácticas que reflejan y promueven el cambio.

Abstract: Should a biennial be a platform to respond to urban and social problems? Diego Ortiz writes about the 22nd Biennial of Architecture of Chile, which took place in January 2023, and reviews examples of practices that reflect and promote change.

Abstract The phenomenon of transit migration has been studied on numerous occasions from various perspectives of social analysis, highlighting its particularities, causes, risks and possible future scenarios. The information released from interviews, surveys and other data collection techniques has undoubtedly yielded a fundamental database for social sciences. However, in the present academic effort, our objective is to examine the relation of this migratory phenomenon with the discourses that emerge from musical products, in their function as emitters of a series of symbolic contents that address and distribute visions on various national and international themes. In this context, in the following lines we will develop a critical analysis on the discourse of the five most famous Latin American songs (Mojado, Pa’l Norte, Clandestino, El inmigrante and José Pérez León) that have several million plays on different musical platforms, and that their main theme is transit migration. Emphasis is placed on their particularities and their relationship with theoretical approaches to migratory transit, revealing scenarios in which migrants develop in vulnerability, depression, religion, job uncertainty, path hazards, immigration control, deportation, among others.

Resumen El fenómeno de la migración de tránsito ha sido estudiado en numerosas ocasiones desde diversas perspectivas de análisis social, destacando sus particularidades, causas, riesgos y posibles escenarios de futuro. La información desprendida de entrevistas, encuestas y otras técnicas de recolección de datos han arrojado, sin duda, un banco de datos fundamental para las ciencias sociales. No obstante, en el presente esfuerzo académico nuestro objetivo es examinar la relación de ese fenómeno migratorio con los discursos que se desprenden de los productos musicales, en su función de emisores de una serie de contenidos simbólicos que abordan y distribuyen visiones sobre diversas temáticas nacionales e internacionales. En ese contexto, en las siguientes líneas desarrollaremos un análisis crítico del discurso de las cinco canciones latinoamericanas más famosas (Mojado, Pa’l Norte, Clandestino, El inmigrante y José Pérez León) que cuentan con varios millones de reproducciones en distintas plataformas musicales, y que tienen como temática central la migración de tránsito. Se hace énfasis en sus particularidades y su relación con los enfoques teóricos sobre el tránsito migratorio, desvelando escenarios en los que los migrantes se desenvuelven en la vulnerabilidad, la depresión, la religión, la incertidumbre laboral, los peligros del trayecto, el control migratorio, la deportación, por mencionar algunos.

Abstract The present work arises from a teaching interest in contributing to the reading and literary training of students who have not experienced favorable conditions for approaching reading in their social context, as well as from a research interest in knowing the impact of an educational intervention focused on the promotion of reading for this student profile. In that context, a case study is presented with the objective of characterizing the motivation to read (in its dimensions of reading self-image and the value attributed to reading) of high school students before and after taking a literary program focused on the promotion of reading. The sample corresponds to twenty-three 10th grade students of a highly vulnerable institution in Colombia. The data were constructed during the 2019 academic year through a mixed approach, applying a questionnaire and an interview that make up the Adolescent Motivation to Read Profile test (Pitcher et al., 2007). The results show an improvement trend in the students' motivation to read, although it is highlighted that this trend is more emphasized in the value attributed to reading than in the reading self-image. Finally, the interest of the results is discussed to think about educational actions focused on promoting reading in highly vulnerable educational contexts.

Resumen El presente trabajo surge de un interés docente por aportar en la formación lectora y literaria del alumnado que no ha vivido condiciones favorables de acercamiento a la lectura en su contexto social, así como de un interés investigativo por conocer el impacto de una intervención educativa centrada en el fomento de la lectura para ese perfil de estudiantado. En ese marco, se presenta un estudio de caso cuyo objetivo fue caracterizar la motivación a la lectura (en sus dimensiones de autoimagen lectora y valoración de la lectura) de estudiantes de secundaria antes y después de participar de una programación literaria centrada en el fomento de la lectura. La muestra corresponde a 23 estudiantes de décimo grado de Bachillerato de una institución educativa pública de alta vulnerabilidad en Colombia. Los datos se construyeron durante el año académico 2019 mediante un abordaje mixto aplicando un cuestionario y una entrevista que conforman el test Adolescent Motivation to Read Profile. Los resultados muestran una tendencia de mejora en la motivación lectora del alumnado, aunque se subraya que dicha tendencia se acentúa más en la valoración de la lectura que en la autoimagen lectora. Finalmente, se discute el interés de los resultados para pensar actuaciones educativas centradas en el fomento de la lectura en contextos educativos de alta vulnerabilidad.

Resumen La investigación moderna, tanto en humanos como preclínica, que utiliza modelos animales indica que fumar durante la edad adolescente resulta en cambios cerebrales y psicológicos a corto y largo plazo en el fumador, así como en un aumento significativo en los riesgos de desarrollar adicción al tabaco durante la vida. Por lo tanto, en la presente revisión narrativa se describirán y profundizarán los hallazgos investigativos modernos de la psicobiología de la adolescencia y los efectos del tabaco en el desarrollo, con un énfasis particular en la comprensión de los efectos psicológicos y cerebrales del consumo de tabaco durante la adolescencia, tanto a corto como a largo plazo. Se considerarán de manera detallada los avances investigativos sobre la psicobiología de la adolescencia y sus riesgos en las adicciones desde los aspectos: conductual, cognitivo, reactividad al estrés y psicobiología. Sobre esta base, se revisará la investigación sobre la psicobiología de la adolescencia y la evidencia de vulnerabilidad a la adicción durante esta etapa. Al final, se abordarán los efectos del tabaco en el cerebro y conducta durante el desarrollo adolescente y vida posterior, ya que se ha encontrado evidencia relacionada con alteraciones cerebrales crónicas en los sistemas colinérgicos y regiones cerebrales asociadas con la dependencia de la nicotina. Se espera que la revisión y divulgación de esta información en el idioma español sea de valor para la comprensión de los problemas de vulnerabilidad y predisposiciones a la adicción al tabaco en el contexto de Latinoamérica.

Abstract Tobacco use and its harmful health-related problems have become one of the largest modern preventable public health issues. Current research strongly suggests that smoking during adolescence enhances addictive smoking behaviors during life, which can be related to adolescence as a critical ontogenetic period characterized by behaviors that can increase the probability of risk-related behaviors such as sensation and novelty seeking. Adolescent development is also a period of maturation of frontal and subcortical neural systems, brain changes that underlie higher impulsivity tendencies to promote adequate learning and adaptations necessary to succeed the novel challenges of the adult life, but those changes also enhance vulnerabilities to the addictive effects of drugs. Consistent with this, tobacco use affects brain development processes which underlie long-term psychobiological alterations and the enhanced risks for tobacco addiction during adult life. Thus, the present review describes current psychobiological approaches to understand general addiction processes and tobacco addiction, highlighting the behavioral and neural short-term effects of tobacco use during adolescence and its long-term effects during adulthood. Current research has advanced on four aspects for the understanding of both the psychobiology of adolescent development and the effects of drugs of abuse during this time. The first aspect is behavioral, as adolescence is related to important changes on motivational and emotional behaviors such as sensation seeking. Other important behavioral changes are social approach, a higher variety of opportunity for personal choices, and development of personal independence. Research on a second aspect has focused on cognition. A review of research is presented showing enhanced abilities during adolescence development for reading, abstract and logical thinking, and novel problem solving. Stress reactivity is the third aspect of reviewed psychobiological mechanisms. The stress biological system undergoes important changes during adolescence, including changes on stress-related hormones and neural architecture. An important issue is that exposure to early and/or chronic stressful circumstances during adolescence could be related to higher risk to the start and maintenance of addiction states, as suggested by research assessing the disruptive effects of stress on psychobiological homeostatic processes needed to maintain stable biological and emotional regulation. The fourth aspect is psychobiology. In this section research is reviewed related to the development of monoaminergic brain circuits underlying motivation, novelty-seeking, impulsivity, and addiction processes. Using as model the previous review integration, the effects of nicotine are discussed, the essential addictive component of tobacco, on the neurochemical systems underlying tobacco addiction. Following this, important research is introduced that describes psychobiological changes during adolescence and evidence of vulnerability to addiction during this life stage. Then, current research on both short-term and long-term effects of tobacco or nicotine administration during adolescence on the brain, behavior, and cognition is introduced. The current research advances and discussions on the psychobiology of addictions in general, and tobacco addiction in particular, have been possible to a large extent from the use of animal models and preclinical research, since animal models have become crucial to identify learning, motivational, emotional, and cognitive mechanisms that underlie addictive processes, and making possible to perform experimental procedures to discover the functioning and participation of biological components. One example of such components is the cholinergic system, which is activated by nicotine and is part of the neurochemical machinery on different brain areas important for both tobacco addiction and adolescence development such as the dorsal striatum, amygdala, ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. The present review and research divulgation written in Spanish are expected to clarify modern research on addiction and encourage current scientific education on the vulnerabilities and predispositions for tobacco abuse in Latin-American countries.

Resumen Los últimos años de investigación científica han visto un crecimiento en los estudios que relacionan situaciones de vulnerabilidad (particularmente, durante la vida temprana) con el desarrollo de psicopatologías. Tales disfuncionalidades en la salud mental y en las emociones entienden una sinergia entre factores contextuales y la biología del organismo. Lo que da en llamarse “puente” entre ambas instancias es estudiado por un área de la investigación científica relativamente nueva: la epigenética. La epigenética fue establecida como un interesante factor que permite relacionar, desde un punto de vista biológico, el contexto en que se desarrollan las personas con sus estados emocionales. Este artículo se propone revisar algunos trabajos e integrarlos dentro de una concepción compleja del ser humano, que lo entiende como un sistema de relaciones entre diversas dimensiones que incluyen las esferas genéticas, epigenéticas, neurológicas, emocionales, interaccionales, cognitivas y socioculturales enmarcadas en un contexto particular.

Abstract The discovery of the whole sequence of the human genome in 2001 promised to be a revolution in terms of dealing with diseases and understanding what makes us a “different” species from other animals. However, the scope of this promising discovery was more limited than expected. The information carried by DNA is complex and, furthermore, it does not explain the vast repertoire of functions and dysfunctions that organisms present. For this reason, it began to be thought that it was necessary to change the focus to understand how individuals are formed and develop, and turn the attention paid to DNA to what surrounds that DNA: the environment of the organism (both internal and external). In this way, the studies began to focus on the influence of the context to which organisms are exposed to understand the characteristics of the body and its actions. In thinking about the concept of the body in development, this renewed focus in the environmental influence allows an understanding of it as a permeable and complex system, where dysregulations (diseases) may also be triggered by exogenous events and not only from the endogenous factors. Therefore, in a recursive way, the influence of the human being on the environment transforms the environment that returns to influence the human being. Here is the history of mankind. There are contexts that offer a healthy framework for the growth of its inhabitants and there are others that make life vulnerable and produce lifetime consequences. However, while some people are and feel vulnerable to contexts of adversity, other people are resilient and manage to positively live and growth despite the difficulties that might appear throughout life. Epigenetics has been proposed as one of the molecular mechanisms that explain how those contexts “get under the skin” and trigger phenotypic characteristics. Although the regulation of gene expression by epigenetic mechanisms occurs naturally and constantly in the developing organism, it can also be influenced by environmental factors, such as age, lifestyle, health conditions or social relationships. Epigenetics is sensitive to environmental changes allowing organisms to adapt their physiology and behavior. Unlike the changes that occur in the DNA sequence, epigenetic processes are reversible. One of the most known examples of epigenetic action in determining phenotypes according to the environment is the stress response through the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The functioning of the HPA axis and the response to stress can be related to the concepts of vulnerability and trauma. If an emotionally sensitive event is disturbing, it becomes a stressful situation, with the activation of the HPA axis, flooding the bloodstream with cortisol. This allostatic process is the basis of the mechanism of adaptability of humans to traumatic impacts. But if the situation continues to impact, allostasis is systematized and generates an allostatic circuit that produces a residual charge that ends up creating dysfunction in the organism. In this article the involvement of epigenetics in this regulation is discussed and some seminal studies in rodents and humans are presented. The last few years of scientific research have seen an explosive growth of studies linking situations of vulnerability (particularly, during early life) with the development of psychopathologies. Epigenetics was established as an interesting factor that allows to relate, from a biological point of view, the context in which people develop with their emotional states. This article proposes a review of some of these works in order to integrate them into a complex conception of the human being, which understands it as a system of relationships between various dimensions, including genetics, epigenetics, neurology, emotions, social interactions, cognition, and socio-culture, framed in a particular context.

Objetivo: mensurar a prevalência de prematuridade segundo macrorregião brasileira e características maternas, nos últimos 11 anos; comparar as proporções durante a pandemia de covid-19 (2020-2021) com as da série histórica (2011-2019). Métodos: estudo ecológico, com dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos; prevalências calculadas segundo ano, macrorregião e características maternas; análise da série temporal pelo modelo de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: a prevalência de prematuridade em 2011-2021 foi de 11,1%, estável; a média no período pandêmico (11,3% – IC95% 11,2;11,4%) assemelhou-se à do período-base (11,0% – IC95% 10,6;11,5%); a região Norte (11,6%) apresentou a maior proporção entre 2011 e 2021; gestação gemelar (56,3%) e gestantes com 4-6 consultas de pré-natal (16,7%) apresentaram tendência crescente (p < 0,001); observou-se maior prevalência para extremos de idade materna, gestantes de raça/cor da pele preta, indígenas e menor escolaridade. Conclusão: maior prematuridade nas gestantes socialmente vulneráveis, em gestações gemelares e no Norte; prevalência estável, sem diferença entre períodos.

Objective: To measure prematurity prevalence from 2011-2021, according to brazilian’s macroregion and maternal characteristics, in the last 11 years, comparing the pandemic years of COVID-19 (2020-2021), with the historical series (2011-2019). Methods: Ecological study based on the Information System on Live Births. Prevalences are calculated according to year, macro-region, and maternal characteristics. Time series analysis by the generalized linear model of Prais-Winsten. Results: Prematurity rate between 2011-2021: 11,1%, stable in the period. The mean in the pandemic period (11.3% 95%CI 11.2;11.4%) resembled the baseline mean (11.0%95%CI10.6; 11.5). The northern region (11.6%) had the highest rate in 2011-2021. Twin pregnancy (56.3%) and pregnant with 4-6 prenatal visits (16.7%) presented an increasing trend (p<0.001).  Extreme maternal age, black and indigenous women, and lower education had higher rates. Conclusion: Greater prematurity in pregnant in women in social vulnerability, twin pregnancies, and Northern Region. The rates remained stable, with no difference between periods.

Objetivo: Medir la prevalência de prematuridad de 2011 a 2021, según macrorregión brasileña y características maternas, comparando los años de pandemia de COVID-19, con 2011-2019. Métodos: Estudio ecológico basado en el Sistema de Información de Nacimientos Vivos. Prevalencias calculadas según año, macrorregión y características maternas. Análisis de series temporales por el modelo generalizado de Prais-Winsten.Resultados: La prematuridad entre 2011-2021: 11,1%, con estabilidade; la media de en el periodo de la pandemia 11,3% (IC95% 11,2;11,4) se asemejó a la media de referencia (11,0% – IC95% 10,6;11,5). Región del norte tuvo la proporción más alta entre 2011 y 2021. Embarazo gemelar y mujeres con 4-6 visitas prenatales tuvieron tendencia al aumento. Prevalencias más elevadas correspondían a la edad materna extrema, mujeres embarazadas negras e indígenas y niveles de educación más bajos. Conclusión: Mayor prematuridad en situación de vulnerabilidad social, embarazos gemelares y de la Región Norte. Proporciones se mantuvieron estables, sin diferencias entre períodos.

Abstract Green areas provide key ecosystem services for cities. Such benefits, however, need to be distributed in the urban fabric so that they are equally accessible to all citizens, a principle called Green Equity. This study analyzed the distribution of green areas in the eleven neighborhoods of the urban region of Prosa, in the city of Campo Grande, capital of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, through vector data provided by the Municipal System of Indicators (SISGRAN) of the Municipality of Campo Grande (PMCG). The region’s green areas and road transport network were analyzed using the Space Syntax plugin and thematic maps generated in QGis and then compared with data on the income distribution of the region’s residents. The results made it possible to point out the occurrence of spatial segregation in the region in relation to access to green areas by residents. It was observed that most of the green areas are located in the neighborhoods with higher income and with privileges of displacement and access by the main roads of the region. The opposite occurred in part of the neighborhoods with lower per capita income, with variation in occurrence and access to vegetated areas. This research could, therefore, verify the positive correlation between income and access to green areas in 72% of the analyzed neighborhoods, validating the analysis methodology.

Resumen Las áreas verdes brindan servicios ecosistémicos clave para las ciudades. Dichos beneficios, sin embargo, deben distribuirse en el tejido urbano para que sean igualmente accesibles para todos los ciudadanos, un principio llamado Equidad Verde. Este estudio analizó la distribución de áreas verdes en los once barrios de la región urbana de Prosa, en la ciudad de Campo Grande, capital del estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, a través de datos vectoriales proporcionados por ei Sistema Municipal de Indicadores (SISGRAN) de Município de Campo Grande (PMCG). Las áreas verdes de la región y la red de transporte por carretera se analizaron utilizando el enchufable Space Syntax y mapas temáticos generados en QGis y, luego, se compararon con datos sobre la distribución del ingreso de los residentes de la región. Los resultados permitieron señalar la ocurrencia de segregación espacial en la región en relación al acceso a las áreas verdes por parte de los residentes. Se observó que la mayoría de las áreas verdes están ubicadas en los barrios de mayores ingresos y con privilegios de desplazamiento y acceso por las principales vías de la región. Lo contrario ocurrió en parte de los barrios de menor renta per cápita, con variación en la ocurrencia y acceso a áreas vegetadas. Esta investigación pudo, por lo tanto, verificar la correlación positiva entre ingresos y acceso a áreas verdes en el 72% de los barrios analizados, validando la metodología de análisis.

Resumo As áreas verdes prestam serviços ecossistêmicos fundamentais para as cidades. Tais benefícios, entretanto, precisam ser distribuídos na malha urbana, de forma que sejam igualmente acessíveis a todos os cidadãos, princípio denominado de Equidade Verde. Este estudo analisou a distribuição de áreas verdes nos onze bairros da região urbana do Prosa, na cidade de Campo Grande, capital do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, por meio dos dados vetoriais disponibilizados pelo Sistema Municipal de Indicadores (SISGRAN), da Prefeitura Municipal de Campo Grande (PMCG). As áreas verdes e a rede de transporte viário da região foram analisadas por meio do plugin Space Syntax e de mapas temáticos gerados no QGis e, em seguida, comparadas com dados de distribuição de renda dos moradores da região. Os resultados permitiram apontar a ocorrência de segregação espacial na região em relação ao acesso às áreas verdes pelos moradores. Observou-se que a maioria das áreas verdes está localizada nos bairros com maior renda e com privilégios de deslocamento e acesso pelas principais vias da região. O oposto ocorreu em parte dos bairros de menor renda per capita, com variação na ocorrência e no acesso às áreas vegetadas. Esta pesquisa pôde, portanto, constatar a correlação positiva entre renda e acesso às áreas verdes em 72% dos bairros analisados, validando a metodologia de análise.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar la asociación entre el contexto social (factores demográficos, socioeconómicos y soporte social) y la inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional moderada-grave de familias con niños de 0 a 59 meses matriculados en jardines infantiles municipales del estado de Paraíba, Brasil. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal desarrollado en municipios brasileños prioritarios para la prevención de la obesidad infantil. Se utilizó un cuestionario que recogió información sobre el contexto social de la familia (perfil demográfico del niño, situación socioeconómica y soporte social) y la escala brasileña de inseguridad alimentaria. La asociación entre las variables independientes y la inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional moderada-grave se determinó a través de una regresión de Poisson para estimar razones de prevalencia crudas y ajustadas, y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados. De un total de 382 familias, el 27,2% presentaba inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional moderada-grave. Además, se encontró que aquellas familias con niños menores de 24 meses, de clases menos prósperas, beneficiadas del Programa Bolsa Família, sin apoyo social (material, emocional/informacional y de interacción) y disfuncionales tenían una mayor probabilidad de presentar el desenlace de estudio. Conclusiones. Los resultados del presente estudio indicaron que el 27,2% de las familias tenía inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional moderada-grave, siendo mayores en núcleos beneficiarios del Programa Bolsa Família, disfuncionales y sin apoyo social. En este sentido, la identificación de estos factores sería de utilidad para optimizar la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional familiar.

ABSTRACT Objective. To analyze the association between the social context (demographic, socioeconomic and social support factors) and moderate-severe food and nutritional insecurity in families with children aged 0-59 months enrolled in municipal kindergartens in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. Materials and methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Brazilian municipalities prioritized for the prevention of childhood obesity. A questionnaire was used to collect information on the social context of the family (demographic profile of the child, socioeconomic situation and social support) as well as the Brazilian food insecurity scale. The association between the independent variables and moderate-severe food and nutrition insecurity was determined by applying Poisson regression to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals. Results. We included 382 families; 27.2% had moderate-severe food and nutrition insecurity. In addition, dysfunctional families with children under 24 months, from less affluent classes, beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família Program and without social support (material, emotional/informational and interaction) were more likely to present the outcome. Conclusions. Our results show that 27.2% of the families had moderate-severe food and nutritional insecurity, were beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família Program, dysfunctional and did not have social support. Therefore, the identification of these factors would be useful to improve family food and nutritional security.