Resumo: Este estudo examina o efeito das características do comitê de auditoria e da diversidade do conselho sobre o desempenho das empresas na Indonésia. Além disso, esta pesquisa também explora o efeito das características do comitê de auditoria e da diversidade do conselho sobre o desempenho da empresa em várias classificações etárias. O estudo envolve 170 amostras de empresas do setor primário e secundário registradas na Bolsa de Valores da Indonésia de 2014 a 2020, analisadas por análise de regressão em painel de dados. As principais conclusões do estudo revelaram que o tamanho do comitê de auditoria e a competência do comitê de auditoria financeira estão influenciando positivamente o desempenho da empresa baseada no mercado. No entanto, não afeta significativamente a frequência de reuniões do comitê de auditoria em relação ao forte desempenho baseado no mercado. Além disso, o estudo revela que o gênero estrangeiro e do conselho influenciam positivamente o desempenho da empresa baseada no mercado. Tais descobertas são benéficas para os formuladores de políticas no desenvolvimento de um conjunto de mecanismos de governança apropriados no contexto do mercado indonésio como um país em desenvolvimento. Para o melhor conhecimento do autor, este estudo é o primeiro a analisar de forma abrangente a associação entre as características do comitê de auditoria e a diversidade do conselho no desempenho da empresa baseada no mercado. Além disso, nenhum estudo anterior realizou análises adicionais com base na idade da empresa no contexto indonésio.

Abstract: This study examines the effect of audit committee characteristics and board diversity on the performance of companies in Indonesia. In addition, this research also explores the effect of the audit committee's characteristics and the board's diversity on the company's performance in various age classifications. The study involves 170 samples of primary and secondary sector firms registered on the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2014 to 2020, analyzed by data panel regression analysis. The study's main findings disclosed that the audit committee's size and the competence of the financial audit committee are positively influencing the market-based firm performance. However, it does not significantly affect the audit committee's meeting frequency regarding the market-based strong performance. Furthermore, the study discloses that foreign and board gender positively influences market-based firm performance. Such findings benefit policymakers in developing appropriate governance mechanisms in the Indonesian market as a developing country. To the best author's knowledge, this study is the first to comprehensively analyze the association between audit committee characteristics and board diversity on market-based firm performance. Furthermore, no previous study conducted additional analyzes based on firm age in the Indonesian context.

ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to analyze the changes that have taken place in the economic sectors in the system of cities between 1982, 1992, 2002, and 2017, alongside understanding the evolution and functional trajectory of employment in the Ñuble Region. The research approach is quantitative and applies a correlational design. The database was extracted from the 1982, 1992, 2002, and 2017 censuses of the National Institute of Statistics (INE, in Spanish) using the REDATAM program. Then, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using R software, shown through tables, graphs, and cartographies. The results indicate a trend that diversifies the region’s economic branches, evolving from agriculture toward commerce, services, education, and construction. The specialization indexes show a trajectory towards the homogenization of tertiary sectors and that, in a small number of communes, the primary sector represents a relevant part of local activity. In addition, from the decrease in agricultural and industrial employment, it can be concluded that the different communes of the region have a primary and tertiary vocation, recognizing a co-evolution between the different economic branches.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los cambios en los sectores económicos ocurridos durante 1982, 1992, 2002 y 2017 en el sistema de ciudades, junto con comprender la evolución y trayectoria funcional del empleo en la Región de Ñuble. La investigación posee un enfoque cuantitativo y aplica un diseño correlacional. La base de datos fue extraída de los censos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) de los años mencionados a través del programa REDATAM. A partir de lo anterior, se realizó un análisis de componentes principales (ACP) mediante el software R, visualizado a través de tablas, gráficos y cartografías. Los resultados señalan que existe una tendencia que diversifica las ramas económicas en la región, las cuales evolucionan desde la agricultura hacia el comercio, servicios, enseñanza y construcción. Los índices de especialización demuestran que existe una trayectoria hacia la homogeneización de los sectores terciarios y que, en una cantidad reducida de comunas, el sector primario representa una parte importante de la actividad local. Además de la disminución del empleo agrícola e industrial, se concluye que las diferentes comunas de la región presentan una vocación primaria y terciaria, reconociéndose una coevolución entre las diferentes ramas económicas.

ABSTRACT Inadequate hospitalization implies unnecessary costs to the patient's family and the health center, congestion of hospital services and reduction of social benefit, and may expose the patient to risks such as nosocomial infections and periods of stress. It also represents a social problem, due to deficiencies in the training of residents in Comprehensive General Medicine in pathologies that are adequately diagnosed, treated and monitored at the primary level-which undermine the quality and intersectorality between the secondary and primary levels of care-, and the rational use of resources in the health sector. This work aims to address the situation of inadequate hospitalizations, which can be solved at the primary care level. A bibliographic review was carried out of scientific articles related to the subject, published in SciELO, LILACS, PubMed, EBSCO and Google Scholar, which contributed to compile texts with the most recent contributions. In order to reduce preventable hospitalizations, it is necessary to reinforce organizational actions and quality professional performance at the primary level, with strategies aimed at solving the problems of the population. Deficiencies or irregularities in the resolution capacity of the primary care system have a negative impact on the amount of hospital care for preventable health situations and, therefore, on the reduction of hospital costs.

RESUMEN La hospitalización inadecuada implica costos innecesarios a la familia del paciente y al centro de salud, congestión de los servicios hospitalarios y disminución del beneficio social, pudiendo llegar a exponer al paciente a riesgos como infecciones intrahospitalarias y a períodos de estrés. Asimismo, representa un problema social, debido a deficiencias en la formación de residentes en Medicina General Integral ante patologías que son de adecuado diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento a nivel primario -que socavan la calidad e intersectorialidad entre el nivel secundario y el primario de atención-, y al uso racional de recursos en el sector de la salud. Este trabajo pretende abordar la situación de las hospitalizaciones inadecuadas, que se pueden solucionar a nivel de la atención primaria. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de artículos científicos relacionados con la temática, publicados en SciELO, LILACS, PubMed, EBSCO y Google Académico, lo cual contribuyó a recopilar textos con los más recientes aportes. Se necesita, a nivel primario, para la disminución de las hospitalizaciones evitables, reforzar acciones organizativas y un desempeño profesional de calidad, con estrategias dirigidas a la solución de las problemáticas de la población. Las deficiencias o irregularidades en la capacidad resolutiva del sistema de atención primaria, repercuten negativamente en la cantidad de atenciones hospitalarias a situaciones de salud prevenibles y, por ende, en la reducción de los costos hospitalarios.

Abstract In Mexico, the impact of agricultural activities on gross domestic product remains constant during recent years, despite the public policies implemented to promote the sector, which is paradoxical since is one of the Latin American countries that invest more public spending in the agricultural sector. We proceed with an analysis to identify the main determinants of agricultural productivity by including relevant variables as public spending, technological innovation, and international commerce. We contrast the relationships between variables using multivariant methodologies with time series from 2003 to 2018. In our evidence, it is important to highlight the negative impact of public spending and imports on agricultural sector productivity, therefore in the gross domestic growth. Additionally, a positive relationship is found for exports, remarking the relevance of international commerce to the country.

Resumen A pesar de las políticas públicas implementadas para el fomento del sector primario mexicano, el porcentaje de participación de las actividades en el producto interno bruto nacional presenta datos constantes en los últimos años, lo que resulta paradójico ya que México es uno de los países en América Latina que mayor recurso público destina al sector agrícola. Se realiza un análisis para identificar los principales determinantes que influyen en la productividad agrícola, incluyendo como elementos importantes el gasto gubernamental, la innovación tecnológica y el comercio internacional. Para contrastar las relaciones entre variables, se utilizan regresiones multivariantes con series históricas del 2003 al 2018. Dentro de nuestras evidencias encontramos que tanto el gasto público como las importaciones presentan un impacto negativo en la productividad del sector agrícola y, por lo tanto, en el crecimiento del Producto Interno Bruto. Adicionalmente, se obtuvo una relación positiva para las exportaciones, reafirmando la importancia del comercio internacional para el país.

Abstract Technology adoption models comprise an important field of research in the studies of economics, anthropology, sociology and psychology of innovation, applied to different productive and social sectors. Primary food production companies have been adopting new techniques and technologies that allow them to improve their quality, increase their productivity and competitiveness. The search criteria were: Technological adoption, Dairy production, agrofoods technology, Technological adoption model, robotic and digital technology. The work allows us to warn of the emergence of dimensions and variables, as well as to carry out theoretical-conceptual, technical-methodological combinations with socio-technical studies, thereby giving way to an interdisciplinary research agenda with a view to improving the management process of the technology adoption process.

Resumen Los modelos de adopción de tecnología comprenden un importante campo de investigación en los estudios de economía, antropología, sociología y psicología de la innovación, aplicados a sectores productivos y sociales. Las empresas de producción primaria de alimentos han adoptado nuevas tecnologías que permiten mejorar su calidad, aumentar su productividad y competitividad. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo describir la literatura relacionada a modelos de adopción de tecnologías, realizando un análisis crítico aplicado para el eslabón primario de la cadena agroalimentaria. La revisión permite establecer que los modelos analíticos de adopción de tecnologías no han abordado en profundidad áreas tecnológicas asociadas a la robótica y la inteligencia artificial para el sector productivo estudiado. El trabajo permite advertir la emergencia de dimensiones y variables, así como realizar combinaciones teórico-conceptuales, técnico-metodológicas con estudios socio-técnicos, dando con ello paso a una agenda de investigación interdisciplinaria con miras a una mejora en el proceso de gestión del proceso de adopción tecnológica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: scientific research is a process developed by research groups where the presence of a leader is important. Objective: to analyze the characteristics of scientific leadership and its impact on the development of health sciences. Methods: relevant studies were searched and chosen in digital databases such as Medline, Virtual Health Library, SciELO and reviewing digital books, using the words: leader, scientific leadership, research groups and health sciences. A total of 139 articles were found and 30 were chosen that addressed the subject matter. Development: the National Health System is a pillar in Cuban scientific development. The entities having national subordination are ahead of the primary and secondary levels of the sector in terms of scientific leadership and their impact on research, in spite of the opportunities they offer and the majority number of projects being developed by the latter. Conclusions: in the institutes and hospitals of national subordination there is a correspondence between leadership and scientific production. It is necessary the materialization of scientific leaders at the primary and secondary levels capable of generating ideas, unity and motivation in the groups of professionals with research real potential to increase scientific productivity in these institutions, and positively impact on their social purpose. The activity carried out by prestigious scientific leaders at the head of different research groups during COVID-19 pandemic has been an example of the impact that can be achieved on scientific productivity for the health sciences in a short period of time.

RESUMEN Introducción: la investigación científica es un proceso desarrollado por grupos de investigación donde es importante la presencia de un líder. Objetivo: analizar las características del liderazgo científico y su impacto en el desarrollo de las ciencias de la salud. Métodos: se localizaron y seleccionaron estudios relevantes en bases de datos digitales como Medline, Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, SciELO y en libros digitales, con la utilización de los vocablos: líder, liderazgo científico, grupos de investigación y ciencias de la salud. Se encontraron 139 artículos y se escogieron 30 que abordaban el tema. Desarrollo: el Sistema Nacional de Salud es un pilar en el desarrollo científico cubano. Las entidades de subordinación nacional aventajan a los niveles secundario y primario del sector en cuanto a liderazgo científico y su impacto en las investigaciones, a pesar de las oportunidades que ofrecen y del número mayoritario de proyectos en desarrollo de estos últimos. Conclusiones: en los institutos y hospitales de subordinación nacional existe correspondencia entre liderazgo y producción científica. Se precisa de la emergencia de líderes científicos en los niveles primario y secundario capaces de generar ideas, aglutinar y motivar a grupos de profesionales con potencialidades investigativas para elevar la productividad científica en estas instituciones e impactar positivamente en su objeto social. La actividad desempañada por prestigiosos líderes científicos al frente de diferentes grupos de investigación durante la pandemia de COVID-19 ha sido un ejemplo del impacto que se puede lograr sobre la productividad científica en las ciencias de la salud en un corto periodo de tiempo.

ABSTRACT Background: The study of chains at a local level starts from a new configuration constitutes a new working philosophy in the agri-food sector in Cuba. Objective. The aim of the paper is to characterize of the actors in the pasteurized milk chain in four municipalities of Sancti Spíritus province. Methods: It was based on the primary and secondary available information obtained at workshops with the participation of national actors and international experts. The characterization of the actors included the variables described in previous chain studies, the construction of the SWOT Matrix and an action plan. Results: The links of the chain are: Production, collection, processing and marketing. At the primary sector, there are different productive farms with non-governmental dominance. They had a production of approximately 20,000 liters/year, having 20 not specialized female cattle in milk production. Some of the farms use animal traction for milk collection and the industry does this process with tank trucks. The processing link presents technology with limitations and insufficient equipment. The SWOT Matrix revealed that the nutrition is not sufficient and the composition of milk is not good. Besides, the process of collection and the industrial distribution that affect the quality of milk. Conclusions: The characterization of the actors showed that in the primary link with predominance of the non-state sector, but there is low milk production. For the collection of milk, they use animal traction and tanker trucks. Obsolete technologies are found in the processing link, while commercialization actors are limited by hygienic conditions.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: El estudio de las cadenas a nivel local constituye una nueva filosofía de trabajo en el sector agroalimentario en Cuba. Objetivo. El objetivo del trabajo fue caracterizar los actores de la cadena de la leche pasteurizada en cuatro municipios de la provincia de Sancti Spíritus. Métodos: Se basó en la información primaria y secundaria disponible obtenida en talleres con la participación de actores nacionales y expertos internacionales. La caracterización de los actores incluyó las variables descritas en estudios de cadenas previos, la construcción de la Matriz DAFO y un plan de acción. Resultados: Los eslabones de la cadena fueron: Producción, recolección, procesamiento y comercialización. En el sector primario, existen diferentes fincas productivas con predominio del sector no estatal. La producción aproximada por fincas era de 20.000 litros/año y contando con rebaños de 20 hembras, no especializadas en la producción de leche. Algunas granjas utilizan tracción animal para la recolección de leche y la industria realiza este proceso con camiones cisterna. En el eslabón procesamiento se observó limitaciones tecnológicas y equipamiento insuficiente y en la comercialización deficiencias en las condiciones higiénicas. Los análisis de la matriz DAFO ponderó como principales variables la insuficiente nutrición de los animales y las afectaciones de la calidad de la leche a lo largo de la cadena. Conclusiones: La caracterización de los actores mostró que en el eslabón primario predomina el sector no estatal, pero tiene muy baja producción de leche. Para la recolección de la leche, utilizan camiones cisterna y la tracción animal. En el eslabón de procesamiento se encontraron tecnologías obsoletas y equipos insuficientes, mientras que los actores de la comercialización están limitados por las condiciones higiénicas.

Abstract The municipality of Tlalnepantla has evolved from an economic structure based on self-consumption agriculture and forestry to the extensive production of nopal (prickly pear) pads for national and international consumption. This shift has changed its primary economic sector and fostered a new territory organization around this activity. This research aims to analyze the territorial organization process of the production chain of nopal pads grown in this municipality and its main implications regarding its territory and the producers involved. The study involved a survey of the physical and historical factors that have influenced the evolution of this activity. Additionally, information was directly collected in the field through the experiences of different types of producers. This was supplemented by data collected from statistical and bibliographic information to conduct a cartographic analysis and summary of the current territorial organization of nopal pad production in the municipality of Tlalnepantla. The results of our research revealed that the territorial organization of nopal pad production is partly managed by local producers, which, in addition to its closeness to Mexico City, has benefited the production and commercial conditions. However, at the same time, it has resulted in the marginalization of another sector of nopal pad producers because of political factors and direct competition within the national market of this vegetable.

Resumen El municipio de Tlalnepantla ha transitado de una estructura económica basada en la agricultura de autoconsumo y la actividad forestal hacia la producción, en grandes extensiones, de nopal verdura para consumo nacional e internacional. Con ello ha modificado su sector económico primario y ha propiciado una nueva organización de su territorio en torno a esta actividad. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el proceso de organización territorial de la cadena productiva del nopal verdura que se cultiva en este municipio y sus principales implicaciones tanto en su territorio como en los productores involucrados. Para ello, el trabajo se apoyó en un reconocimiento de los factores físicos e históricos que han impulsado el desarrollo de esta actividad y, posteriormente, se recopiló información directa en campo a través de las experiencias de diferentes tipos de productores, la cual se complementó con datos recopilados de fuentes de información estadística y hemerográfica, a fin de analizar y sintetizar cartográficamente la organización territorial actual de la producción de nopal verdura en el municipio de Tlalnepantla. Los resultados de la investigación revelaron que la organización territorial de esta actividad destaca por ser manejada en parte por los productores locales, lo que sumado a su cercanía a la capital del país, ha beneficiado sus condiciones productivas y comerciales, pero al mismo tiempo, ha derivado en la marginación de otro sector de productores de nopal como resultado de factores políticos y de la competencia directa en el mercado nacional.

Resumo Este estudo avalia, com foco no agronegócio, as interações entre a renda do trabalho por trabalhador (PWLI), a produtividade e os custos unitários reais do trabalho, bem como a relação entre os preços relevantes para empregados (IPCA) e empregadores (deflatores do PIB) no setor. Para isso, foi necessário calcular as produtividades do trabalho do agronegócio e seus segmentos para o período de 2004 a 2015. Verificou-se que o distanciamento entre deflator do PIB e IPCA não teve papel preponderante para mitigar o efeito do crescimento da PWLI, de 3,81% a.a., sobre o custo unitário real do trabalho (CURT), que aumentou apenas 0,21% a.a. O CURT foi contido por ganhos de produtividade no setor, impulsionados principalmente pela agropecuária. Sem esses aumentos de produtividade, o CURT teria aumentado 3,7% a.a., inviabilizando os ganhos simultâneos de empregadores e empregados do agronegócio. O resultado do segmento primário se destacou: mesmo com aumento de 4,07% a.a. na PWLI, o crescimento anual de 7,24% da produtividade implicou em redução média anual do CURT (2,56%); sem esse significativo crescimento da produtividade, o aumento da PWLI teria impulsionado o CURT, que teria crescido 4,7% a.a.

Abstract This study analyzes the interactions between per worker labor income (PWLI), labor productivity, real unit labor costs, and the relationship between relevant employee (IPCA) and employers (GDP deflators) prices, specifically focusing on Brazilian agrobusiness. For that purpose, labor productivities of the entire agrobusiness sector and its segments were calculated from 2004 through 2015. We found that the gap between agrobusiness sector deflators and the IPCA did not play a preponderant role to mitigate the effect of PWLI growth of 3.81% annually on real unit labor cost (CURT), which only increased 0.21% annually. In turn, CURT was contained by productivity gains, boosted mainly by agriculture. Without this productivity growth, CURT would have increased at 3.7% annually, thus making unviable the observed simultaneous gains for employers and employees in the Brazilian agrobusiness sector. The result for the primary agrobusiness segment should be highlighted. Even with an annual increase of 4.07% in PWLI, the 7.24% annual growth in productivity implied on an average annual reduction in CURT (-2.56%); without this significant productivity growth, the same increase in PWLI would have boosted CURT by 4.7% annually.

Resumo: O Amapá é a unidade da federação que possui a menor participação percentual do setor primário na composição do seu PIB estadual. No período do então Território Federal do Amapá (1943-1988), o setor primário caracterizou-se pelo extrativismo e pela silvicultura. O estado possui uma área de cerrado de aproximadamente um milhão de hectares, dos quais, estima-se que 400 mil hectares podem ser considerados potencialmente propícios à agricultura. A partir de 2013, registrou-se o ingresso de produtores rurais, devido ao movimento de expansão da produção de soja na Amazônia. Decorridos oito anos do início desse processo, o ano de 2021 aparenta representar o de maior desafio para a continuação das atividades, em razão do aprofundamento do imbróglio fundiário e ambiental que envolve o setor, com desdobramentos administrativos, jurídicos e policiais. A grande maioria dos produtores rurais não possui licença ambiental que os autorize realizar os preparativos para o início do cultivo. Assim, a produção deste ano encontra-se seriamente comprometida. Observa-se um contexto de insegurança jurídica, que consolida o ambiente de incertezas prejudicial ao desenvolvimento da produção. Este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar as causas da situação de engessamento do setor, bem como prospectar possíveis cenários advindos deste contexto.

Abstract: Amapá is the state with the lowest percentage share of the primary sector in the composition of its state GDP. In the period of the then Federal Territory of Amapá (1943-1988), the primary sector was characterized by extraction and silviculture. The State has a savanna area of approximately 1,000,000 hectares, of which, it is estimated that 400,000 hectares can be considered potentially conducive to agriculture. As of 2013, rural producers entered the market due to the expansion of soy production in Amazonia. Eight years after the beginning of this process, the year 2021 appears to represent the greatest challenge for the continuation of activities, due to the deepening of the land and environmental imbroglio that involves the sector, with administrative, legal, and police developments. Most rural producers do not have an environmental license that authorizes them to carry out the preparations for the beginning of cultivation. Thus, this year's production is seriously compromised. There is a context of legal uncertainty, which consolidates the environment of uncertainties detrimental to the development of production. This article aims to analyze the causes of the plastering situation in the sector, as well as to explore possible scenarios arising from this context.

RESUMEN Este artículo se planteó con el fin de analizar los determinantes de la inversión extranjera directa (IED), en Bolivia, en sus dos periodos de inserción, que corresponden a dos paradigmas contrapuestos, los cuales, con sus peculiaridades, han logrado atraer flujos importantes de capital hacia las actividades extractivas, principalmente. El enfoque de la investigación corresponde al de la escuela neoinstitucionalista, que permite dilucidar el efecto de las instituciones sobre el comportamiento de la IED localizada en los sectores de la economía nacional. Para ello, se usaron las técnicas de datos panel. Los resultados muestran que instituciones del tipo "creadoras de mercado" solo han sido relevantes para la atracción del capital foráneo al sector primario exportador, mientras que los otros tipos de instituciones sí juegan un papel preponderante para la IED. JEL: F21, B52, C33.

ABSTRACT This paper was proposed to analyse the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Bolivia, in its two periods of insertion, that correspond to two opposed paradigms that, with their peculiarities, have managed to attract significant capital flow to mainly extractive activities. For this purpose, the approach applied to the investigation corresponds to that of the neo-institutionalist school, which allows to elucidate the effect of the institutions on the behaviour of the FDI in the sectors of the national economy, using panel data techniques. The results show that institutions of the "market maker" type have only been relevant for attracting foreign capital to the exporting primary sector, while the other types of institutions play a predominant role for FDI. JEL: F21, B52, C33.

RESUMO Este artigo foi proposto com o objetivo de analisar os determinantes do investimento estrangeiro direto (IED), na Bolívia, em seus dois períodos de inserção, que correspondem a dois paradigmas opostos, que, com suas peculiaridades, têm conseguido atrair importantes fluxos de capitais para o extrativismo. atividades, principalmente. O foco da pesquisa corresponde ao da escola neo-institucionalista, o que permite elucidar o efeito das instituições sobre o comportamento do IED localizado nos setores da economia nacional. Para isso, foram utilizadas as técnicas de dados em painel. Os resultados mostram que as instituições do tipo "criadoras de mercado" têm sido relevantes apenas para atrair capital estrangeiro para o setor primário de exportação, enquanto os demais tipos de instituições desempenham um papel preponderante para o IED. JEL: F21, B52, C33.

Summary: An overview of current Mexican legislation regarding soil restoration and updating needs is made through the analysis of three case studies located in the southeastern México: a) soil affected by spillage of congenital waters (Zone 1), b) soil contaminated by hydrocarbons (Zone 2) and, c) a site adjacent to urban infrastructure (Zone 3). It was performed a comparative analysis of the soils conditions in the short and long term after the anthropogenic impact and restoration process that were carried out in each studied location. It was found that important properties of the soils do not recover after the weathering process, for instance in Zone 1, DR and DA as well as %Po did not reach equivalent values to the control sample and the soil texture is different even after a long recovery period. For Zone 2, it was detected important variations in the concentration of Ca, Na and K in both the impacted and recovered soils which affect the growth of plantations. In Zone 3, there were found significative differences in DA, %Po; %L, %R, %MO and CEC parameters. The current normative considers general aspects, but does not contemplate the actual site situation, there is an information gap due to this, although it was observed achievement of physical and chemical properties for the recovery soil use in each site, it was also noticed that the evaluations do not consider if these properties can change over time due to weather conditions, therefore, they could influence the success of each restoration process in the long term. The information generated can be used to make decisions about government rescue programs for the primary sector or as a starting point in the implementation of Environmental Bases Lines (LBA) for the hydrocarbon sector.

Resumen: Se realizó una visión general de la legislación mexicana vigente en materia de restauración del suelo y de las necesidades de actualización a través del análisis de tres estudios de caso ubicados en el sureste de este país: a) suelo afectado por derrames de aguas congénitas (Zona 1), b) suelo contaminado por hidrocarburos (Zona 2) y c) un sitio adyacente a infraestructura urbana (Zona 3). Se realizó un análisis comparativo a corto y largo plazo de las condiciones de los suelos después del impacto antropogénico y el proceso de restauración que se llevó a cabo en cada caso de estudio. Se encontró que propiedades importantes de los suelos no se recuperaron después del proceso de intemperizado. Por ejemplo, en la Zona 1, DA, DR y %Po no alcanzaron valores equivalentes a los del suelo testigo aun después de un tiempo prolongado de recuperación. En la Zona 2, se detectaron variaciones importantes en las concentraciones de Ca, Na y K tanto en el suelo impactado como en el recuperado, lo cual afecta el crecimiento de plantaciones. En la Zona 3, se encontraron diferencias significativas en parámetros como: DA, %Po; %L, %R, %MO y CEC. Se encontró una brecha de información en la normativa actual que considera aspectos generales, pero no considera la situación real del sitio, aunque se observó el cambio de propiedades físicas y químicas para el uso de recuperación del suelo en cada sitio, también se observó que las evaluaciones no consideran si estas propiedades pueden cambiar con el tiempo debido a las condiciones climáticas y por lo tanto podrían influir en el éxito de cada proceso de restauración a largo plazo. La información generada puede ser utilizada para tomar decisiones sobre los programas de rescate del gobierno para el sector primario o como punto de partida en la implementación de Líneas Bases Ambientales del sector de hidrocarburos.

Summary: The backyard is an agroecosystem located near the home and fulfills several functions and provides various services; in addition, one third of the Rural Production Units in Tlaxcala have this agroecosystem. In the Mexican state of Tlaxcala, México, the primary sector is the one that contributes the least to the gross domestic product; it is divided into 60 municipalities and 66% of its territory is used for agricultural, livestock and forestry activities and little is known about this agroecosystem. The objective of the research was to make an approximation of its composition with respect to the plant and animal species found in the backyard. The Registry of Agricultural Producers of the State of Tlaxcala, Mexico, carried out by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) was used; as a member of the work team, a copy of the original database was obtained informally, which consisted of a total of 53 968 basic information cards; of that total, 17 236 reported backyard activities. The information was analyzed using frequency tables of data grouped and sorted into classes for both plant and animal species. Regarding the composition of the main vegetable species produced in the backyard, fruit trees such as peaches and corn stand out. Of the animal species produced, cattle and poultry are the most produced. On average, 91.15% of what is produced in the backyard is for self-consumption; the average area of the backyard was 215 m2. The composition of the Tlaxcala backyard was determined in terms of plant and animal species of certain economic importance; the results reported here can be useful for other research that continues with the characterization of the structure, composition and functioning of the backyard in the state of Tlaxcala.

Resumen: El traspatio es un agroecosistema que se ubica cerca de la vivienda y cumple varias funciones y presta diversos servicios; además, una tercera parte de las Unidades de Producción Rural de Tlaxcala cuenta con este agroecosistema. En el estado mexicano de Tlaxcala el sector primario es el que menos aporta al producto interno bruto; está dividido en 60 municipios y 66% de su territorio se destina a actividades agrícolas, ganaderas y forestales y poco se conoce de este agroecosistema. El objetivo de la investigación fue realizar una aproximación a su composición con respecto a las especies vegetales y animales que se encuentran en el traspatio. Se utilizó el Registro de Productores Agropecuarios del Estado de Tlaxcala, México, realizado por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI); como miembro del equipo de trabajo, se obtuvo de manera informal una copia de la base de datos original, la cual consistió en un total de 53 968 cédulas de información básica; de ese total, 17 236 reportaron actividades de traspatio. La información se analizó mediante tablas de frecuencias de datos agrupados y ordenados en clases tanto de especies vegetales como animales. En cuanto a la composición de las principales especies vegetales producidas en el traspatio, destacan los frutales como el durazno y el maíz. De las especies animales producidas, el ganado y las aves de corral son las más producidas. En promedio, 91.15% de lo que se produce en el traspatio es para autoconsumo; la superficie promedio del traspatio fue de 215 m2. Se determinó la composición del traspatio tlaxcalteca en cuanto a especies vegetales y animales de cierta importancia económica; los resultados aquí reportados pueden ser útiles para otras investigaciones que continúen con la caracterización de la estructura, composición y funcionamiento del traspatio en el estado de Tlaxcala.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a densidade vascular da cabeça do nervo óptico e a densidade capilar peripapilar radial em olhos em estágios iniciais de glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto e com glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo, bem como em olhos controle. Métodos: Este é um estudo observacional transversal, no qual foram incluídos 54 olhos com valores de desvio médio do campo visual superiores a -6,0 dB. Os olhos incluídos eram de 37 pacientes, diagnosticados com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto (n=18), glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo (n=18) e controles saudáveis (n=18). Os valores de densidade vascular da cabeça do nervo óptico e a densidade capilar peripapilar radial foram obtidos a partir de angiografias por tomografia de coerência óptica, analisados de acordo com a distribuição dos dados e submetidos a testes estatísticos apropriados. Também foi avaliada a precisão diagnóstica dos parâmetros de densidade vascular. Resultados: Os valores para a densidade capilar peripapilar radial e no interior do disco óptico nas imagens inteiras foram significativamente menores no glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto e no glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo do que no grupo controle (p<0,05). A densidade vascular no interior do disco óptico na cabeça do nervo óptico foi significativamente menor no glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto do que no glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo (p<0,05). A densidade vascular no setor temporal inferior da cabeça do nervo óptico foi significativamente menor tanto no glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto quanto no glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo, em comparação com o grupo controle (p=0,009). A área abaixo da curva de ROC para a densidade vascular no interior do disco óptico na cabeça do nervo óptico, foi de 0,855 para a comparação do glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto com o controle (p<0,001) e de 0,731 para a comparação do glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo com o controle (p=0,018). Porém, na comparação do glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto com o glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo, os valores da área abaixo da curva de ROC para a densidade vascular na imagem inteira e no interior do disco óptico na cabeça do nervo óptico foram respectivamente de 0,707 e 0,722 (p=0,034, p=0,023). Conclusões: A densidade vascular na cabeça do nervo óptico e a densidade capilar peripapilar radial mostraram-se significativamente diminuídas no glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto e no glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo, em comparação com olhos controle saudáveis. Nos estágios iniciais do glaucoma, a densidade vascular no interior do disco óptico, na cabeça do nervo óptico, pode ser menor em olhos com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto do que em olhos com glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to compare the vessel density of the optic nerve head and radial peripapillary capillary in the eyes with early-stage primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and control eyes. Methods: With visual field mean deviation scores >-6.0 dB, 54 eyes from 37 patients diagnosed with primary open angle glaucoma (n=18) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (n=18) and healthy controls (n=18) were enrolled in this cross-sectional observational study. Retrieved from optical coherence tomography angiography, vessel density for the optic nerve head and radial peripapillary capillary were analyzed according to the distribution of the data and appropriate tests. The diagnostic accuracy of vessel density parameters was also assessed. Results: The whole-image vessel density of the radial peripapillary capillary and inside-disc vessel density of the optic nerve head were significantly lower in eyes with primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma compared to those in the control eyes (p<0.05). Compared to that in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, the inside-disc vessel density of the optic nerve head was significantly lower in primary open angle glaucoma (p<0.05). Inferotemporal sector vessel density of the optic nerve head for both primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma was significantly lower than that of the controls (p=0.009). In discrimination of primary open angle glaucoma vs. control and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma vs. control, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for inside-disc vessel density of the optic nerve head were 0.855 and 0.731, respectively (p<0.001, p=0.018). However, in discrimination of primary open angle glaucoma vs. pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for whole-image and inside-disc vessel densities of the optic nerve head were 0.707 and 0.722 (p=0.034, p=0.023). Conclusions: Vessel densities of the optic nerve head and radial peripapillary capillary were significantly lower in eyes with primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma compared to healthy control eyes. In the early stage of glaucoma, the inside-disc vessel density of the optic nerve head slab may be lower in eyes with primary open angle glaucoma eyes compared to eyes with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In children's dental care it is crucial to select restorative materials of proven clinical quality and a short application period, particularly with patients of limited attention capacity. Due to their improved physical and mechanical properties, composite resins are currently one of the materials of choice for children's dental care. Bulk fill resins are an attractive alternative for posterior restorations. Objective: Compare the degree of marginal microleakage of bulk fill and nanohybrid resins in deciduous teeth. Methods: An experimental in vitro study was conducted of 40 deciduous teeth extracted for therapeutic reasons, which were divided into two groups. Group I: nanohybrid resin by incremental technique (Tetric® N Ceram - Ivoclar Vivadent) and Group II: bulk fill resin by monoincremental technique (Tetric® N Ceram bulk fill - Ivoclar Vivadent). A manual 500-cycle thermocycling procedure was performed at 5ºC ± 2ºC to 55ºC ± 2ºC. The samples were soaked in 0.5% methylene blue at 37ºC for 24 hours and analyzed under a light stereo microscope at 40X. Results: Microleakage was present in all the samples. In the nanohybrid resin group, microleakage was mild in 25%, moderate in 30% and severe in 45%. In the bulk fill resin group, microleakage was mild in 30%, moderate in 35% and severe in 35%. No significant difference was found between the groups (p = 0.55). Conclusions: Both resins, bulk fill and nanohybrid, presented similar in vitro marginal microleakage in deciduous molars. The bulk fill technique is therefore a good alternative for children's dental rehabilitation, due to its easy and fast application in a single session.

RESUMEN Introducción: En la atención odontológica a niños es crucial seleccionar materiales restaurativos con buen rendimiento clínico y corto tiempo de aplicación, especialmente en pacientes con capacidad de atención limitada. Las resinas compuestas, con el mejoramiento de sus propiedades físicas y mecánicas, constituyen hoy uno de los materiales de mayor elección por el odontopediatra. Las resinas de relleno masivo son una alternativa atractiva para las restauraciones en el sector posterior. Objetivo: Comparar el grado de microfiltración marginal de resinas de relleno masivo y nanohíbrida en molares deciduos. Métodos: Estudio experimental, in vitro, en cuarenta molares deciduos; exodonciados por motivos terapéuticos, divididos en dos grupos. Grupo I: resina nanohíbrida con técnica incremental (Tetric® N Ceram - Ivoclar Vivadent) y Grupo II: resina de relleno masivo con técnica monoincremental (Tetric® N Ceram bulk fill - Ivoclar Vivadent). Se realizó un proceso de termociclado manual de 500 ciclos, entre 5 ºC ± 2 ºC y 55 ºC ± 2 ºC. Las muestras fueron sumergidas en azul de metileno al 0,5 % durante 24 horas a 37 ºC. Se analizaron con el microscopio estereoscópico de luz a 40X. Resultados: Todas las muestras presentaron microfiltración. Con el uso de resina nanohíbrida, el 25 % presentó microfiltración leve; el 30 %, moderada; y el 45 %, severa. En el grupo de la resina de relleno masivo, el 30 % presentó microfiltración leve; el 35 %, moderada; y el 35 %, severa. No se encontró diferencia significativa entre ambos grupos (p = 0,55). Conclusiones: Ambas resinas, de relleno masivo y nanohíbrida, presentaron similar microfiltración marginal in vitro, en molares deciduos; por lo que la técnica de relleno masivo, por su fácil y rápida aplicación en un solo tiempo, es una buena alternativa en la rehabilitación dental odontopediátrica.