Resumo Introdução: A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica (DPOC) é a terceira causa de mortalidade a nível global. O tratamento foca-se na melhoria da qualidade de vida, atraso da progressão da doença e redução das exacerbações. Neste contexto, o benefício da reabilitação respiratória tem vindo a ser verificado. Esta medida não farmacológica pode ser implementada na comunidade, no contexto dos cuidados de saúde primários. Objetivos: Esta revisão sistemática propôs-se a fazer um levantamento da evidência atual sobre o impacto da reabilitação pulmonar na qualidade de vida dos doentes com DPOC, num contexto de cuidados de saúde primários. Métodos: Foram pesquisados estudos randomizados controlados em três bases de dados. Foi incluída a reabilitação pulmonar realizada na comunidade e excluídas intervenções em contexto hospitalar. Foi considerado como resultado primário a qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde comparando com a terapêutica padrão da DPOC. A extração e triagem de dados foi efetuada por três autores, de forma independente. Avaliou-se o viés pela Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Resultados: Quatro estudos corresponderam aos critérios de pesquisa. Três estudos reportaram benefício em pelo menos um dos resultados. A frequência e duração da reabilitação pareceram ter algum impacto nos resultados. A mortalidade foi mais alta nos grupos de controlo. Os estudos incluídos tinham limitações importantes, nomeadamente a incapacidade de realizar intervenções cegas. Conclusões: A reabilitação pulmonar em cuidados de saúde primários melhora a qualidade de vida e capacidade funcional na DPOC. A duração, frequência e modalidade ótimas da intervenção não estão definidas e poderão depender de características individuais. Embora o paradigma não se altere, espera-se que esta revisão fomente o interesse na intervenção.

Abstract Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide, and its management involves improving quality of life, delaying progression, and minimizing exacerbations. The benefit of pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD has been documented in the literature. This intervention can be applied to a primary healthcare setting, using community resources. Objectives: This systematic review sought to compile current evidence implying the impact of pulmonary rehabilitation in a primary healthcare setting on the quality of life of patients with COPD. Methods: Three databases were searched for randomized controlled trials. We included community-based pulmonary rehabilitation and excluded interventions in a hospital setting. The primary outcome was health-related quality of life; secondary outcomes were functional exercise capacity and mortality. Data extraction and triage were performed independently by three authors, and bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Results: Four studies met the search criteria. Three studies reported benefits in at least one of the outcomes; a fourth reported no differences between groups. Rehabilitation frequency and duration seemed to have some impact on all outcomes. Mortality was higher in the control groups when available. The included studies had important limitations, namely the inability to blind interventions. Conclusions: Pulmonary rehabilitation in a primary health care setting benefits the quality of life and functional exercise capacity in COPD patients. Optimal treatment modality, frequency, and duration are yet to be defined and are perhaps reliant on individual patient attributes. Though unable to add to previous findings, we hope this review fosters interest in this potentially life-changing intervention in a primary healthcare context.

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a serious medical condition that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Early detection and treatment are essential for improving the outcome in patients with ICH. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive imaging technique that has been used to detect changes in brain tissue oxygenation and blood flow in various conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive potential of NIRS for early diagnosis of ICH in patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) triage with headache. A total of 378 patients were included in the study. According to the final diagnosis of the patients, 4 groups were formed: migraine, tension-cluster headache, intracranial hemorrhage and intracranial mass, and control group. Cerebral NIRS values “rSO2” were measured at the first professional medical contact with the patient. The right and left rSO2 (RrSO2, LrSO2) were significantly lower and the rSO2 difference was significantly higher in the intracranial hemorrhage group compared to all other patient groups (P<0.001). The cut-off values determined in the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis were RrSO2 ≤67, LrSO2 ≤67, and ΔrSO2 ≥9. This study found that a difference of more than 9 in cerebral right-left NIRS values can be a non-invasive, easy-to-administer, rapid, and reliable diagnostic test for early detection of intracranial bleeding. NIRS holds promise as an objective method in ED triage for patients with intracranial hemorrhage. However, further research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and limitations of this method.

ABSTRACT Purpose To perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the Brazilian Dysphonia Screening Tool (DST-Br) for European Portuguese (EP). Methods The cross-cultural adaptation of the DST-Br for EP was carried out in four stages: translation, back-translation, expert committee review, and pre-testing. The pre-testing involved 30 dysphonic individuals (24 women and 6 men) aged between 18 and 87 years old. Results An additional statement was required in the EP version of the instrument. Disagreement in the back-translation of the title was resolved through an expert committee review. One item presented discrepancies in the translation and back-translation, with the final version determined through an expert committee review. One item and the answer key reached a consensus in all stages. During pre-testing, all items received 100% "yes" or "no" responses, and none were marked as "not applicable". Conclusion The cross-cultural adaptation of DST-Br for use in EP was successfully carried out. The European Portuguese version of the instrument was named the Instrumento de Rastreio para a Disfonia em português europeu (IRD-PT) / Dysphonia Screening Tool in European Portuguese.

RESUMO Objetivo Realizar a adaptação transcultural do Instrumento de Rastreio para a Disfonia (IRD-Br) para o Português Europeu (PE). Métodos Foi realizada a adaptação transcultural do IRD-Br para o PE de acordo com as seguintes etapas: tradução, retrotradução, análise de um comitê de especialistas e pré-teste. Na etapa de pré-teste, participaram 30 indivíduos disfônicos com idades entre os 18 e 87 anos, sendo 24 do sexo feminino e 6 do sexo masculino. Resultados Foi necessária a inserção de um enunciado na versão em PE do instrumento. Houve divergência na retrotradução do título, sendo resolvida na análise do comitê de especialistas. Um item apresentou divergência na tradução e na retrotradução, sendo definida a versão final na análise do comitê de especialistas. Um item e a chave de resposta apresentaram consenso em todas as etapas. No pré-teste, todos os itens receberam 100% de respostas sim ou não, e nenhum recebeu resposta não aplicável. Conclusão A adaptação do IRD-Br para o PE foi bem sucedida. A versão para o português europeu do instrumento foi denominada de Instrumento de Rastreio para a Disfonia em português europeu - IRD-PT.

BACKGROUND: A robust knowledge on the pattern of use of emergency care resources not only serves as an indicator of universal access to care but also provides a basis for quality improvement within the health system. This study was undertaken to describe the pattern of emergency room visits at Brits District Hospital (BDH) in North West province, South Africa. The objectives of this study were to determine the sociodemographic characteristics of emergency department (ED) users and other patterns of ED use. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted at a district hospital. All patients who reported for emergency care in the ED in 2016 were eligible for the study. Data were extracted and analysed from a systematic sample of 355 clinical notes and hospital administrative records. RESULTS: The age group that visited the ED most frequently (25.3%) was 25-34 years old. A high proportion of the ED users (60%) were self-referred, and only 38% were transported by the emergency medical response services (EMRS). Few (5.6%) presentations were of a non-urgent nature. Trauma-related conditions accounted for the most frequent presentation at the ED (36.5%). CONCLUSION: Although most ED users were self-referred, their clinical presentations were appropriate and underscore the need for policy strategies to reduce the burden of trauma in the catchment population. CONTRIBUTION: The study findings may have an impact on future health policies by providing decision-makers with baseline information on the pattern of use of ED resources, ensuring better resource deployment and greater access to care.

Abstract Introduction : The start of the COVID-19 pandemic forced the implementation of changes in the emergency services care system. Concomitantly, at our institution, we implemented the artificial intelligence (AI) software, RAPID.AI, for image analysis in ischemic stroke (IS). Our objective was to evaluate the impact of the use of AI together with the changes in the triage during the COVID-19 pandemic in patients with stroke due to large vessel occlusion (LVO). Methods : We included patients with IS due to LVO treated with intravenous reperfusion therapy plus en dovascular or direct endovascular therapy. Results : Two groups were created. Group 1: patients from January 2019 to June 2020; Group 2: patients from July 2020 to December 2021, studied with RAPID.AI. Clini cal data and temporal metrics were analyzed. They were compared according to arrival time from 08:00 to 20:00 (daytime) vs 20:01 to 7:59 (night). Results: We included 286 patients, 153 in group 1 and 133 in group 2. In group 2, door-image metric and image duration were lower, with shorter door-image onset and door-recanalization times; patients who arrived at night had higher NIHSS and longer time from onset-to-door with lower propor tion of functional independence at 90 days (mRS ≤ 2). Conclusions : The use of AI for image analysis along with a shorter door to end of image time allowed to reduce the interval to groin puncture. In the analysis by hours during the pandemic, patients admitted in daytime hours had significantly lower door to image, image time acquisition, and door to recanalization metrics.

Resumen Introducción : El inicio de la pandemia COVID-19, obligó a implementar cambios en el sistema de aten ción de los servicios de emergencia. Coincidentemente, en nuestra institución, implementamos el software de inteligencia artificial (IA), RAPID.AI, para el análisis de imágenes en el ataque cerebrovascular isquémico (ACVi). Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el impacto del uso de la IA junto a los cambios en el triage durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en pacientes con ACVi por oclusión de gran vaso cerebral (OGVC). Métodos : Se crearon 2 grupos de pacientes con ACVi por OGVC tratados con terapia de reperfusión endovenosa más endovascular o terapia endovascu lar directa. Grupo 1: pacientes de enero 2019 a junio 2020; Grupo 2: pacientes de julio 2020 a diciembre de 2021, estudiados con RAPID.AI. Se analizaron datos clínicos, y métricas temporales. Se compararon según hora de arribo de 08:00 a 20:00 h (diurno) vs. 20:01 a 7:59 h (nocturno). Resultados : El grupo 1 comprendió 153 pacientes y el grupo 2 133. En el grupo 2 la métrica puerta-imagen y adquisición de la imagen fueron menores, con menor tiempo puerta-inicio de imagen y puerta-recanalización; los pacientes en horario nocturno presentaron mayor NIHSS y tiempos inicio-ingreso con menor proporción de independencia funcional a 90 días. Conclusiones : El uso de la IA para el análisis de imá genes junto a un menor tiempo puerta-fin de imagen, permitió acortar el intervalo hasta la punción inguinal. En el análisis por horarios durante la pandemia, los pacientes ingresados en horario diurno presentaron métricas puerta-imagen, tiempo de imagen y puerta-recanalización significativamente menores.

Objective: to investigate factors associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection among health professionals from university hospitals. Method: a multicenter, mixed approach study with concomitant incorporated strategy, carried out with 559 professionals in the quantitative stage, and 599 in the qualitative stage. Four data collection instruments were used, applied by means of an electronic form. The quantitative analysis was performed with descriptive and inferential statistics and the qualitative data were processed by means of content analysis. Results: the factors associated with the infection were as follows: performance of the RT-PCR test (p<0.001) and units offering care to COVID-19 patients (p=0.028). Having symptoms increased 5.63 times the prevalence of infection and adhering to social distancing most of the time in private life reduced it by 53.9%. The qualitative data evidenced difficulties faced by the professionals: scarcity and low quality of Personal Protective Equipment, work overload, physical distancing at work, inadequate processes and routines and lack of a mass screening and testing policy. Conclusion: the factors associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection among health professionals were mostly related to occupational issues.

Objetivo: investigar los factores asociados a la infección por SARSCoV-2 en los profesionales de la salud de hospitales universitarios. Método: estudio multicéntrico, con abordaje mixto con estrategia incorporada concomitante, realizado con 559 profesionales en la etapa cuantitativa, y 599 en la etapa cualitativa. Fueron utilizados cuatro instrumentos de recolección de datos, aplicados a través un formulario electrónico. El análisis cuantitativo se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial y los datos cualitativos mediante análisis de contenido Resultados: los factores asociados a la infección fueron: realización de la prueba “RT-PCR” (p<0,001) y unidades que atienden a pacientes con COVID-19 (p=0,028). Tener síntomas aumentó la prevalencia de infección 5,63 veces y cumplir la mayor parte del tiempo con el distanciamiento social en la vida privada la redujo un 53,9%. Los datos cualitativos mostraron las dificultades que enfrentaron los profesionales: escasez y baja calidad de equipos de protección personal, sobrecarga de trabajo, distanciamiento físico en el trabajo, procesos y rutinas inadecuados y la ausencia de una política de triage y testeo masivos. Conclusión: los factores asociados a la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en los profesionales de la salud se relacionaron mayormente con cuestiones laborales.

Objetivo: investigar fatores associados à infecção por SARS-CoV-2 entre profissionais da saúde de hospitais universitários. Método: estudo multicêntrico, de abordagem mista com estratégia incorporada concomitante, realizado com 559 profissionais na etapa quantitativa, e 599 na etapa qualitativa. Foram utilizados quatro instrumentos de coleta de dados, aplicados via formulário eletrônico. A análise quantitativa foi realizada com estatística descritiva e inferencial e os dados qualitativos por meio de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: os fatores associados à infeção foram: realização de teste “RT-PCR” (p<0,001) e unidades com atendimento a pacientes com COVID-19 (p=0,028). Ter sintomas aumentou em 5,63 vezes a prevalência de infeção e aderir ao distanciamento social na maior parte do tempo na vida particular reduziu em 53,9%. Dados qualitativos evidenciaram dificuldades enfrentadas pelos profissionais: escassez e baixa qualidade de equipamentos de proteção individual, sobrecarga de trabalho, distanciamento físico no trabalho, processos e rotinas inadequadas e ausência de uma política de triagem e testagem em massa. Conclusão: os fatores associados à infecção por SARS-CoV-2 entre profissionais da saúde foram em sua maioria relacionados a questões ocupacionais.

ABSTRACT Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an important public health problem, as it represents the world’s third most diagnosed neoplasm and the fourth cause of mortality. Its prevention can be divided into primary, secondary, demonstrated by tracking techniques, and tertiary, which consists of cancer diagnosis in symptomatic patients. Despite presenting a high incidence, the mortality rates decreased in the past two decades in developed countries, while the opposite happened in underdeveloped countries. That is attributed to the increase of colorectal cancer tracking programs in developed countries, which allows the precocious diagnosis and treatment of precancerous injuries and CRC. In that manner, the American Cancer Society divides the secondary tracking methods in exams based on feces samples and visual analysis of the colon and rectum, indicating its initiation starting at 45 years old in lower-risk patients. Objective: Verify in an analytical way the actions of colorectal cancer tracking held in Brazil, as to evaluate the necessity of implementation of a national tracking program of CRC. Methods: The methodology was based on a descriptive-quantitative secondary study that correlated the incidence of CRC, its morbidity and mortality, and the impact of the precocious tracking programs. It included activities not reported in medical literature through personal contacts with coordinators of regional programs to compare with the existent data in the literature. It was used as a variable for the tracking strategies the exams held, and their respective results. Results: It described nine programs held in different regions in Brazil, using two screening methods for CRC: a noninvasive method that consists of the research of blood hidden in feces, being the majority through the FIT method, and an invasive method, having the colonoscopy as its representant. These initiatives were effective in the detection of early forms of this disease. Conclusion: Despite the existence of several private tracking programs and the broad divulgation of the importance of the tracking and the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer, it was demonstrated that Brazil lacks a national program that patronizes the tracking methods, which reflects in the major prevalence of late diagnosis in the population.

RESUMO Contexto: O câncer colorretal (CCR) é um importante problema de saúde pública, uma vez que representa a terceira neoplasia mais diagnosticada no mundo e a quarta causa de mortalidade. Sua prevenção pode ser dividida em primária, secundária, demonstrada pelas técnicas de rastreamento e terciária, que consiste no diagnóstico de câncer em pacientes sintomáticos. Apesar de apresentar uma alta incidência, as taxas de mortalidade diminuíram nas últimas duas décadas nos países desenvolvidos, enquanto o contrário ocorreu em países subdesenvolvidos, o que atribui-se a elevação dos programas de rastreamento colorretal nesses países, de modo que permite o diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento de lesões pré-cancerosas e do CCR. Desse modo, a American Cancer Society divide os métodos de rastreio secundário em testes baseados em amostras de fezes e exames visuais do cólon e reto, indicando-se seu início a partir dos 45 anos de idade, em pacientes de baixo risco. Objetivo: Verificar de forma analítica as ações de rastreamento do câncer colorretal realizadas no Brasil, de modo a avaliar a necessidade da implementação de um programa nacional de rastreamento do CCR. Métodos: A metodologia baseou-se em um estudo secundário quantitativo descritivo que correlacionou a incidência do CCR e sua morbimortalidade e o impacto dos programas de rastreamento precoce. Foram incluídas atividades não relatadas na literatura médica através de contatos pessoais com coordenadores de programas regionais, de modo a comparar com os dados existentes na literatura. Utilizou-se como variáveis as estratégias de triagem, os exames realizados e seus respectivos resultados. Resultados: Foram descritos nove programas realizados em diversas regiões do Brasil utilizando dois métodos de rastreio para o CCR, um não invasivo que consiste na pesquisa de sangue oculto nas fezes, sendo a maioria pelo método FIT; e outro invasivo, tendo a colonoscopia como representante. Essas iniciativas foram efetivas na detecção de formas precoces desta doença. Conclusão: Apesar da existência de diversos programas de rastreamento de início privativo e a ampla divulgação da importância do rastreamento e diagnóstico precoce do CCR, foi demonstrado que o Brasil carece de um programa nacional que padronize as formas de rastreio, o que reflete na maior prevalência de diagnósticos tardios na população.

RESUMO Os serviços de Cuidados Paliativos Domiciliares especializados no tratamento de pacientes oncológicos têm como objetivo identificar e controlar sintomas físicos, psicossociais e espirituais em domicílio. Alguns desafios encontrados são a complexidade de sintomas, a sobrevida reduzida dos pacientes com câncer avançado e limitações do sistema de saúde. Para estratificar a prioridade de atendimento dos pacientes com câncer avançado em Cuidados Paliativos Domiciliares, foi elaborado um protocolo de classificação de risco. Este artigo é um relato de experiência sobre o processo de elaboração de um protocolo de classificação de risco para pacientes com câncer avançado atendidos em um serviço de Cuidados Paliativos Domiciliares no Rio de Janeiro. A etapa inicial envolveu reuniões da equipe da Assistência Domiciliar de um hospital oncológico e buscas estruturadas na literatura. Depois, foram listadas as situações clínicas de manejo mais complexo no domicílio, chamadas de sinais e sintomas de alerta: dor, falta de ar, náuseas/ vômitos, sangramento e confusão mental aguda. Elaborou-se um protocolo de avaliação e classificação de risco com cinco categorias/cores, para determinar a prioridade de atendimento dos pacientes. O sistema de triagem desenvolvido possui fácil aplicabilidade e requer um treinamento breve do profissional de saúde para que possa ser utilizado durante os atendimentos domiciliares.

ABSTRACT Home-based Palliative Care services specialized in the treatment of cancer patients aim to identify and control physical, psychosocial, and spiritual symptoms at home. Some challenges encountered are the complexity of symptoms, reduced survival of patients with advanced cancer, and limitations of the health care system. To stratify the priority of care for patients with advanced cancer in home Palliative Care, a risk classification protocol was developed. This article is an experience report on the process of creating a risk classification protocol for patients with advanced cancer treated at a home Palliative Care service in Rio de Janeiro. The initial stage involved meetings of the home care team at an oncology hospital and structured searches in the literature. Afterwards, the clinical situations of more complex management at home were listed and named as warning signs and symptoms: pain, shortness of breath, nausea/ vomiting, bleeding, and acute mental confusion. An assessment and triage protocol was developed with five categories/colors to determine the priority of patient care. The developed triage system has easy applicability and requires a brief training of the health professional so that it can be used during home visits.

RESUMO Os serviços de Cuidados Paliativos Domiciliares especializados no tratamento de pacientes oncológicos têm como objetivo identificar e controlar sintomas físicos, psicossociais e espirituais em domicílio. Alguns desafios encontrados são a complexidade de sintomas, a sobrevida reduzida dos pacientes com câncer avançado e limitações do sistema de saúde. Para estratificar a prioridade de atendimento dos pacientes com câncer avançado em Cuidados Paliativos Domiciliares, foi elaborado um protocolo de classificação de risco. Este artigo é um relato de experiência sobre o processo de elaboração de um protocolo de classificação de risco para pacientes com câncer avançado atendidos em um serviço de Cuidados Paliativos Domiciliares no Rio de Janeiro. A etapa inicial envolveu reuniões da equipe da Assistência Domiciliar de um hospital oncológico e buscas estruturadas na literatura. Depois, foram listadas as situações clínicas de manejo mais complexo no domicílio, chamadas de sinais e sintomas de alerta: dor, falta de ar, náuseas/ vômitos, sangramento e confusão mental aguda. Elaborou-se um protocolo de avaliação e classificação de risco com cinco categorias/cores, para determinar a prioridade de atendimento dos pacientes. O sistema de triagem desenvolvido possui fácil aplicabilidade e requer um treinamento breve do profissional de saúde para que possa ser utilizado durante os atendimentos domiciliares. físicos domicílio Janeiro literatura Depois alerta dor ar náuseas vômitos aguda Elaborouse Elaborou se categoriascores categorias cores categorias/cores domiciliares

ABSTRACT Home-based Palliative Care services specialized in the treatment of cancer patients aim to identify and control physical, psychosocial, and spiritual symptoms at home. Some challenges encountered are the complexity of symptoms, reduced survival of patients with advanced cancer, and limitations of the health care system. To stratify the priority of care for patients with advanced cancer in home Palliative Care, a risk classification protocol was developed. This article is an experience report on the process of creating a risk classification protocol for patients with advanced cancer treated at a home Palliative Care service in Rio de Janeiro. The initial stage involved meetings of the home care team at an oncology hospital and structured searches in the literature. Afterwards, the clinical situations of more complex management at home were listed and named as warning signs and symptoms: pain, shortness of breath, nausea/ vomiting, bleeding, and acute mental confusion. An assessment and triage protocol was developed with five categories/colors to determine the priority of patient care. The developed triage system has easy applicability and requires a brief training of the health professional so that it can be used during home visits. Homebased Home based physical psychosocial Janeiro literature Afterwards pain breath nausea vomiting bleeding confusion categoriescolors categories colors visits

BACKGROUND: With a shortage of intensive care unit (ICU) beds and rising healthcare costs in resource-limited settings, clinicians need to appropriately triage admissions into ICU to avoid wasteful expenditure and unnecessary bed utilisation OBJECTIVE: To assess the nature, appropriateness and outcome of referrals to a tertiary centre ICU METHODS: A retrospective review of ICU consults from September 2016 to February 2017 at King Edward VIII Hospital was performed. The study was approved by the University of KwaZulu-Natal Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (BE291/17). Data pertaining to patients' demographics, referring doctor, diagnosis, comorbidities as well as biochemical and haemodynamic parameters were extracted. This information was then cross-referenced to the outcome of the ICU consultation. Data were descriptively analysed RESULTS: Five hundred consultations were reviewed over a 6-month period; 52.2% of patients were male and the mean age was 44 years. Junior medical officers referred 164 (32.8%) of the consultations. Although specialist supervision was available in 459 cases, it was only utilised in 339 (73.9%) of these cases. Most referrals were from tertiary (46.8%) or regional (30.4%) hospitals; however, direct referrals from district hospitals and clinics accounted for 20.4% and 1.4% of consultations, respectively. The appropriate referral pathway was not followed in 81 (16.2%) consultations. Forty-five percent of consults were accepted; however, 9.3% of these patients died before arrival in ICU. A total of 151 (30.2%) patients were refused ICU admission, with the majority (57%) of these owing to futility. Patients were unstable at the time of consult in 53.2% of referrals and 34.4% of consults had missing data CONCLUSION: Critically ill patients are often referred by junior doctors without senior consultation, and directly from low-level healthcare facilities. A large proportion of ICU referrals are deemed futile and, of the patients accepted for admission, almost 1 in 10 dies prior to ICU admission. More emphasis needs to be placed on the training of doctors to appropriately triage and manage critically ill patients and ensure appropriate ICU referral and optimising of patient outcomes

Abstract Objective To evaluate the validity of the triage system CLARIPED in a pediatric population in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods Prospective, observational study in a secondary-level pediatric emergency service from Sep-2018 to Ago-2019. A convenience sample of all patients aged 0-18 years triaged by the computerized CLARIPED system was selected. Associations between urgency levels and patient outcomes were analyzed to assess construct validity. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) to identify the most urgent patients were estimated, as well as under-triage and over-triage rates. Results The distribution of 24,338 visits was: RED 0.02%, ORANGE 0.9%, YELLOW 23.5%, GREEN 47.9%, and BLUE 27.7% (highest to the lowest level of urgency). The frequency of the following outcomes increased with increasing urgency: hospital admission (0.0%, 0.02%, 0.1%, 7.1% and 20%); stay in ED observation room (1.9%, 2,4%, 4.8%, 24.1%, 60%); use of ≥ 2 diagnostic/therapeutic resources (2.3%, 3.0%, 5.9%, 28.8%, 40%); ED length of stay (12, 12, 15, 99.5, 362 min). The most urgent patients (RED, ORANGE, and YELLOW) exhibited higher chances of using ≥ 2 resources (OR 2.55; 95%CI: 2.23-2.92) or of being hospitalized (OR 23.9; 95%CI: 7.17-79.62), compared to the least urgent (GREEN and BLUE). The sensitivity to identify urgency was 0.88 (95%CI: 0.70-0.98); specificity, 0.76 (95%CI: 0.75-0.76); NPV, 0.99 (95%CI: 0.99-1.00); overtriage rate, 23.0%, and undertriage, 11.5%. Conclusion This study corroborates the validity and safety of CLARIPED, demonstrating significant correlations with clinical outcomes, good sensitivity, and low undertriage rate in a secondary-level Brazilian pediatric emergency service.

Introduction: Covid-19 pandemic, threatened health worldwide, and overhelmed systemshealthcare in many countries. Performing and adequate identification of subjects with verylow risk to develop a severe form of the disease must result very cost-effective.Objective: To identify patients with very low risk of transition to severity in subjectsconfirmed with Covid-19 in Cuba.Methods: An environmental study was carried out based on the Cuban National Registerof confirmed Subjects covid-19. Between march 11th, 2020 and may 31st 2021, 10600persons were recorded. Admission in ICU and mortality related to covid-19, both measured30 days after disease confirmation, were the variables analyzed. As predictors, age and comorbidities were chosen. A classification tree – algorithm was applied to identify risk strata. To every stratum, its volume, the risk of transition to severity and the explained risk were calculated.Results: Subjects less than 65 years with no comorbidities (85,8% of the total) had a verylow risk (0,2%) of admission in ICU and death. Adjusted models showed a good calibration and discriminant ability.Conclusions: The study allowed the identification of subjects with very low risk of transition to severity. They could be followed by primary health care units with home surveillance and symptomatic treatment. The approaches used, permit the improvement of assigning admissions to different health care units’ optimizing limited health resources.

Introducción: La pandemia de covid-19, amenaza para la salud mundial, desbordó los sistemas de salud en muchos países. Realizar una adecuada clasificación del riesgo de transmisión resulta de vital importancia. Objetivo: Identificar pacientes con muy bajo riesgo de transición a la severidad en pacientes  confirmados de covid-19 en Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio ecológico  que tuvo como base el registro nacional de pacientes confirmados de covid-19.  Se analizaron  10600 individuos entre el 11 de marzo de 2020 y el 31 de mayo de 2021. Las variables de respuesta seleccionadas fueron admisión en UCI y mortalidad, ambas medidas a los 30 días de la confirmación de la enfermedad. Los predictores fueron la edad  y la presencia de comorbilidades.  Se aplicó  un algoritmo de árboles de clasificación para identificar estratos de riego. Se determinó para cada estrato, su volumen, el riesgo de transición a la severidad y el riesgo explicado. Resultados: Se comprobó que los pacientes con  edad menor de 65 años y sin comorbilidades, que concentraba el 86,8% de la muestra, tenían muy bajo riesgo (0,2%)  de  admisión en UCI y de muerte. Los modelos demostraron una buena calibración y discriminación. Conclusiones: El estudio permitió identificar individuos con muy bajo riesgo de transición a la severidad seguidos desde la atención primaria de salud con  ingreso en el hogar y tratamiento sintomático. La metodología propuesta basado en la evidencia permitió perfeccionar los procedimientos de derivación hacia los distintos escenarios  y priorizar recursos de salud limitados. 

Introdução: A pandemia de covid-19, uma ameaça global à saúde, sobrecarregou os sistemas de saúde de muitos países. A realização de uma classificação adequada do risco de transmissão é de vital importância. Objetivo: Identificar pacientes com baixíssimo risco de transição para gravidade em pacientes confirmados com covid-19 em Cuba. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico com base no registro nacional de pacientes confirmados com covid-19. Foram analisados ​​10.600 indivíduos entre 11 de março de 2020 e 31 de maio de 2021. As variáveis ​​de resposta selecionadas foram admissão na UTI e mortalidade, ambas medidas 30 dias após a confirmação da doença. Os preditores foram idade e presença de comorbidades. Um algoritmo de árvore de classificação foi aplicado para identificar os estratos de irrigação. Foi determinado para cada estrato, o seu volume, o risco de transição para gravidade e o risco explicado.Resultados: Verificou-se que os pacientes com menos de 65 anos e sem comorbidades, que perfizeram 86,8% da amostra, apresentaram risco muito baixo (0,2%) de internação em UTI e óbito. Os modelos demonstraram boa calibração e discriminação.Conclusões: O estudo permitiu identificar indivíduos com baixíssimo risco de transição para a gravidade seguidos de cuidados de saúde primários com internamento domiciliário e tratamento sintomático. A metodologia baseada em evidências proposta permitiu refinar os procedimentos de encaminhamento para os diferentes cenários e priorizar os recursos de saúde limitados.

Introduction: Previous knowledge in the scientific literature on clinical prediction models in patients with Covid-19 may be useful for the development of new research.&nbsp;Objective: We describe the sources, authors, documents and key issues that are part of the research front. Identify which models, outcome variables, predictors and algorithms have been relevant. We Identify to what extent the available models could meet the quality attributes and what characteristics they must have to be applicablein the Cuban context.&nbsp;Methods: A review and scientometric analysis was carried out on the research in development and validation of clinical predictive models for Covid-19. The scientometric indicators were used and a thematic map was made for the analysisof the conceptual structure of the subject.Results: The subject was of great interest with papers published in the highest level journals. It is possible to distinguish a context of low and high risk application according to the primary and secondary health levels. The systematic reviewpublished by Wynants et al. was the publication with the greatest impact and an important source for the identification of models, main components, as well as possible causes of bias.Conclusions: The literature recognizes that most of the published models are not recommended for general use in clinical practice, so it is an open research front. However, the data obtained could be useful for the development and validation ofCuban models.

Introducción: El conocimiento previo en literatura científica sobre modelos de predicción clínica en pacientes con Covid-19 puede ser de utilidad para el desarrollo de nuevas investigaciones.Objetivo: Describir las fuentes, autores, documentos y temas clave que forman parte del frente de investigación. Identificar qué modelos, variables de resultado, predictores y algoritmos han resultado relevantes. Identificar en qué medida los modelos disponibles podrían cumplir con los atributos de calidad y qué características deberían poseer para ser aplicables en el contexto cubano.Métodos: Se realizó una revisión y análisis cienciométrico sobre la investigación en desarrollo y validación de modelos de predicción clínica en Covid-19. Se utilizaron indicadores cienciométricos y se realizó un mapa temático para el análisis de la estructura conceptual del tema.Resultados: El tema resultó de gran interés con trabajos publicados en las revistas de más alto nivel. Es posible distinguir un contexto de aplicación de bajo y alto riesgo acorde con el nivel primario y secundario de salud. La revisión sistemática publicada por Wynants y colaboradores constituyó la publicación de mayor impacto y una fuente importante para la identificación de modelos, principales componentes, así como posibles causas de sesgos.Conclusiones: La literatura reconoce que la mayoría de los modelos publicados no se recomiendan para su uso generalizado en la práctica clínica por lo que es un frente de investigación abierto. Sin embargo, los datos obtenidos podrían ser de utilidad para el desarrollo y validación de modelos en Cuba.

Introdução: O conhecimento prévio na literatura científica sobre modelos de predição clínica em pacientes com Covid-19 pode ser útil para o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas.Objetivo: Descrever as fontes, autores, documentos e questões-chave que fazem parte da frente de pesquisa. Identifique quais modelos, variáveis ​​de resultado, preditores e algoritmos foram relevantes. Identificar em que medida os modelos disponíveis poderiam atender aos atributos de qualidade e quais características deveriam ter para serem aplicáveis ​​no contexto cubano.Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão e análise cientométrica sobre as pesquisas em desenvolvimento e validação de modelos de predição clínica em Covid-19. Foram utilizados indicadores cientométricos e elaborado um mapa temático para análise da estrutura conceitual do assunto.Resultados: O assunto foi de grande interesse com artigos publicados em periódicos de alto nível. É possível distinguir um contexto de aplicação de baixo e alto risco de acordo com o nível primário e secundário de saúde. A revisão sistemática publicada por Wynants et al., foi a publicação de maior impacto e uma fonte importante para a identificação de modelos, componentes principais, bem como possíveis causas de viés.Conclusões: A literatura reconhece que a maioria dos modelos publicados não são recomendados para uso geral na prática clínica, por isso é uma frente de pesquisa aberta. No entanto, os dados obtidos podem ser úteis para o desenvolvimento e validação de modelos em Cuba.

ABSTRACT Introduction: A clear assessment of the bleeding risk score in patients presenting with myocardial infarction (MI) is crucial because of its impact on prognosis. The Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA score is a validated risk score to predict bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation (AF), but its predictive value in predicting bleeding after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or non-STEMI (NSTEMI) patients receiving antithrombotic therapy is unknown. Our aim was to investigate the predictive performance of the ATRIA bleeding score in STEMI and NSTEMI patients in comparison to the CRUSADE (Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines) and ACUITY-HORIZONS (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage strategY-Harmonizing Outcomes with Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction) bleeding scores. Methods: A total of 830 consecutive STEMI and NSTEMI patients who underwent PCI were evaluated retrospectively. The ATRIA, CRUSADE, and ACUITY-HORIZONS risk scores of the patients were calculated. Discrimination of the three risk models was evaluated using C-statistics. Results: Major bleeding occurred in 52 (6.3%) of 830 patients during hospitalization. Bleeding scores were significantly higher in the bleeding patients than in non-bleeding patients (all P<0.001). The discriminatory ability of the ATRIA, CRUSADE, and ACUITY-HORIZONS bleeding scores for bleeding events was similar (C-statistics 0.810, 0.832, and 0.909, respectively). The good predictive value of all three scores for predicting the risk of bleeding was observed in NSTEMI and STEMI patients as well (C-statistics: 0.820, 0.793, and 0.921 and 0.809, 0.854, and 0.905, respectively). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the ATRIA bleeding score is a useful risk score for predicting major in-hospital bleeding in MI patients. This good predictive value was also present in STEMI and NSTEMI patient subgroups.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão narrativa dos principais sistemas de triagem pediátrica nos serviços de emergência. Fontes de dados: Artigos publicados entre 1999 e 2019, obtidos por meio de busca nos bancos de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), Embase e PubMed usando as palavras-chave “pediatric triage”, “pediatric assessment tools” e “emergency department triage”, com ênfase em estudos que avaliaram a validação e a confiabilidade desses sistemas. Síntese dos dados: Foram avaliados 105 artigos sobre sistemas de triagem na emergência pediátrica de 12 países. Os sistemas de triagem foram divididos em dois grupos: estratificados por cores e de alerta. Os sistemas de triagem com estratificação por cores incluídos nesta revisão foram: Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS), Manchester Triage System (MTS), Emergency Severity Index (ESI) e Australian Triage Scale (ATS). Os sistemas de alerta incluídos foram: Paediatric Observation Priority Score (POPS), Pediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS) e Pediatric Approach Triangle (PAT). Há evidências que corroboram a validade e a confiabilidade do MTS, PedCTAS, ESI v.4, PEWS, POPS e PAT em serviços de emergência de pediátricos. Conclusões: Os sistemas de triagem são ferramentas fundamentais para o atendimento de pacientes que procuram serviços de emergência. Nem todos os sistemas de triagem foram avaliados para validação e confiabilidade nem se aplicam a todas as regiões do mundo. Para a aplicação de sistemas de triagem no Brasil, devem ser feitos adaptação cultural e treinamento do estafe de saúde local, bem como estudos de validação e confiabilidade em nosso país, dado o seu contexto social e cultural diferente daquele dos países onde essas ferramentas foram desenvolvidas.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to perform a narrative review of the leading pediatric triage systems in emergency departments (EDs). Data source: Articles published between 1999 and 2019 were identified by searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed databases using the keywords “pediatric triage”, “pediatric assessment tools”, and “emergency department triage” with an emphasis on studies that evaluated the validation and reliability of triage systems. Data synthesis: A total of 105 articles on pediatric emergency triage systems in 12 countries were evaluated. Triage systems were divided into two groups: color-stratified triage systems and alert systems. The color-stratified triage systems included in this review were the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS), Manchester Triage System (MTS), Emergency Severity Index (ESI), and Australasian Triage Scale (ATS), and the alert systems included were the Paediatric Observation Priority Score (POPS), Pediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS), and Pediatric Approach Triangle (PAT). Evidence corroborates the validity and reliability of MTS, PaedCTAS, ESI version 4, PEWS, POPS, and PAT in pediatric emergency services. Conclusions: These are fundamental tools for risk classification of patients seeking treatment in EDs. Not all triage systems have been assessed for validity and reliability; nor are they well suited for all regions of the world. Employing triage systems in Brazil requires cultural adaptation and rigorous training of the local health staff, in addition to validation and reliability studies in our country, since the social and cultural context of this country differs from those where these tools were developed.