Resumen Introducción: Mucho se ha discutido sobre la importancia del papel que juegan diferentes tipos de frugívoros como dispersores de semillas en las comunidades vegetales, pero en realidad se han realizado pocos estudios. Objetivo: Evaluamos y comparamos la dispersión diurna y nocturna de semillas en bosques subandinos primarios y secundarios en el sur de Colombia. Métodos: Estimamos el número y la biomasa (kg/ha) de semillas dispersadas durante un año (2017) utilizando 60 trampas de frutos que se revisaron antes del amanecer y antes del atardecer durante 10 días continuos cada dos meses. Resultados: Se encontró que, de 1 874 semillas dispersas, el 55.8 % (10.9 kg/ha) se recolectaron durante el día y el 44.2 % (6.39 kg/ha) durante la noche. No hubo diferencias significativas entre la dispersión de semillas diurna y nocturna en número de semillas o biomasa. Tampoco encontramos diferencias entre la dispersión de semillas en el bosque primario y el bosque secundario a lo largo del tiempo. Dentro de los organismos diurnos, los primates y las aves frugívoras parecen ser los principales responsables de este servicio ecosistémico durante el día; mientras que los murciélagos, las aves (por ejemplo, los guácharos) y probablemente los primates lo hicieron durante la noche. Conclusiones: La dispersión diurna y nocturna parecen ser iguales en número y peso de semillas, pero no en la similitud de especies de plantas dispersadas. Sigue siendo un desafío reconocer la importancia relativa de los diferentes organismos frugívoros como dispersores de semillas utilizando métodos de trampa de frutos.

Abstract Introduction: Much has been argued about the importance of the role that different types of frugivores play as seed dispersers in plant communities, but few studies have been actually carried out. Objective: We evaluated and compared diurnal and nocturnal seed dispersal in primary and secondary sub-Andean forests in Southern Colombia. Methods: We estimated number and biomass (kg/ha) of seeds dispersed over one year (2017) using 60 fruit traps that were checked before sunrise and before sunset for 10 continuous days every two months. Results: We found that from 1 874 dispersed seeds, 55.8 % (10.9 kg/ha) were collected during the day and 44.2 % (6.39 kg/ha) at night. There were no significant differences between diurnal and nocturnal seed dispersal in number of seeds or biomass. We also found no difference in seed dispersal between primary and secondary forest over time. Within diurnal organisms, primates and fruit-eating birds appear to be primarily responsible for this ecosystem service during the day; while bats, birds (e.g. oilbirds), and probably primates did so during the night. Conclusions: Diurnal and nocturnal dispersal seem to be equal in terms of number and weight of seeds, but not in the similarity of dispersed plant species. It remains a challenge to recognize the relative importance of different fruit-eating organisms as seed dispersers using fruit trap methods.

This paper tries to summarize the results of studies from different areas of knowledge supporting the idea that temperamental traits, such as “reckless/hyper-exploratory” attitudes, commonly believed to be associated with psychopathology, surprisingly turn out as adaptive under specific stress conditions. In particular, this paper analyzes an ethologic line of research on primates suggesting models for a sociobiological interpretation of mood disorders in humans; a study that found high frequencies of a genetic variance associated with bipolar disorder in people without bipolar disorder but with hyperactivity/novelty-seeking traits; the outcomes of socio-anthropological-historical surveys on the evolution of mood disorders in Western countries in the last centuries; surveys on changing societies in Africa and African migrants in Sardinia; and studies that found higher frequencies of mania and subthreshold mania among Sardinian immigrants in Latin American megacities. Although it is not unequivocally accepted that the prevalence of mood disorders has increased, it would be logical to suppose that a nonadaptive condition should have disappeared over time; mood disorders, on the contrary, persist and their prevalence might have even increased. This new interpretation could lead to counter discrimination and stigma towards people suffering from the disorder and would be a central point in psychosocial treatments in addition to pharmacological therapy. Our aim is to hypothesize that bipolar disorder, strongly characterized by these traits, may be the result of the interaction between genetic characteristics, not necessarily pathological, and specific environmental conditions rather than a mere product of an aberrant genetic profile. If mood disorders were mere nonadaptive conditions, they would have disappeared over time; however, their prevalence paradoxically persists if not even increases over time. The hypothesis that bipolar disorder may result from the interaction between genetic characteristics, not necessarily pathological, and specific environmental factors seems more credible than considering bipolar disorder as a mere product of an aberrant genetic profile. traits reckless/hyperexploratory recklesshyperexploratory reckless/hyper exploratory reckless hyper “reckless/hyper-exploratory attitudes psychopathology particular humans hyperactivity/noveltyseeking hyperactivitynoveltyseeking hyperactivity/novelty seeking hyperactivity novelty socioanthropologicalhistorical socio anthropological historical centuries Sardinia megacities increased time contrary therapy characteristics pathological profile however hyperexploratory recklesshyper noveltyseeking hyperactivitynovelty

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical biochemistry behavior of Black-Tufted Marmosets (Callithrix penicillatta) submitted to blood collection without sedation and after general anesthesia with anesthetics isoflurane or sevoflurane. Blood collections were performed on (M1) day before anesthesia by physical restraint, and (M2) after anesthesia. There were four groups: Isoflurane (GI) and Sevoflurane (GS) using an anesthetic box. GIM: isoflurane induction with mask for a shorter period. Control group (GP): physical restraint in both moments. Plasma was separated and frozen to measure clinic biochemistry values. Urea was higher at M2 in groups GI and GP. AST was higher in M2 in GI, GS, and GP and only GI showed an increase in CK in M2. Glucose was higher in M1 in the GI, GS, and GP groups and fructosamine was higher in M2 in the GI. Stress caused by physical restraint can cause biochemical changes and these must be considered when interpreting the exams. Both the inhalational anesthetic isoflurane and sevoflurane did not cause clinically significant changes in clinical biochemistry results.

RESUMO O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o comportamento da bioquímica clínica de saguis-do-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillatta) submetidos à coleta sanguínea sem sedação e após anestesia geral, com os anestésicos isoflurano ou sevoflurano. As coletas de sangue foram realizadas: (M1) dia antes da anestesia por contenção física e (M2) após anestesia. Foram definidos quatro grupos: isoflurano (GI) e sevoflurano (GS), utilizando caixa anestésica; GIM: indução com isoflurano com máscara por um período menor; grupo controle (GCF): contenção física em ambos os momentos. O plasma com EDTA foi separado e congelado para realizar dosagem da bioquímica clínica. A ureia foi maior no M2 nos grupos GI e GCF. A AST foi maior no M2 nos GI, GS e GCF e somente o GI apresentou aumento de CK no M2. A glicose foi maior no M1 nos grupos GI, GS e GCF, e a frutosamina foi maior no M2 no GI. O estresse causado pela contenção física pode causar alterações bioquímicas e essas devem ser levadas em consideração na interpretação dos exames. Tanto o anestésico inalatório isoflurano quanto o sevoflurano não causaram alterações clinicamente significantes nos resultados da bioquímica clínica.

The origin of humans has been a subject of intense debate for many centuries. The two main approaches to this subject are materialistic and metaphysical. The materialist view suggests that humans evolved from non-human primates through the process of natural selection, while the metaphysical view suggests that humans were created by a divine entity or a supernatural force. According to materialists, their view is based on the scientific theory of evolution, which suggests that all living organisms, including humans, descend from a common ancestor. According to this theory, the process of natural selection drives the development of species over time and those individuals, with traits best suited to their environment, are more likely to survive and reproduce. Recent studies have provided convincing evidence for the descent with modification of humans from non-human primates, including genetic similarities, fossil evidence and anatomical comparisons. In contrast, the metaphysical view states that humans were created by a divine entity or a supernatural force. This view is often associated with religious beliefs and (according to its opponents) is not based on empirical evidence. For the origin of life there is a clear twofold requirement: firstly, a blueprint (plan) that determines how the organism will function (such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA)) and secondly a mechanism with a metabolic system to interpret the blueprint and functionally organise the proteins as described by the DNA or RNA. This is a classic "chicken-egg" situation, because for life to arise, a blueprint is needed according to which the first organism will be produced, while at the same time an organism is needed to produce the first blueprint. All living matter (biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) consist of the same macro-nutrients, namely, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphate, and sulphur, of which carbon and water are the most essential. These shared building materials are signs of a common origin, which is confirmed in genetics by aspects such as shared cell design, genetic code, protein systems, as well as DNA, mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid), and protein functions. The interconnectedness is especially clear where variations occur, such as changes through mutations which accumulate in the genome, especially in pseudogenes, where shared mutations then indicate shared ancestry; where retroviruses leave a copy (deactivated so-called "junk" genes) in the DNA of infected organisms, from which it is transmitted to the offspring to indicate relationships; and the sharing of parallel genes by some metazoa that indicate relationships. From a total of 6.1 billion prokaryotic protein-coding genes, 355 protein clusters have been identified that are shared by all prokaryotes. According to this, LUCA (last universal common ancestor) could successfully inhabit anaerobic hydrothermal vents on the sea floor in a H2, CO2 and iron-rich environment. This finding is consistent with the oldest evidence of life, namely microbial mats of bacteria and archaea that were the dominant life form during the earliest times of life on earth. Development and specialisation occurred during times of accelerated biodiversity, of which the Cambrian "explosion" was exceptional in scope and depth. DNA comparisons show that the phyla of the animal kingdom split into three groups, about 50 million years before the Cambrian period. The presence of complex DNA in all three groups that shared many characteristics, makes a complex ancestor a necessity. This indicates that the Cambrian biodiversification was driven by selection from the loaded genetic potential space of a single, shared ancestor. As a species, human DNA shows a much lower diversity than the genetic theory predicts, mainly due to its recency as well as the occurrence of a "population bottleneck", as indicated by the presence of a fusion chromosome. This fusion chromosome that once formed in a specific person, has become a shared chromosome of the entire human race. It is therefore currently generally accepted that the entire human population evolved from a very small group less than 160,000 years ago, possibly in Africa. Subsequently, through selection pressure, an identifiable gap, not only in form but especially in function, has arisen in modern humankind. The biblical narrative of Adam and Eve meets all the requirements for the threshold event that has been scientifically distinguished. In the Bible, it is said that God created man from the dust of the earth - in His image He created him. That humans have a common ancestor with monkeys seems to be true, just like with every organism on earth. We share much more than just ancestors with the rest of creation as was already stated, also building material, cells, organs, and a large part of our genome. That humans are unique in nature is, however, undeniable, and contemporary science cannot account for many empirical observations in this regard. It is therefore hypothesised that proto-man was created by guided development from the substance of the earth (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphate and sulphur). Later, a threshold event occurred (as described in Genesis) during which God transformed the proto-man "in His image". God guided human's minds far beyond survival requirements to develop a language-processed, secondary memory, enabling humankind to receive and internalise love, wisdom, and morality. These are unique attributes of God that make humankind the image of God. Of the change of proto-man's mind and his behaviour to modern humankind during the threshold event, there is ample scientific evidence. This could confirm the paradise narrative as a verifiable reality, as does Eve's creation from Adam. Modern scientific observations regarding the origin of the universe, the development of life and the origin of humans can be best understood when they are interpreted within a religious paradigm. Arno Penzias, physicist, and Nobel laureate is one of many scientists who conclude that the scientific evidence is consistent with the expectations flowing from theism. He writes: "The best data we have is exactly what I would have predicted, had I nothing to go on but the five books of Moses, the Psalms, the Bible as a whole."

Volgens materialiste kan die ontstaan van die mens verklaar word deur evolusie, waarvoor daar oortuigende bewyse is, soos bv. genetiese ooreenkomste, bewyse uit die fossielrekord sowel as anatomiese vergelykings. Daarteenoor stel die metafisiese siening dat mense deur 'n goddelike entiteit of 'n bonatuurlike krag geskep is. Hierdie siening word dikwels geassosieer met godsdienstige oortuigings en is (volgens die teenstanders daarvan) nie op empiriese bewyse gebaseer nie. As 'n spesie, toon menslike DNS (deoksiribonukleïensuur) 'n baie laer diversiteit as wat die genetiese teorie voorspel, hoofsaaklik as gevolg van die resentheid van die mens sowel as die voorkoms van 'n "bevolkingsbottelnek". Dit dui daarop dat die hele menslike bevolking minder as 160 000 jaar gelede uit 'n baie klein groepie ontwikkel het, waarskynlik in Afrika. Mense deel veel meer as net voorouers met die res van die skepping: ook boumateriaal, selle, organe en 'n groot deel van ons genoom. Dat mense uniek van aard is, is egter onbetwisbaar en kontemporêre wetenskap lewer vele empiriese waarnemings in hierdie verband, wat nie bevredigend verklaar kan word deur 'n onbegeleide, toevallige ontwikkelingsgeskiedenis nie. Die Bybelse narratief van Adam en Eva voldoen aan al die vereistes vir die drempelgebeurtenis in die menslike geskiedenis, wat wetenskaplik bewysbaar is. Die hipotese word daarom voorgehou dat die proto-mens geskep is deur begeleide ontwikkeling uit die stof van die aarde (koolstof, waterstof, stikstof, suurstof, fosfaat en swael). Later het 'n drempelgebeurtenis plaasgevind waartydens God die proto-mens "na Sy beeld" getransformeer het.

ABSTRACT The primates that inhabit the rainforest surrounding the city of Manaus (Amazonas, Brazil) have long been recognised as potentially important reservoirs of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (ERIDs). PCR amplification of filarial sequences from wild-caught Simulium oyapockense has been used to incriminate potentially important Amazon-region ERID bridge vectors by showing they had previously fed on non-human primates. The broader use of filarial parasite sequences for the incrimination of biting insects as potentially important zoonotic disease vectors is limited by a paucity of primate-derived filarial parasite reference sequences which can be matched to the PCR amplified sequences obtained from insect-vector vectors. Here we have used shotgun sequencing to obtain reference data from an adult Dipetalonema gracile parasite which was found infecting a wild pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) in a peripheral region of Manaus. We report the parasite´s complete mitochondrial genome (which is 13,647 base pairs in length), 894,846 base pairs of its Wolbachia genome and 6,426 base pairs of its ribosomal DNA locus (spanning from the start of its 18S subunit to the end of its 28S subunit). Despite being critically endangered, S. bicolor is commonly encountered around the periphery of Manaus and in urban forest fragments. The reported sequences may be a useful reference tool for identifying ERID bridge vectors and potentially provide some insights into the amount and the nature of contact between primate pathogen reservoirs and the residents of Manaus.

RESUMO Os primatas que habitam a floresta tropical ao redor da cidade de Manaus (Amazonas, Brasil) há muito são reconhecidos como reservatórios potencialmente importantes de doenças infecciosas emergentes e reemergentes. Sequências de DNA de parasitas filariais detectadas por PCR em amostras de Simulium oyapockense foram usadas para demonstrar que eles haviam se alimentado anteriormente de primatas não humanos e, dessa maneira, incriminar vetores-ponte da região amazônica. O uso mais amplo de detecção de parasitas filariais para a incriminação de vetores-ponte é limitado por uma escassez de sequências referência de parasitas filarias obtidas de hospedeiros. Aqui nós usamos o sequenciamento tipo shotgun para obter dados de referência de um parasita adulto Dipetalonema gracile encontrado infectando um sauim-de-coleira, Saguinus bicolor no entorno de Manaus. Relatamos o genoma mitocondrial completo do parasita (que tem 13.647 pares de bases de comprimento), 894.846 pares de bases de seu genoma de Wolbachia e 6.426 pares de bases de seu locus de DNA ribossômico (desde o início de sua subunidade 18S até o final de sua subunidade 28S). Apesar de criticamente ameaçado, S. bicolor é comumente encontrado no entorno de Manaus e em fragmentos florestais urbanos. As sequências relatadas podem ser uma ferramenta de referência útil para identificar vetores ponte e potencialmente fornecer algumas informações sobre o contato entre reservatórios de patógenos de primatas e os moradores de Manaus.

Resumen El estudio de las propiedades estructurales y funcionales del cerebro en Homo sapiens, así como en otros primates no-humanos, constituye un tema fundante en la tradición de investigación de la antropología biológica. Sin embargo, el cuestionamiento temprano a la perspectiva tipológico-racial condujo al abandono de los análisis intraespecíficos, limitando fuertemente su integración a las neurociencias. En este trabajo se realiza un análisis histórico crítico de las investigaciones sobre el cerebro, enfatizando en las poblaciones humanas actuales, realizadas desde la antropología biológica y las neurociencias -particularmente en biomedicina-. Finalmente, se discuten líneas de diálogo que podrían fortalecer a ambas áreas. Se concluye que el corpus ontológico y teórico-metodológico empleado por la antropología biológica para la generación de conocimientos sobre los patrones de variación espaciotemporal en rasgos fenotípicos y genéticos, así como de los procesos evolutivos y factores ambientales que los modelaron resulta un aporte significativo para los estudios desarrollados por las neurociencias.

Abstract The study of the structural and functional properties of the brain of Homo sapiens, and of other non-human primates, is a founding topic in the research tradition of biological anthropology. However, early questioning of the racial-typological perspective led to the abandonment of intraspecific analyses, strongly limiting their integration into neurosciences. This study presents a critical historical analysis of brain research carried out from biological anthropology and neurosciences-particularly in biomedicine-, with an emphasis on current human populations. Finally, we discuss some topics that could strengthen both areas. We conclude that the ontological and theoretical-methodological corpus developed within biological anthropology for the study of patterns of spatio-temporal variation in phenotypic and genetic traits, as well as the evolutionary processes and environmental factors that modeled them, could be a significant contribution to the studies developed by neurosciences.

ABSTRACT All the theories about the mechanisms of generation of dyspnea had defenders and detractors and, interestingly, with the development of sophisticated neurophysiological techniques and functional imaging, it has been possible to rank each one of them. All have survived the passage of time and none can singularly explain dyspnea in all clinical situations, showing the complex and multifactorial nature of the phenomenon. The concept of length-tension inappropriateness has found support in recent decades with new evidence in its favor. Specially with the discovery of the pathways involved and with the application of neurophysiological knowledge, the length-tension inappropriateness theory would be refined with the corollary discharge or efferent copy. This corollary discharge or efferent copy is a basic attribute of the nervous system found in the animal kingdom, from invertebrates to primates and in the human species. This article is dedicated to the history of the efferent copy and its incorporation as a hypothesis to explain dyspnea, which is currently the most accepted one.

RESUMEN Todas las teorías sobre los mecanismos de generación de disnea tuvieron defensores y detractores e, interesantemente, con el desarrollo de sofisticadas técnicas neurofisiológicas y de imágenes funcionales ha sido posible jerarquizar cada uno de ellos. Todas han sobrevivido al paso del tiempo y ninguna puede explicar por sí sola la disnea en todas las situaciones clínicas, lo cual habla de la naturaleza compleja y multifactorial del fenómeno. El concepto de inadecuación tensión y longitud halló en las últimas décadas un sustento con nuevas evidencias a su favor. En particular, con el hallazgo de las vías involucradas y con la aplicación de conocimientos neurofisiológicos, la teoría de la inadecuación tensión y longitud se vería refinada con la descarga corolaria o copia eferente. Esta descarga corolaria o copia eferente es un atributo básico del sistema nervioso, que se encuentra en el reino animal, desde los invertebrados a los primates y en la especie humana. Este artículo está dedicado a la historia de la copia eferente y su incorporación como hipótesis para explicar la disnea, la más aceptada en la actualidad.

ABSTRACT All the theories about the mechanisms of generation of dyspnea had defenders and detractors and, interestingly, with the development of sophisticated neurophysiological techniques and functional imaging, it has been possible to rank each one of them. All have survived the passage of time and none can singularly explain dyspnea in all clini cal situations, showing the complex and multifactorial nature of the phenomenon. The concept of length-tension inappropriateness has found support in recent decades with new evidence in its favor. Specially with the discovery of the pathways involved and with the application of neurophysiological knowledge, the length-tension inappropriate ness theory would be refined with the corollary discharge or efferent copy. This corol lary discharge or efferent copy is a basic attribute of the nervous system found in the animal kingdom, from invertebrates to primates and in the human species. This article is dedicated to the history of the efferent copy and its incorporation as a hypothesis to explain dyspnea, which is currently the most accepted one.

RESUMEN Todas las teorías sobre los mecanismos de generación de disnea tuvieron defensores y detractores e, interesantemente, con el desarrollo de sofisticadas técnicas neurofisio lógicas y de imágenes funcionales ha sido posible jerarquizar cada uno de ellos. Todas han sobrevivido al paso del tiempo y ninguna puede explicar por sí sola la disnea en todas las situaciones clínicas, lo cual habla de la naturaleza compleja y multifactorial del fenómeno. El concepto de inadecuación tensión y longitud halló en las últimas décadas un sustento con nuevas evidencias a su favor. En particular, con el hallazgo de las vías involucradas y con la aplicación de conocimientos neurofisiológicos, la teoría de la inadecuación tensión y longitud se vería refinada con la descarga corolaria o copia eferente. Esta descarga corolaria o copia eferente es un atributo básico del sistema nervioso, que se encuentra en el reino animal, desde los invertebrados a los primates y en la especie humana. Este artículo está dedicado a la historia de la copia eferente y su incorporación como hipótesis para explicar la disnea, la más aceptada en la actualidad.

Abstract In effectively confronting the Covid-19 pandemic, it is necessary to complement the contributions of Biomedical Sciences to those offered by the Human Sciences. The theoretical foundations derived from the treatment of the interaction of the infectious agent with the host, primates in formatting the guidelines adopted by the World Health Organization, faced strong opposition from government officials in countries such as Brazil, giving rise to critical pronouncements by researchers in the biomedical sciences in space offered by important scientific journals. Despite being fruitful and strategic in nature, we feel encouraged to consider the objective limits of such investiture, a direct reflection of the lack of dialogue with the Human Sciences, in the field of politics and, mainly, of urbanism. Taking as a starting point the unfolding of the phenomenon in Brazil, specifically in the metropolis of Fortaleza-Ceará, we will show how the "denial" posture is inserted in a broader context, encompassing both a representative political framework of a federative government and including postures of insurgency of the Local Governments (of the federative states) in relation to the Central Government as social and economic aspects that characterize a westernized country to establish impactful filtering genre in the implementation of policies of ordering and control of the singular space. In these terms, the drastic expansion of Covid-19 in Brazil denotes a paradoxical picture to represent: a political context of resistance by Local Governments to minimize the controversial actions and attitudes of the Central Government, specifically the creation of the Forum of Governors in the Northeast to guarantee incorporation WHO international guidelines; a trajectory of unequal and perverse modernization that corroborates the indication of a high number of cases and, mainly, deaths in precarious urbanization areas of cities such as Fortaleza, establishing the periphery as the territory of death, registered in areas with a high social vulnerability index of negatively impact the effective implementation of the social isolation policy.

Abstract Sapajus libidinosus members of the Pedra Furada group, living in the Serra da Capivara National Park, use stone tools in a wider variety of behaviors than any other living animal, except humans. To rescue the evolutionary history of the Caatinga S. libidinosus and identify factors that may have contributed to the emergence and maintenance of their tool-use culture, we conducted fieldwork seasons to obtain biological samples of these capuchin monkeys. UsingCYTBsequences, we show a discrete but constant population growth from the beginning of the Holocene to the present, overlapping the emergence of the Caatinga biome. Our habitat suitability reconstruction reports the presence of plants whose hard fruits, seeds, or roots are processed by capuchins using tools. TheS. libidinosusindividuals in the Caatingawere capable of dynamically developing and maintaining their autochthonous culture thanks to: a) cognitive capacity to generate and execute innovation under selective pressure; b) tolerance favoring learning and cultural inheritance; c) an unknown genetic repertoire that underpins the adaptive traits; d) a high degree of terrestriality; e) presence and abundance of natural resources, which makes some places “hot spots” for innovation, and cultural diversification within a relatively short time. group Park animal humans S tooluse tool monkeys UsingCYTBsequences present biome fruits seeds TheS pressure b inheritance c traits d terrestriality e resources hot spots time

Abstract The capuchin monkey (Sapajus nigritus) is one of the primates that make up the wild fauna of Rio Grande do Sul. Like other wild animals, primates suffer from infectious diseases transmitted by insects, including filariasis. This report presents the anatomopathological aspects of a multisystemic infection by Dipetalonema spp. in a capuchin monkey, female, adult, of wild origin, rescued along a highway in the north of the state of Rio Grande do Sul by the road policing service and taken for assistance. In the clinical evaluation, nystagmus and involuntary head movements, semi-comatose state, hyperthermia (38.7ºC), hypovolemia, multiple abrasions and deep skin lacerations covering muscle layers were observed. The patient was hospitalized and medicated, but his clinical picture worsened, which resulted in death. At necropsy, the main findings were in the peritoneal cavity, where there was an accumulation of yellowish serous fluid, marked formation of fibrinous adhesions and numerous free nematode parasites in the cavity. Histologically, microfilariae have been observed in the lumen of blood vessels in the lung, liver, heart, kidneys, spleen, small and large intestines, and brain. Peritonitis, pneumonia and bronchiolitis associated with nematodes, liver damage and cerebral microgliosis with satellitosis, neuronophagia and hemorrhagic malacia were also observed. Adult microfilariae and filarids were submitted to morphometric identification and characterized as belonging to the genus Dipetalonema. Thus, it was concluded that this was a case of multisystemic infection by Dipetalonema spp.

Resumo O macaco-prego (Sapajus nigritus) é um dos primatas que compõem a fauna silvestre do Rio Grande do Sul. Assim como outros animais silvestres, os primatas padecem de doenças infecciosas veiculadas por insetos, entre as quais, as filarioses. Este relato apresenta os aspectos anatomopatológicos de uma infecção multissistêmica por Dipetalonema spp. em um macaco-prego, fêmea, adulta, de origem silvestre, resgatado junto a uma rodovia do Norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul pelo serviço de policiamento rodoviário e conduzida para atendimento. Na avaliação clínica observaram-se nistagmo e movimentos involuntários da cabeça, estado semi-comatoso, hipertermia (38,7ºC), hipovolemia, múltiplas escoriações e lacerações cutâneas profundas abrangendo camadas musculares. O paciente foi hospitalizado e medicado, mas apresentou piora do quadro clínico, que evoluiu a óbito. Na necropsia, os principais achados foram na cavidade peritoneal, onde observaram-se acúmulo de líquido seroso amarelado, marcada formação de aderências fibrinosas e numerosos parasitas nematódeos livres na cavidade. Histologicamente foram observadas microfilárias no lúmen de vasos sanguíneos do pulmão, fígado, coração, rins, baço, intestinos delgado e grosso, e cérebro. Também foram constatadas peritonite, pneumonia e bronquiolite associadas à nematódeos, danos hepáticos e microgliose cerebral com satelitose, neuronofagia e malácia hemorrágica. Microfilarias e filarídeos adultos foram submetidos à identificação morfométrica e caracterizados como pertencentes ao gênero Dipetalonema. Assim, foi concluído tratar-se de um caso de infecção multissistêmica por Dipetalonema spp.

ABSTRACT. Leptospirosis is an infectious disease that affects practically all domestic and wild animals, which can become carriers and, as a consequence, will contribute to the spread of the microorganism in nature. The present study aims to detect the occurrence of leptospirosis against by the microscopic serum agglutination test in animals at the Zoo of the Centro Universitário da Amazônia (ZOOUNAMA). 26 adult animals of both sexes and of the following species: 9 Sapajus apella, 2 Cebus kaapori, 3 Ateles marginatus, 10 Ateles paniscus, 1 Chiropetes satanas, 1 Allouata belzebul. Of the animals studied, 3 (11.5%) were reagents to be taken against Leptospira spp. The serovars found in the different species were: Icterohaemorragiae, Balum, Hardjo and Grippothyphosa. SAM proved to be efficient to detect against leptospira in non-human primates. Icterohaemorragiae type serum occurred with research results showing that it is also important in leptospirosis in non-human primates.

BACKGROUND The parasite Giardia duodenalis infects a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including domestic and wild animals as well as humans. Giardia is genotyped into eight assemblages (A-H). Zoonotic assemblages A and B have already been identified in humans and wild and domestic animals (non-human primates and cats) from Brazilian Amazon and in the world. Due to its zoonotic/zooanthroponotic nature, surveillance initiatives and the definition of Giardia assemblages are important in order to characterise the epidemiological scenario and to implement further control measures. OBJECTIVES Determine assemblages of G. duodenalis in sloths from the Brazilian Amazon Region. METHODS Faecal parasitological examination of sloths from Amazonas State. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the beta giardin (BG), and genes from multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme, amplicon sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. FINDINGS Here, we identified, by microscopy, Giardia in two northern sloths (Bradypus tridactylus). These two samples were submitted to molecular assays and it was revealed that both were infected by G. duodenalis assemblage A. Phylogenetic analysis showed that they belong to assemblage A within sequences from humans and wild and domestic animals. CONCLUSION Therefore, besides showing, by the first time, the current presence of this parasite in sloths, our findings reveals that this wild animal species would be part of the zoonotic/zooanthroponotic scenario of this parasite in the Brazilian Amazon.

Abstract The current study focuses on the investigation of AVPR2 (VTR2C) protein-coupled receptor variants specific to different primate taxa. AVPR2 is activated by the neurohormone AVP, which modulates physiological processes, including water homeostasis. Our findings reveal positive selection at three AVPR2 sites at positions 190, 250, and 346. Variation at position 250 is associated with human Congenital Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (cNDI), a condition characterized by excessive water loss. Other 13 functional sites with potential adaptive relevance include positions 185, 202, 204, and 252 associated with cNDI. We identified SH3-binding motifs in AVPR2’s ICL3 and N-terminus domains, with some losses observed in clades of Cercopithecidae, Callitrichinae, and Atelidae. SH3-binding motifs are crucial in regulating cellular physiology, indicating that the differences may be adaptive. Co-evolution was found between AVPR2 residues and those in the AVP signal peptide/Neurophysin-2 and AQP2, other molecules in the same signaling cascade. No significant correlation was found between these Primates’ taxon-specific variants and the bioclimatic variables of the areas where they live. Distinct co-evolving amino acid sequences in functional sites were found in Platyrrhini and Catarrhini, which may have adaptive implications involving glucocorticoid hormones, suggesting varied selective pressures. Further studies are required to confirm these results.

Resumen Introducción: Los patrones hematológicos de la vida silvestre son fundamentales para el monitoreo de la salud y permiten dilucidar las variaciones tanto dentro como entre poblaciones. Entre estos, los parámetros hematológicos son particularmente valiosos para evaluar el estado de salud de las especies de primates neotropicales en la naturaleza. Objetivo: Definir valores de referencia hematológicos para dos especies de monos en Costa Rica. Métodos: Durante el 2014 recolectamos muestras de sangre de monos aulladores de manto, Alouatta palliata (17 hembras, 18 machos) y monos capuchinos cariblancos, Cebus imitador (5 hembras, 7 machos) en siete localidades de la costa Pacífica de Costa Rica. Resultados: Para ambas especies, los valores hematológicos fueron mayores en los machos, y las poblaciones de monos aulladores difirieron significativamente con excepción de las plaquetas. Conclusiones: Estos valores hematológicos, que difieren según el sexo y la localidad, ayudarán a evaluar el estado de salud de estas poblaciones de primates neotropicales.

Abstract Introduction: Wildlife hematological patterns are fundamental for health monitoring, and allows elucidating variations both within and between populations. Among these, hematological parameters are particularly valuable to evaluate the health status of neotropical primate species in the wild. Objective: To define hematological reference values for two species of monkeys in Costa Rica. Methods: During 2014, we collected blood samples from free-ranging mantled howler monkeys, Alouatta palliata (17 females, 18 males) and white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus imitator (5 females, 7 males) in seven localities of the Costa Rican Pacific coast. Results: For both species, the hematological values were higher in males, and howler monkey populations differed significantly except for platelets. Conclusions: These hematological values, which differ by sex and locality, will help evaluate the health status of these neotropical primate populations.