ABSTRACT: This research evaluated different rice genotypes regarding physicochemical and instrumental parameters of grain quality and associated the data with sensory analysis to support the creation of rules for classification of the culinary quality of rice (texture), based on isolated or combined parameters. The combination of amylose content and gelatinization temperature was able to predict the rice quality. According to the sensorial panel, the instrumental stickiness was able to segregate rice with very low amylose content or waxy to the other ones. Regarding pasting properties, rice that presented high final viscosity (310-480 RVU), setback (165-245 RVU), and pasting temperature (78 - 88 °C), and low values for breakdown (15-120 RVU), associated with a high stickiness (>-5N) was desirable by the Brazilian consumers. The classification rules created through the relationship between the physicochemical parameters and the texture profile evaluated by the sensory panel will help to verify the culinary profile of the rice samples (through free software), which makes it easier to predict the probability of rice meeting the desired quality standards.

RESUMO: Este trabalho avaliou diferentes genótipos de arroz quanto a parâmetros físico-químicos e instrumentais de qualidade do grão e associou os dados à análise sensorial para subsidiar a criação de regras de classificação da qualidade culinária do arroz (textura), com base em parâmetros isolados ou combinados. A combinação do teor de amilose e temperatura de gelatinização foi capaz de predizer a qualidade do arroz. De acordo com o painel sensorial, a pegajosidade instrumental foi capaz de segregar arroz com baixo teor de amilose ou ceroso dos demais. Em relação às propriedades de pasta, o arroz que apresentou alta viscosidade final (310-480RVU), retrogradação (165-245RVU) e temperatura de pasta (78-88 °C) e baixos valores de quebra pasta (15-120RVU), associados a uma alta pegajosidade (> -5N) será desejável pelos consumidores brasileiros. As regras de classificação criadas por meio da relação entre os parâmetros físico-químicos e o perfil de textura avaliado pelo painel sensorial ajudarão a verificar o perfil culinário das amostras de arroz (por meio de um software livre), o que torna mais fácil prever a probabilidade de o arroz atender aos padrões de qualidade desejados.

Resumo A ferrugem das folhas de maydis, causada por Bipolaris maydis, é uma doença importante da cultura do milho em Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Paquistão. Quinze isolados do patógeno, coletados em KP, foram estudados quanto à variabilidade com base em marcadores fenotípicos e moleculares. Variabilidade significativa entre os isolados foi observada quando avaliada por meio de características fenotípicas, como crescimento radial, concentração de esporos, sensibilidade a fungicida e virulência. Os isolados foram classificados em seis grupos de cultura com base na cor, textura e margens da colônia. A morfologia dos conídios também foi variável. Estes eram retos ou ligeiramente curvos e de cor marrom-claro a escuro. O teste de fungicida mostrou variação significativa no grau de sensibilidade ao carbendazim. O isolado Bm8 exibiu crescimento radial máximo em placas com adição de carbendazim. Por outro lado, o isolado Bm15 apresentou o menor crescimento radial. As variações no padrão de virulência dos isolados foram evidentes quando uma variedade de milho suscetível Azam foi inoculada com esporos de B. maydis. A variabilidade genética entre os isolados também foi estimada por RAPD, bem como sequenciamento da região ITS. O dendrograma RAPD agrupou todos os isolados em dois grupos principais. A distância genética média variou de 0,6% a 100%, indicando uma lacuna genética diversa entre os isolados. A distância genética máxima foi encontrada entre os isolados Bm9 e Bm10 e também entre Bm2 e Bm8. Por outro lado, os isolados Bm13 e Bm15 estavam a uma distância genética mínima. O dendrograma filogenético baseado no sequenciamento da região ITS agrupou todos os isolados em um único aglomerado principal. Os agrupamentos em ambos os dendrogramas não se correlacionam com a distribuição geográfica nem com as características morfológicas.

Abstract Maydis leaf blight, caused by Bipolaris maydis, is an important disease of maize crop in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Pakistan. Fifteen isolates of the pathogen, collected across KP, were studied for variability based on phenotypic and molecular markers. Significant variability among the isolates was observed when assessed using phenotypic traits such as radial growth, spore concentration, fungicide sensitivity and virulence. The isolates were classified into six culture groups based on colour, texture and margins of the colony. Conidial morphology was also variable. These were either straight or slightly curved and light to dark brown in colour. Fungicide test showed significant variation in the degree of sensitivity against Carbendazim. Isolate Bm8 exhibited maximum radial growth on carbendazim spiked plates. Conversely, isolate Bm15 showed the lowest radial growth. Variations in virulence pattern of the isolates were evident when a susceptible maize variety Azam was inoculated with spores of B. maydis. Genetic variability amongst the isolates was also estimated by RAPD as well as sequencing of ITS region. The RAPD dendrogram grouped all the isolates into two major clusters. Average genetic distance ranged from 0.6% to 100%, indicating a diverse genetic gap among the isolates. Maximum genetic distance was found between isolates Bm9 and Bm10 as well as Bm2 and Bm8. Conversely, isolates Bm13 and Bm15 were at minimum genetic distance. Phylogenetic dendrogram based on sequencing of ITS region grouped all the isolates into a single major cluster. The clusters in both the dendrogram neither correlate to the geographical distribution nor to the morphological characteristics.

ABSTRACT Objective: To systematically review the literature in search of the most suitable and effective nutritional interventions and indications for the nutritional treatment of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP). Data source: This review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The articles were selected from seven databases (Cochrane, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde — Lilacs, Embase, United States National Library of Medicine — PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online — SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science). Studies from a pediatric group (0 to 18 years old) diagnosed with CP were included and the search strategy included the descriptors: “children” OR “childhood” AND “nutritional therapy” OR “nutritional intervention” OR “nutrition” OR “nutritional support” OR “diet” AND “cerebral palsy” OR “cerebral injury”. Methodological quality was assessed using the checklist for cross-sectional analytical studies, the Newcastle-Ottawa scale or the Cochrane Collaboration tool for clinical trials. Data synthesis: Fifteen studies (n=658) published from 1990 to 2020 met the inclusion criteria. All of them had a low risk of bias. The data showed that children and adolescents with CP have worse nutritional status than those normally developed. Those who received hypercaloric and hyperprotein nutritional supplementation benefited from its use. Studies indicate that enteral nutrition should be considered when nutritional needs are not met by the oral diet, especially in cases where oral motor functions are impaired. In addition, there was a direct relationship between the consistency of food, the level of motor function and nutritional status. Conclusions: Children and adolescents with CP have a greater risk of malnutrition. The use of nutritional supplementation may help with weight gain. In addition, enteral nutrition and modification of food texture have been used to improve the nutritional status of this group.

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar sistematicamente a literatura em busca das intervenções e indicações nutricionais mais adequadas e eficazes para o tratamento nutricional de crianças e adolescentes com paralisia cerebral (PC). Fontes de dados: Esta revisão foi conduzida de acordo com as diretrizes Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses — PRISMA. Os artigos foram selecionados em sete bases de dados (Cochrane, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde — Lilacs, Embase, United States National Library of Medicine — PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online — SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science). Foram incluídos estudos de um grupo pediátrico (zero a 18 anos) com diagnóstico de PC e a estratégia de busca incluiu os descritores: “children” OR “childhood” AND “nutritional therapy” OR “nutritional intervention” OR “nutrition” OR “nutritional support” OR “diet” AND “cerebral palsy” OR “cerebral injury”. A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada utilizando a lista de verificação para estudos transversais analíticos, escala Newcastle-Ottawa ou ferramenta da Cochrane Collaboration, para ensaios clínicos. Síntese dos dados: Quinze estudos (n=658) publicados de 1990 a 2020 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Todos tiveram baixo risco de viés. Os dados mostraram que crianças e adolescentes com PC apresentam pior estado nutricional do que os normalmente desenvolvidos. Aqueles que receberam suplementação nutricional hipercalórica e hiperproteica beneficiaram-se de seu uso. Estudos demonstram que a nutrição enteral deve ser considerada quando as necessidades nutricionais não são supridas pela dieta oral, principalmente nos casos em que as funções oromotoras estão prejudicadas. Além disso, houve relação direta entre a consistência dos alimentos, o nível de função motora e o estado nutricional. Conclusões: Crianças e adolescentes com PC têm maior risco de desnutrição. O uso de suplementação nutricional pode auxiliar no ganho de peso desses pacientes. Além disso, a nutrição enteral e a modificação da textura dos alimentos têm sido artifícios utilizados para a melhora do estado nutricional neste grupo.

Abstract Music is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, serving purposes ranging from aesthetic education to therapy and emotional expression. The purpose of this study is to examine the semantic aspects of musical language as an integrated system, focusing on their ongoing development and content complexity. This research employs a comprehensive approach, drawing on the “general theory of systems” developed in the 20th century. It systematically analyses various elements and properties within the musical language, considering their historical evolution and adaptation to contemporary contexts. The study also explores the integration of music with fields such as quantum physics, neuroscience, and computer technologies. The analysis reveals that the semantic aspects of musical language encompass a rich array of elements, including intonation systems, modes, intervals, rhythms, tempo, dynamics, texture, genres, and compositional structures. While some aspects have undergone radical transformations in terms of content and emotional resonance, others remain fundamentally unchanged. The integration of music with diverse scientific and technological domains has expanded the scope of musical art and enriched its semantic dimensions. This study demonstrates that musical art, with its semantic aspects, continues to evolve and adapt to the ever-changing cultural and scientific landscape. The integration of music with fields beyond its traditional boundaries opens up new opportunities for interdisciplinary research and innovation. phenomenon expression system complexity approach general systems th century contexts physics neuroscience technologies modes intervals rhythms tempo dynamics texture genres structures resonance unchanged dimensions everchanging ever changing landscape innovation

Resumo A música é um fenómeno complexo e multifacetado, que serve propósitos que vão desde a educação estética à terapia e à expressão emocional. O objetivo deste estudo é examinar os aspectos semânticos da linguagem musical como um sistema integrado, centrando-se no seu desenvolvimento contínuo e na complexidade do seu conteúdo. Esta investigação utiliza uma abordagem abrangente, com base na “teoria geral dos sistemas” desenvolvida no século XX. Analisa sistematicamente vários elementos e propriedades da linguagem musical, considerando a sua evolução histórica e adaptação aos contextos contemporâneos. O estudo explora também a integração da música com domínios como a física quântica, a neurociência e as tecnologias informáticas. A análise revela que os aspectos semânticos da linguagem musical englobam um conjunto rico de elementos, incluindo sistemas de entoação, modos, intervalos, ritmos, andamento, dinâmica, textura, géneros e estruturas composicionais. Embora alguns aspectos tenham sofrido transformações radicais em termos de conteúdo e ressonância emocional, outros permanecem fundamentalmente inalterados. A integração da música com diversos domínios científicos e tecnológicos alargou o âmbito da arte musical e enriqueceu as suas dimensões semânticas. Este estudo demonstra que a arte musical, com os seus aspectos semânticos, continua a evoluir e a adaptar-se à paisagem cultural e científica em constante mudança. A integração da música em domínios que ultrapassam as suas fronteiras tradicionais abre novas oportunidades de investigação e inovação interdisciplinares. multifacetado emocional integrado centrandose centrando se abrangente teoria XX contemporâneos quântica informáticas entoação modos intervalos ritmos andamento dinâmica textura composicionais inalterados semânticas adaptarse adaptar mudança interdisciplinares

Abstract Given the scarcity of water resources for agricultural use, it is necessary to promote the use of wastewater for agriculture. The towns of Capulálpam de Méndez and Ixtlán de Juárez in the State of Oaxaca have anaerobic wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The morphological growth, biomass production and N and P content were evaluated in two forage species -Chenopodium quinoa Willd and Zea mays- irrigated with treated wastewater (TWW). A complete randomized design (CRD) was established in each municipality, given the homogeneity of the soil, using a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, i.e., two forage crops (Quinoa and corn) and two types of irrigation (fresh water and treated wastewater), with 4 replicates per treatment. Analyses of variance and Tukey mean tests (P≤0.05) were performed for the studied variables. In the soils, the pH level was "moderately acid" to "neutral" (5.1 to 7.3); the EC indicated "negligible effects of salinity"; organic matter was found at intervals of "medium to high", and the texture was sandy clay loam in Ixtlán and clay loam in Capulálpam. Growth variables (plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves) and biomass were significantly higher in plants irrigated with treated wastewater in both forage crops. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents were significantly higher in quinoa and corn plants receiving TWW. TWW could be an alternative that would help reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, as it is an important source of nutrients in forage crops.

Resumen Ante la escasez del recurso hídrico para el uso agrícola, es necesario promover el uso del agua residual para la agricultura. En las localidades Capulálpam de Méndez e Ixtlán de Juárez, Estado de Oaxaca cuentan con plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) de tipo anaerobio. Se evaluó el crecimiento morfológico, producción de biomasa y contenido de N y P en dos especies forrajeras: Chenopodium quinoa Willd y Zea mays, regados con agua residual tratada (ART). Se estableció un diseño completo aleatorio (DCA) en cada municipio, dada la homogeneidad del suelo. Con arreglo factorial 2 x 2, esto es, dos cultivos forrajeros (Quinoa y maíz), y dos tipos de riego (agua dulce y agua residual tratada), con 4 repeticiones por tratamiento. Se realizaron análisis de varianza y pruebas de media Tukey (P≤0.05) de las variables estudiadas. En los suelos el nivel de pH fue “moderadamente acido” a “neutro” (5.1 a 7.3); la CE indicó “Efectos despreciables de la salinidad”; Materia orgánica en intervalos de “medio a alto”; y Textura Franco arcilloso arenoso en Ixtlán y Franco arcilloso en Capulálpam. Las variables de crecimiento (altura de planta, diámetro de tallo y número de hojas) y biomasa fueron significativamente mayores en plantas regadas con agua residual tratada en ambos cultivos forrajeros. El contenido de nitrógeno y fósforo fue significativamente mayor en plantas de quinoa y maíz que recibieron ART. El ART podría ser una alternativa que ayude a disminuir el uso de fertilizantes químicos, al ser una fuente importante de nutrimentos en los cultivos forrajeros.

Resumen El artículo analiza la novela Huaco retrato de la escritora peruana Gabriela Wiener y propone, en su desarrollo, pensar la condición transgenérica de esa obra, marcando los cruces entre la novela, la crónica y la autoficción en el marco de una tradición que se inscribe en la narrativa latinoamericana. Asimismo, la lectura realizada permitió identificar cuatro ejes principales en los que se anuda la textura de la obra de Wiener: filiación, identidad, deseo y migración. Con ellos, se propone una hipótesis de lectura que reúne conceptos de la escritura del yo con las marcas de subjetividad de la narradora, en línea con la tradición marcada en la escritura de la autora.

Abstract The article analyzes the novel Huaco retrato by the Peruvian writer Gabriela Wiener and proposes, in its development, to think about the transgender condition of this work, marking the intersections between the novel, the chronicle and autofiction within the framework of a tradition that is inscribed in Latin American narrative. Likewise, the reading allowed us to identify four main axes in which the texture of Wiener's work is tied: filiation, identity, desire and migration. With them, a reading hypothesis is proposed that gathers concepts of self-writing with the subjectivity marks of the narrator, in line with the tradition embedded in the writing of the author.

Resumo O artigo analisa o romance Huaco retrato da escritora peruana Gabriela Wiener e propõe, em seu desenvolvimento, pensar a condição transgênero dessa obra, marcando as interseções entre o romance, a crônica e a autoficção no quadro de uma tradição que se inscreve na narrativa latino-americana. Da mesma forma, a leitura realizada possibilitou identificar quatro eixos principais nos quais se ata a tessitura da obra de Wiener: filiação, identidade, desejo e migração. Com eles, propõe-se uma hipótese de leitura que aproxima conceitos da escrita do eu com as marcas de subjetividade do narrador, em consonância com a tradição marcada na escrita da autora.

Resumen Introducción. La carne de conejo tiene un alto valor nutricional, pero su textura, dureza y color impactan la decisión de compra de los consumidores, por ello su mejora es deseable. Objetivo. Realizar una caracterización física, química y microbiológica de la carne de conejo (Oryctolagus cuniculus) y determinar el efecto de la aplicación de CaCl2 sobre la calidad de la misma. Materiales y métodos. En San José, Costa Rica, entre enero y septiembre, 2015, se analizaron piezas de muslo de conejo marinadas y sin marinar con CaCl2, cocinadas y sin cocinar, tanto al momento inicial como después de un almacenamiento de cinco días. A estas se les efectuó un análisis proximal completo y pruebas de plateo microbiológico, medición de pH, determinación de la pérdida de agua por goteo y medición del color y textura. Resultados. La carne presentó una humedad de 75,3 %, 2,8 % de grasa, 21,1 % de proteína y 0,8 % de cenizas. Las proteínas se distribuyeron en 54,8 % sarcoplasmáticas, 35,1 % miofibrilares y 10,1 % (DE=1,05) del estroma. No hubo diferencias significativas en mediciones del pH. Se encontró una carga inicial de organismos psicrófilos provenientes de fuentes abióticas. En cuanto a la pérdida de agua por goteo, la carne sin marinar tuvo un valor de -1,0±0,7 %, y de -0,1±0,6 % marinada. La adición de CaCl2 produjo una carne más blanca; sin embargo, después de la cocción, presentó un color más amarillo. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la suavidad al adicionar CaCl2. Conclusiones. La calidad obtenida de la carne de conejo fue comparable con la reportada en la literatura. La adición de CaCl2 por marinado no tuvo un efecto sobre la calidad general de la carne de conejo, bajo las condiciones del presente estudio.

Abstract Introduction. Rabbit meat has a high nutritional value, but its texture, toughness, and color impact consumers' purchasing decisions, therefore making an improvement is desirable. Objective. To perform a physical, chemical, and microbiological characterization of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) meat and determine the effect of CaCl2 application on its quality. Materials and methods. In San José, Costa Rica, between January and September 2015, pieces of rabbit thigh marinated and unmarinated with CaCl2, cooked and uncooked, were analyzed both at initial time and after five days of storage. A complete proximal analysis and microbiological plating tests, pH measurement, drip loss determination, and color and texture measurement were performed. Results. The meat had a moisture content of 75.3 %, 2.8 % fat, 21.1 % protein, and 0.8 % ash. The proteins were distributed as 54.8 % sarcoplasmic, 35.1 % myofibrillar, and 10.1 % (SD=1.05) stroma. There were no significant differences in pH measurements. An initial load of psychrophilic organisms from abiotic sources was found. Regarding drip loss, unmarinated meat had a value of -1.0±0.7 %, and marinated meat had value of -0.1±0.6 %. The addition of CaCl2 produced a whiter meat; but after cooking, it had a more yellow color. No significant differences were found in tenderness when CaCl2 was added. Conclusions. The quality of the rabbit meat obtained was comparable to that reported in the literature. The addition of CaCl2 by marinating had no effect on the overall quality of rabbit meat under the conditions of the present study.

Resumen Introducción. Desarrollar nuevas opciones comerciales puede generar beneficios al mercado de carne de conejo. Objetivo. Evaluar características sensoriales, fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas de dos preparaciones marinadas de carne cunícola en mostaza y vino blanco con especias. Materiales y métodos. La investigación, realizada en Costa Rica en 2016, implicó un estudio de almacenamiento en refrigeración, con dos productos marinados de carne cunícola: con mostaza y con vino con especias. Se evaluó un recuento total de psicrótrofos anaerobios, rendimiento, color, pH, textura y el agrado sensorial con cien consumidores. Resultados. No existieron diferencias (p>0,05) en el rendimiento. Se obtuvieron valores de pH más bajos que los reportados en carne fresca de conejo para la preparación con vino, que tuvo cargas de psicrótrofos anaerobios menores (p>0,05), lo cual le dio mayor estabilidad y permitió almacenarla hasta veintiocho días sin sobrepasar 106 UFC/g. Se obtuvo un L* alto para ambas preparaciones. En todos los parámetros de color existieron diferencias significativas según el método de preparación (p<0,05) y para L*, b* y C, existió una interacción entre los factores tiempo y marinado. La textura no mostró diferencias (p>0,05) según el marinado, pero sí entre este método y el tiempo para la fuerza de corte, dureza, masticabilidad y elasticidad. La preparación no afectó los parámetros de textura con respecto al conejo sin marinar. Ambas preparaciones tuvieron una buena aceptación sensorial. Conclusión. Los procesos de marinado con mostaza y vino con especias, generaron productos con elevada aceptación sensorial y con características fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas deseables.

Abstract Introduction. Developing new commercial options can bring benefits to the rabbit meat market. Objective. To evaluate the sensory, physicochemical, and microbiological characteristics of two marinated rabbit meat preparations in mustard and white wine with spices. Materials and methods. The research, conducted in Costa Rica in 2016, involved a refrigeration storage study with two marinated rabbit meat products: one with mustard and the other with wine and spices. A total count of anaerobic psychotrophs, yield, color, pH, texture, and sensory satisfaction was evaluated with a panel of 100 consumers. Results. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in yield. Lower pH values were obtained than those reported in fresh rabbit meat for the wine preparation, which had lower counts of anaerobic psychotrophs (p>0.05), proving greater stability and allowing storage for up to 28 days without exceeding 106 CFU/g. A high L* value was obtained for both preparations. Significant differences were found in all color parameters according to the preparation method (p<0.05), and for L*, b*, and C, there was an interaction between the factors of time and marination. The texture did not show differences (p>0.05) based on the marination, but there were differences between this method and time for shear force, hardness, chewiness, and elasticity. The preparation did not affect the texture parameters compared to non-marinated rabbit meat. Both preparations had good sensory acceptance. Conclusion. The marinating processes with mustard and wine with spices generated products with high sensory acceptance and desirable physicochemical and microbiological characteristics.

Resumen Introducción. La producción de alimentos regionales con identidad local y cultural se ha convertido en un negocio atractivo para los pequeños productores, porque permite que se comercialicen resaltando los ingredientes locales y el procesamiento tradicional que refleja el know-how de cada región. El queso de pasta hilada es un ejemplo. Objetivo. Identificar las características sensoriales y el nivel de agrado de quesos de pasta hilada costarricense (Palmito). Materiales y métodos. El proyecto se desarrolló en las instalaciones de la Universidad de Costa Rica, durante el 2015. Se utilizaron diecinueve muestras de queso Palmito costarricense. Catorce de ellas fueron fabricadas por productores artesanales y cinco por industriales. Se siguió la metodología de análisis descriptivo cuantitativo genérico (QDA) con diez jueces capacitados, que definieron veintiún atributos. Se realizó un análisis de clústeres (AHC) y análisis de componentes principales (PCA) para relacionar las muestras con sus atributos. La prueba de aceptación se realizó con cien consumidores. Se aplicaron técnicas de AHC del consumidor y mapeo preferencial externo para correlacionar los resultados de agrado con los obtenidos en el QDA. Resultados. Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) entre muestras en el QDA para todos los atributos. Las muestras se agruparon en tres grupos de acuerdo con la similitud de su atributo. El PCA mostró un grupo, principalmente con quesos tradicionales, agrupados por sabor ácido, salado, firmeza, humedad y apariencia hilada, mientras que otro grupo, correspondiente a quesos almacenados en refrigeración, pasteurizados y sin pasteurizar, tuvieron una mayor intensidad de color amarillo, textura grasienta, suavidad y menor apariencia hilada. Un último grupo, compuesto por una muestra, presentó sabor a lechuga. Conclusión. Se concluyó, a través del mapeo preferencial externo, que a los consumidores les gusta la mayoría de los quesos Palmito industriales, pero prefieren los tradicionales con características como apariencia hilada y sabor cremoso.

Abstract Introduction. The production of regional food with local and cultural identity has become an attractive business for small-scale producers because it allows them to market their products highlighting local ingredients and traditional processing that reflects the know-how of each region. One example is Pasta filata cheese. Objective. To identify sensory characteristics and level of liking for Costa Rican Pasta filata cheeses (Palmito cheese). Materials and methods. The project was carried out at the facilities of the University of Costa Rica, during 2015. Nineteen samples of Costa Rican Palmito cheese were used, with fourteen of them being produced by artisanal producers and five by industrial producers. The methodology of Generic Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) was followed, with ten trained judges defining twenty-one attributes. Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were conducted to relate the samples to their attributes. Acceptance testing was performed with one hundred consumers. Consumer AHC and external preference mapping were applied to correlate the results of the liking with those of the QDA. Results. Significant differences (p<0,05) among samples were obtained in the QDA for all attributes. The samples were grouped into three clusters based on similarity attributes. The PCA showed one group, primarily consisting of traditional cheeses, clustered by attributes such as acid and salty flavor, firmness, moisture, and stringy appearance. Another group, corresponding to refrigerated, pasteurized, and unpasteurized cheeses, had a higher intensity of yellow color, greasy texture, softness, and less stringy appearance. A final group, composed of one sample, had a lettuce flavor. Conclusion. Through the external preference mapping, it was concluded that consumers like the majority of industrial Palmito cheeses, but they prefer traditional ones with characteristics such as stringy and creamy flavor.

Abstract The loss and reduction of forest cover are related to soil degradation and the reduction of environmental services. Reforestation is a key element to fight global warming. Replanting deforested areas with native forest species increases the survival and success of the plantation. It was proposed that, according to the requirements of altitude, slope, temperature, precipitation, topography, soil type, texture and depth, and through the use of the BIOCLIM tool, it is possible to identify and quantify the potential reforestation areas in the state of Guanajuato by six forest species of the Fabaceae family. Based on climatic and edaphic requirements, Prosopis laevigata was the taxon with the largest potential area for reforestation with 278 102 ha of good and very good suitability, Albizia occidentalis occupied a surface area of 230 239 ha, 157 491 ha were estimated for Acacia farnesiana (synonym of Vachellia farnesiana), 149 434 ha for Lysiloma divaricata (synonym of Lysiloma divaricatum), 120 968 ha for Leucaena esculenta, and merely 3 633 ha for Acacia pennatula (synonym of Vachellia pennatula). The delimited areas are the zones where it is possible to plant these species and guarantee a greater probability of survival and success in reforestation works, and with it, the restoration of the landscape.

Resumen La pérdida y reducción de la cubierta forestal están relacionadas con la degradación del suelo y la disminución de servicios ambientales. Reforestar es un elemento clave para combatir el calentamiento global. Repoblar zonas deforestadas con especies forestales nativas aumenta la supervivencia y éxito de la plantación. Se planteó que de acuerdo con los requerimientos de altitud, pendiente, temperatura, precipitación, topografía, tipo, textura y profundidad del suelo y mediante el uso de la herramienta BIOCLIM es posible identificar y cuantificar las áreas potenciales de reforestación en el estado de Guanajuato para seis especies forestales de la familia Fabaceae. Con base en los requerimientos climáticos y edáficos, Prosopis laevigata fue el taxón con mayor superficie potencial para reforestar con 278 102 ha de aptitud buena y muy buena, Albizia occidentalis tuvo una superficie de 230 239 ha, para Acacia farnesiana (sinonimia de Vachellia farnesiana) se obtuvo un área de 157 491 ha, Lysiloma divaricata (sinonimia de Lysiloma divaricatum) de 149 434 ha, Leucaena esculenta de 120 968 ha, y en el caso de Acacia pennatula (sinonimia de Vachellia pennatula) se determinaron solamente 3 633 ha. Las áreas delimitadas son las zonas donde es posible plantar estas especies y garantizar mayor probabilidad de supervivencia y éxito en trabajos de reforestación, y con ello la restauración del paisaje.

RESUMEN La investigación se centró en la elaboración de néctar a base de Quito Quito con pulpa y pectina extraída a partir de la cáscara de Mango Serrano, con la previa caracterización fisicoquímica de la pulpa y cáscara del Mango Serrano, en la que se encontró diferencias significativas en pH, acidez y solidos solubles totales. A partir de la cáscara seca del Mango Serrano se extrajo la pectina mediante el método acuoso, posteriormente se caracterizó el peso equivalente (1250), contenido de metoxilo (9,34), ácido anhidro urónico (67,11), grado de esterificación (79,01), capacidad, estabilidad emulsionante (364%; 21,53%), y espumante (1,35%; 1%). Se observó una mayor retención en agua (34,04 g/g) que en aceite (19 g/g). También se analizaron características proximales como humedad (9,95%), cenizas (4,87%) y actividad de agua (0,508); en características bioactivas se evaluó las proteínas (74,47 mg BSAE/100g), clorofila a (2,86 µg Ch-a/g) y b (2,51 µg Ch-b/g) y carotenoides totales (67,12 µg C x+c/g). Posteriormente, se elaboró el néctar en T1 (70% Mango Serrano y 30% Quito Quito); T2 (50% Mango Serrano y 50% Quito Quito) y T3 (30% Mango Serrano y 70% Quito Quito) y se evaluó la aceptabilidad mediante 35 panelistas no entrenados, considerando el color, olor, sabor y textura, cuyo resultado del análisis de varianza no paramétrico el T3 fue el mejor aceptado y al cuál se evaluó características físicas como viscosidad en cP (151,84) y color considerando L* (33,92), a* (5,26) b* (21,76), demostrando así la influencia de añadidura de la pectina extraída en sus propiedades.

ABSTRACT The research focused on the elaboration of nectar based on Quito Quito with pulp and pectin extracted from the Serrano mango peel, in which significant differences were found in pH, acidity and total soluble solids. Pectin was extracted from the dry peel of the serrano mango using the aqueous method and subsequently characterized, being the equivalent weight (1250), methoxyl content (9.34), uronic anhydrous acid (67.11), degree of esterification (79.01), capacity, emulsifying stability (364%; 21.53%), and foaming (1.35%; 1%). Greater retention will be observed in water (34.04 g/g) than in oil (19 g/g). Proximate characteristics such as humidity (9.95%), ash (4.87%) and water activity (0.508) were also analyzed; In bioactive characteristics, proteins (74.47 mg BSAE/100g), chlorophyll a (2.86 µg Ch-a/g) and b (2.51 µg Ch-b/g) and total carotenoids (67.12 µg Cx+c/g). Subsequently, the nectar was made in T1 (70% serrano mango and 30% Quito Quito); T2 (50% Serrano mango and 50% Quito Quito) and T3 (30% Serrano mango and 70% Quito Quito). To which the acceptability was evaluated by 35 untrained panelists, considering the color, smell, flavor and texture, whose result of the analysis of non-parametric variance, T3 was the best accepted and which evaluated physical characteristics such as viscosity were evaluated in cP (151.84) and color considering L* (33.92), a* (5.26) b* (21.76), thus demonstrating the influence of the added pectin extracted on its properties.

ABSTRACT Unsustainable exploitation activities (UEAs), combined with the increasing impacts of global climate change are the key causes that lead to soil erosion in the North-Central Vietnam. Mountainous areas in the North-Central Vietnam commonly have steep slopes and sandy clay in the surface soil layer, which contribute to enhancing the soil erosion, resulting in a serious loss of life and property. This study investigates the land cover change (LCC) across the Thanh Chuong district by combining Remote Sensing Technique (RST) data with Geographic Information System (GIS) and further, establishing erosion risk hazard maps based on the RUSLE model simulation. To achieve these objectives, Sentinel and Landsat satellite images from the period 2010_2021 were acquired. It was verified that the forest area gradually decreased from 2010_2021, and the average annual soil loss was approximately 25 t per year. The amount of erosion that led to a soil loss of up to 18% of the total land area is related to weather conditions, terrain features, and the soil texture. The decline in the vegetation cover is expected to be the main cause of increasing trends in erosion and soil loss.

RESUMO Atividades de exploração insustentáveis (UEAs), combinadas com os crescentes impactos das mudanças climáticas globais são as principais causas que levam à erosão do solo no centro-norte do Vietnã. As áreas montanhosas no centro-norte do Vietnã geralmente têm encostas íngremes e argila arenosa na camada superficial do solo, o que contribui para aumentar a erosão do solo, resultando em uma séria perda de vidas e propriedades. Este estudo investiga a mudança de cobertura da terra (LCC) em todo o distrito de Thanh Chuong combinando dados da técnica de sensoriamento remoto (RST) com o Sistema de Informação Geográfica (GIS) e, além disso, estabelecendo mapas de risco de erosão com base na simulação do modelo RUSLE. Para atingir estes objetivos, foram adquiridas imagens dos satélites Sentinel e Landsat do período 2010-2021. Verificou-se que a área florestal diminuiu gradualmente de 2010-2021, e a perda média anual de solo foi de aproximadamente 25 t por ano. A quantidade de erosão que levou a uma perda de solo de até 18% da área total da terra está relacionada às condições climáticas, características do terreno e textura do solo. Espera-se que o declínio da cobertura vegetal seja a principal causa das tendências crescentes de erosão e perda de solo.

Resumen Los suelos proporcionan bienes y servicios ecosistémicos que son afectados por la pérdida de su fertilidad; los cambios de uso de suelo orientados a la recuperación de áreas o a reducir la degradación influyen positivamente en sus propiedades. Este estudio se realizó en un suelo Regosol en Galeana, Nuevo León, donde se evaluaron propiedades físicas (textura, densidad aparente y resistencia mecánica a la penetración) y químicas (pH, conductividad eléctrica y materia orgánica) a dos profundidades (0-5 y 5-30 cm) en un bosque de pino, área de reforestación, uso agrícola y pastizal. Los resultados no mostraron diferencias significativas en la mayoría de las propiedades evaluadas entre usos de suelo y profundidad. La resistencia mecánica a la penetración del suelo fue una de las variables más susceptible para el uso agrícola (8.25 kg cm-2), a diferencia del bosque (22.5 kg cm-2). El pH no evidenció cambios entre los usos del suelo, mientras que entre profundidades se incrementó y presentó diferencias con una media de 7.75 (0-5 cm) y 7.81 (5-30 cm); y no hubo problemas de salinidad (0.17 dS m-1). El contenido de materia orgánica (MO) registró una tendencia de recuperación en el orden de pastizal>bosque de pino>reforestación>agrícola. La textura se clasificó como franca, con diferencias en el contenido de arena para el factor profundidad y en el de limo en el estrato de 5-30 cm entre los diferentes usos. Se concluye que los cambios de uso de suelo enfocados hacia la recuperación de áreas pueden mejorar la calidad del Regosol.

Abstract Soils provide ecosystem goods and services that are affected by the loss of their fertility; land use changes aimed at recovering areas or reducing degradation have a positive influence on their properties. This study was conducted in a Regosol soil in Galeana, Nuevo León, where physical (texture, bulk density, and mechanical resistance to penetration) and chemical properties (pH, electrical conductivity, and organic matter) were evaluated at two depths (0-5 and 5-30 cm) in a pine forest, reforestation area, agricultural use, and grassland. The results showed no significant differences in most of the properties evaluated between soil uses and depths. Mechanical resistance to soil penetration was one of the most susceptible variables for agricultural use (8.25 kg cm-2), as opposed to forest (22.5 kg cm-2). The pH did not show changes between soil uses, while it increased and showed differences between depths with a mean of 7.75 (0-5 cm) and 7.81 (5-30 cm), and there were no salinity issues (0.17 dS m-1). The organic matter (OM) content showed a recovery trend in the order of grassland>pine forest>reforestation>agriculture. Texture was classified as loam, with differences in sand content for the depth factor and silt content in the 5-30 cm stratum between the different land uses. It is concluded that land use changes focused on reclamation can improve the quality of Regosol.

ABSTRACT Rhinopathies diagnosis in small animals is challenging, especially regarding their etiology. Imaging exams are very valuable tools for diagnostic procedures. The objective here is to report a rare case of rhinitis by Microsporum canis in a 4-year-old male, SRD dog, sneezing and with chronic purulent nasal secretion two weeks after surgical correction of cleft palate, emphasizing the imaging tests importance for a final and assertive diagnosis. Skull radiographs revealed turbinate destruction and two soft tissue amorphous structures with radiopacity at nasal cavity. The presence of a foreign body in the left passage, soaked in mucopurulent secretion associated with fungal plaques, with firm texture were evidenced by rhinoscopy, and identified as M. canis colonies by microbiological examination. In association, red-brown hyperplastic areas biopsied via rhinoscopy were histologically diagnosed as transmissible venereal tumor. It is concluded that such infection can be reported as opportunistic, secondary to local immunosuppression by post-surgical foreign body and nasal TVT. This is the first case to report such a pathogen in the dog, making its insertion in the differential diagnosis of rhinopathies extremely valuable.

RESUMO O diagnóstico de rinopatias em pequenos animais é desafiador, especialmente quanto a sua etiologia. Exames de imagem são ferramentas de grande valia na condução diagnóstica. Objetiva-se relatar um caso raro de rinite por Microsporum canis, em um cão de quatro anos, macho, SRD, apresentando espirros e secreção nasal purulenta crônica, duas semanas após correção cirúrgica de fenda palatina, e enfatizar a importância dos exames de imagem no diagnóstico final e assertivo. Radiografias de crânio revelaram destruição dos turbinados e duas estruturas amorfas, de radiopacidade de tecidos moles em cavidade nasal. Presença de corpo estranho em passagem esquerda, embebido em secreção mucopurulenta, associada a placas fúngicas, de textura firme, foi evidenciada á rinoscopia, as quais foram identificadas como colônias de M. canis ao exame microbiológico. Em associação, áreas hiperplásicas vermelho-acastanhadas, biopsiadas via rinoscopia, foram diagnosticadas histologicamente como tumor venéreo transmissível. Conclui-se que tal infecção pode ser reportada como oportunista, secundária à imunossupressão local por corpo estranho pós-cirúrgico e TVT nasal. Este é o primeiro caso a reportar tal patógeno no cão, tornando de extrema valia a inserção deste no diagnóstico diferencial de rinopatias.

Abstract Introduction: oral nutritional supplements specific for diabetes (DSF) usually have a composition that favors their palatability and simultaneous glycemic and metabolic control. Objective: to compare the sensory acceptability of a DSF with respect to a standard oral nutritional supplement (STF) in patients at risk of malnutrition with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: randomized, double-blind, crossover, multicenter, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Odor, taste and perceived texture of a DSF and a STD were evaluated using a scale of 1 to 4. Results: twenty-nine patients were recruited and 58 organoleptic evaluations of the supplements were registered. A better evaluation of DSF was observed with respect to STD, although no statistically significant differences were reached: odor, 0.04 (CI 95 %) -0.49 to 0.56 (p = 0.092); taste, 0.14 (CI 95 %), -0.35 to 0.63 (p = 0.561); texture, 0.14 (CI 95 %), -0.43 to 0.72 (p = 0.619). No differences were found when analyzed by order of randomization, sex, degree of malnutrition, greater or lesser degree of complexity, greater or lesser time of evolution of diabetes, or by being older or younger. Conclusions: the specific nutritional supplement for diabetic patients formulated with extra virgin olive oil, EPA and DHA, a specific mixture of carbohydrates, and fiber, presented an adequate sensory acceptance by malnourished patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Resumen Introducción: las fórmulas nutricionales específicas para diabetes (FED) suelen presentar una composición que favorece simultáneamente su palatabilidad y el control glucémico y metabólico. Objetivo: comparar la aceptación sensorial de un FED respecto a un suplemento nutricional oral estándar (FE) en pacientes en riesgo de desnutrición con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Método: ensayo clínico, aleatorizado, doble ciego, cruzado, multicéntrico y controlado. Se evaluó, a través de una escala del 1 al 4, el olor, el sabor y la textura percibida de un FED y de un FE. Resultados: se reclutaron a 29 pacientes y 58 evaluaciones sensoriales de los suplementos. Se observó una mejor valoración de la FED respecto a la FE, aunque no se alcanzaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas: olor, 0,04 (IC 95 %), de -0,49 a 0,56 (p = 0,092); sabor, 0,14 (IC 95 %), de -0,35 a 0,63 (p = 0,561); textura, 0,14, (IC 95 %), de -0,43 a 0,72 (p = 0,619). No se encontraron diferencias cuando se analizaron por orden de aleatorización, sexo, grado de desnutrición, mayor o menor grado de complejidad, mayor o menor tiempo de evolución de la diabetes, ni por ser más o menos mayores. Conclusiones: el suplemento nutricional específico para paciente con diabetes, formulado con aceite de oliva virgen extra, EPA y DHA, una mezcla específica en hidratos de carbono, fibra soluble e insoluble, presentó una adecuada aceptación sensorial del paciente desnutrido con diabetes mellitus tipo 2.